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THE CYCLOPEDIA OF 

TEMPERANCE 

PROHIBITION 

AND PUBLIC MORALS 

(1917 EDITION) 



BY 

DEETS PICKETT 

EDITOR 

CLARENCE TRUE WILSON 

SUPERVISING EDITOR 

ERNEST DAILEY SMITH 

ASSISTANT EDITOR 



CONTRIBUTORS 

Mr. E. H. ANDERSON 
Mr. W. H. ANDERSON 

Mr. H. A. LARSON 

Mr. HARRY S. WARNER 

Dr. LYMAN ABBOTT 

Mr. BEN D. WRIGHT 

Mrs. MARGARET DYE ELLIS 

Dr. ABRAM W. HARRIS 



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THE METHODIST BOOK CONCERN 

NEW YORK CINCINNATI 




PUBLISHED UNDER THE AUTHORITY 

OF THE 

BOARD OF TEMPERANCE, PROHIBITION, AND 

PUBLIC MORALS OF THE 

METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH. 

CLARENCE TRUE WILSON, General Secretary 
BISHOP WILLIAM F. MCDOWELL, President 
STEPHEN J. HERBEN, Vice-President 
JOHN MACMURRAY, Recording Secretary 
,T 'ILLIAM T. GALLIHER, Treasurer 

A. G. Kynett, Henry A. Larson, J. F. Heisse, J. C. McDowell, 
Alonzo E. Wilson, W. H. Anderson, Hon. Willliam Saulsbury, 
Charles K. Haddon, William E. Massey, Walter F. Ballinger, 
Melville Gambrill, John T. Stone, James R. Joy, Joseph W. Young, 
Judge Charles A. Pollock, W. R. Wedderspoon, Claudius B. 
Spencer, Andrew S. Thomas, H. N. Cameron, E. H. Anderson, 
John C. Letts. 



LS-Qt. 7 



St 






PROHIBITION SITUATION ON MAY 1, 1917 

Prohibition States prior to September i, 1914: Maine, Kansas, Georgia, 
Mississippi, North Carolina, North Dakota, Oklahoma, Tennessee, West 
Virginia. 

Prohibition advance since September 1, 1914: 

Virginia — September 22, 1914, Virginia voted for constitutional State- 
wide prohibition, effective November 1, 1916. 

Colorado — November 3, 1014, Colorado voters adopted Statewide con- 
stitutional prohibition, effective January 1, 1916. On November 7, 1916, 
-, voted down amendment to permit sale of beer. 

Arizona — November 3, 1914, Arizona voters adopted Statewide con- 
. stitutional prohibition, effective January i, 1915. On November 7, 
"i 1916, passed bonedry amendment, entirely prohibiting importation of 
liquors. 

Washington— November 3, 1014, Washington voters adopted State- 
wide constitutional prohibition, going into effect January 1, 1916. On 
■ November 7, 1916, two liquor amendments were defeated by immense 
majorities. 

Oregon — November 3, 1914. Oregon voted for prohibition, the law to 
become effective January 1, 1916. On November 7, 1916, beer amend- 
ment defeated and bonedry amendment, prohibiting importation of 
liquors, adopted. 

Alabama — January 21, 1915, the Legislature of Alabama enacted a 
Statewide prohibition measure, effective July 1, 1915. 

Arkansas — February 5, 1915, the Arkansas Legislature enacted a State- 
wide prohibition law, effective July 1, 1915, but the law was later amended 
to become effective January 1, 1916. On November 7, 1916, attempt 
to repeal prohibition defeated two to one. The 191 7 Legislature passed 
a bonedry law. 

Iowa — In February, 1915. the Iowa Legislature voted to submit to 
the people a constitutional prohibition amendment to be voted on in 
November, 1917. This action was ratified by the 1917 Legislature as 
required by constitutional law. The 1915 Legislature after submission, 
repealed the Mulct law to be effective January 1, 1916, thereby making 
Iowa dry under statute after that date. If approved in 191 7, constitu- 
tional prohibition becomes effective January 1, 19 18. 

Idaho— In February, 191 5, the Idaho Legislature passed a statutory 
prohibition law, making the State dry January 1, 1916. On November 
7, 1916, prohibition put into constitution by about three to one. 

Montana — On November 7, 1916, State voted for prohibition effective 
December 31, 1918. Majority about 20,000. 

South Carolina — On September 14, 1915, South Carolina voted for 
Statewide prohibition by 41,735 votes to 16,809. The law became effec- 
tive December 31, 191 5- 

Utah — In March, 191S. the Legislature of Utah passed the Wootten 
bill providing statutory prohibition for Utah after June 1, 1916. The 
bill was vetoed by the governor after holding for many days. Dry gov- 
ernor and Legislature elected November 7, 1916, insuring statutory pro- 
hibition in 1917, which action was taken by 1917 Legislature. 

Minnesota — On February 25, 1915, the Legislature of Minnesota passed 
a county option law, effective immediately. Under this law fifty-six 
county elections were held in eight months. Forty-five were dry victories. 

South Dakota — On November 7, 1916, State voted for prohibition 
effective July 1, 191 7. Majority about 25,000. 

Florida — In the spring of 1915 the Legislature passed the Davis package 
law, abolishing the treating system and free lunch, closing saloons at 
6 p. m. until 7 A. M., and imposing other restrictions so drastic that the 
character of the saloon in Florida is totally altered. The act closed more 
than 200 saloons, leaving about only 75 wholesale, mail order, and retail 
liquor houses. On November 7, 1916, a dry governor and Legislature 
were elected, and the 191 7 Legislature submitted prohibition with only 
four dissenting votes in one house and three in the other. 

Georgia — This State reenforced its prohibition law with drastic pro- 
visions becoming effective May 1, 1916, and early in 1917 passed a bone- 
dry law, making prohibition absolutely air-tight. 

Indiana — By a vote of 72 to 28 in the House and 38 to 11 in the Senate, 
the 1017 Legislature passed a stringent prohibition law to go into effect 
April i, 1918. 

New Hampshire— On April n, 1917, the New Hampshire Legislature 
enacted prohibition. 

Nebraska — This State voted on November 7, 1916, in favor of pro- 
hibition effective May 1, 1017, by majority of about 35,000. 

Michigan — On November 7, -1916, State voted for prohibition effective 
Aprii 30, ioi8. Majority about 75. 000. 



INTRODUCTORY 

This book is the third of a series. Three years ago the 
Board of Temperance, Prohibition, and Public Morals of 
the Methodist Episcopal Church, at that time called the 
Temperance Society, prepared the Pocket Cyclopedia of 
Temperance and sent a complimentary copy to every Meth- 
odist Preacher in the world. The book immediately proved 
remarkably popular, and a large number were sold. In 
1916 the second edition, revised and considerably enlarged, 
was sent forth, a complimentary copy being presented to 
every editor of a daily newspaper in the United States. 

The General Conference of the Methodist Episcopal 
Church in 1916 changed the name of the Temperance 
Society to the Board of Temperance, Prohibition, and 
Public Morals, and removed its central offices to Washing- 
ton, D. C. It is now felt that the Board should signalize 
the broadening of its work by the preparation of a book 
which will include practically all of the material we have 
on the different phases of the liquor problem and will 
also give some slight consideration to other subjects, which 
would naturally be treated under "public morals." 

The list of topics is a long one, as the phases of the liquor 
problem are numerous. An effort has been made to sug- 
gest broadly by cross references the different articles 
which should be considered in relation to each other, but 
we must depend upon the activity of the reader's mind 
if the best use is to be made of the book. For instance, 
if you are interested in the subject of crime as related 
to the liquor traffic, read the article under that head, then 
look up the prohibition States by name and see what effect 
prohibition laws have had upon crime rates. Then it 
might be well to consult the subject "Anti-Prohibition," 
in order to see how the people are misled in regard to the 
effects of prohibition. It may be that you are interested 
in the question of crime among young people. If so, con- 
sult "Juvenile Delinquency." If you are interested in the 
subject of the cities and prohibition or liquor, consult not 
only "Cities" but turn to the prohibition States by name 
and see how their large cities have fared under a dry 
policy. If you are interested simply in prohibition as a 
broad issue, consult everything under the head of prohibi- 
tion to get the theory of it. Then investigate and see why 
it is a national question; how it has worked in various 
States and cities; review carefully its history, etc. 

The bulk of the work in the preparation of this volume 
has been done, as in the former ones, by the Research 
Secretary of the Board of Temperance, Mr. Deets Pickett, 
who is not surpassed by any writer in the country in the 
amount of useful and accurate information he has given 
to the public on every phase of the prohibition problem 
and kindred reforms. 

Read the Index. 

If you do not agree with some articles in this book, 
please take it easily and read them for the novelty of view- 
point, anyway. 

5 



6 INTRODUCTORY 

With the sincere hope that this book may prove an 
arsenal of weapons for ministers, editors, magazine 
writers, stump speakers, reform leaders, and every patriot, 
I am, yours for a dry nation by 1920. 

Clarence True Wilson, General Secretary 

of the 

Board of Temperance, Prohibition, and 

Public Morals 



The Cyclopedia of Temperance, 
Prohibition, and Public Morals 

ABSINTHE — A greefi, exceedingly poisonous, liqueur, 
to which aromatics and other drugs are Usually added. 
It is derived from wormwood (Artemisia absinthium) 
and was brought from North Africa to France in 1847. 
Its use in contiguous countries rapidly spread. France 
prohibited it on the outbreak of war in 1914. Belgium 
had prohibited its sale in 1905, Switzerland in 1908, and 
Holland in 1910. The United States prohibits its impor- 
tation. 

ABSTINENCE— The principle of total abstinence 
from alcoholic drinks has been of gradual growth in 
Great Britain and America. In the United States the 
agitation which resulted in the present total abstinence 
movement began about 1785. "~ 

The doctrine has been advanced by societies or lead- 
ing individuals of practically every period of the world's 
history. It was a cardinal teaching of Mohammed and 
of the founders of the Buddhist religion. At the present 
time it has become practically synonymous with "tem- 
perance." 

As the great German scholar, Forel, has made clear, 
the man who takes an occasional glass of wine or beer 
becomes inevitably a defender of the whole drink sys- 
tem, a part of the bulwark of the saloon, a defender and 
abettor of the whole infamous liquor traffic system which 
curses America. 

Refs. — For reasons, see Alcohol, Effects of; Athletics; Beer; 
Bible and Drink; Brain; Cell Life; Child Welfare; Diseases Caused; 
Doctors on Drink; Food Value; Health; Health Defenders of the 
Body; Heredity; Industry; Light Drinks; Medical Practice; Mental 
Efficiency; Moderation; Mortality from Alcohol; Physical Efficiency; 
Race Suicide; Testimony; and Women. 

ACCIDENTS — Approximately forty thousand people 
are killed and a half million are injured by industrial acci- 
dents each year in the United States, according to 1913 
estimates. The figures would probably be less appalling 
at the present time, but the country still suffers a loss of 
perhaps $300,000,000 a year and a loss of human life which 
is incalculable. The tendency of States to pass compensa- 
tion laws has awakened American industry to the necessity 
of eliminating every preventable cause of accidental death 
or injury. 

Phelps, an anti-prohibition insurance writer, estimates 
that eight per cent of all accidental deaths are due to 
alcoholic drink. He bases his estimate upon the opinions 
of medical directors of three life insurance companies, and 
does not include many deaths due to the agency of an- 
other person under the influence of alcohol. 

Intoxication is a minor factor in alcohol-caused acci- 
dents. The mild exhilaration which makes for unsteadi- 



8 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

ness of hand, inaccuracy of touch, sight, and hearing and 
carelessness of danger is the major factor. The practice 
of constant "moderate" drinking also tends to obscure 
diagnosis, increase the risk of infection, lower the resist- 
ance to shock, and causes wounds to break down when 
partially healed, thus affecting the mortality statistics of 
accident studies. 

According to the Boston Medical and Surgical Journal 
(May 20, 1915), the records of the Haymarket Square 
Relief Station for 191 1 showed that 38 per cent of those 
dying as the result of accident were under the influence of 
alcohol when they entered the hospital. This indicates 
that the same percentage were probably under the influ- 
ence of drink when hurt, for a hurt is usually treated im- 
mediately after the accident. In 1912 the percentage was 
33; in 1913, 48; and in 1914 it was 43 per cent. 

German Experience 

The Leipsic Sick Benefit Society, of Germany, found 
that insured drinkers suffered 3.2 serious accidents for 
every one suffered by the average insured worker. The 
Roeschlingsche Iron and Steel Works at Yolklingen found 
that their abstaining workmen suffered an accident rate 
of only 8 to the 1.000, while the rate among drinking work- 
men ""was 12 to the 1.000. The German Imperial Insurance 
Office found that Monday invariably showed the week's 
high record for accidents, and attributed the fact to Sun- 
day drinking and dissipation. In the Zurich building 
trades the Monday rate was 22.1 per cent and the average 
for other days of the week 15.7 per cent. Germany also 
supplies interesting figures showing the higher relative 
accident rate in the brewing trade and in other trades 
where men are brought into touch with alcoholic beverages. 
The Ilseder Foundry, in Germany, forbade the bringing 
of beer upon the place and supplied other drinks with the 
result that its accident rate fell from 11.8 to 3.2 per 1,000. 

Closing the saloons in Coatesville, Pa., reduced the num- 
ber of accidents in steel mills 54 per cent and thruout 
Pennsylvania the experience of industrial establishments 
has been similar. 

The National Safety Council, with a membership of 
nearly 1,700 industries employing nearly 3,000,000 men, in 
1914 adopted the following resolution : 

Whereas, It is recognized that drinking of alcoholic stimulants 
is productive of a heavy per cent of the accidents and diseases 
attecting the safety and efficiency of workingmen; be it 

Resolved, That it is the sense of this organization to go on record 
in favor of eliminating the use of intoxicants in the industries of 
the nation. 

Refs. — See Industry; Mortality from Alcohol; Mental Efficiency. 

ADULTERATION— Nothing prepared for internal 
consumption is more subject to adulteration than alcoholic 
beverages. "The use of coloring matter and preservatives 
(in the preparation of beer) is rapidly and steadily increas- 
ing," recently said the National Food Magazine, while the 
National Consumers' League declared that "beer is often 
made of glucose, sugar, rice, rotten corn, starch, preserva- 
tives, beer color, etc." The American Society of Equity, 
composed of three million farmers, in a resolution de- 
rrotrBced the preparing of beer from "deleterious ingredi- 
ents," asserting that such beer was sold as a pure barley 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 9 

and hops product. The Committee on Food Standards 
at the Mackinac Island Convention of the Association of 
State and National Food and Dairy Departments, de- 
clared : "Malt beer has become extinct in America." Mr. 
J. R. Mauff, of the American Society of Equity, charges 
that one of the leading American corn roasters came into 
his office inquiring where he could buy some "rotten corn" 
which he admitted was to be used as a malt substitute. 
Among the popular substitutes for malt in the preparation 
of beer are "Quick Malt," "Frumentum," "Beer Color," 
"Porterine," etc. "Lager" beer is supposed to be beer 
stored or aged until "ripened." As a matter of fact, the 
ripening is often done with a dose of chemicals. Cham- 
pagne, Port, Madeira, Sherry, Tokay, Rhine Wine, San- 
terne, Moselle, and other wines are frequently prepared 
in America with the aid of chemicals. 

No Government Guarantee 

There is no government guarantee of the purity of 
whisky. Practically anything may be sold as whisky 
now. Four, ten, or fifteen-year-old whisky may be made 
in a day by being treated with different chemicals, and 
much of the "Bourbon" and "Rye," which is supposed to 
come from Kentucky, is prepared in Peoria, 111. 

The liquor press makes no secret of the truth of this, 
for instance, Barrels and Bottles recently said, "What, 
ah what, will happen to our Louisville and Cincinnati 
rectifiers if the day ever comes when the United States 
pure food regulations are tuned up to the Venezuelan 
standard of requiring labels indicating the actual ingre- 
dients of alcoholic beverages?" 

This is not an American trouble alone. Dr. O'Gorman, 
before the British Medical Association, in 1900, said, 
"The markets of the world are incredibly flooded with 
imitations, adulterations, and chemical trade mixtures 
(particularly in wines), so much so that even eminent wine 
merchants have declared the impossibility of the large 
majority of drinkers, especially outside the countries of 
their manufacture, ever tasting even tolerably pure liquor." 

And Dr. Lethaby, in the "Encyclopaedia Britannica," 
says : "A great part of the wine of France and Germany 
has ceased to be the juice of the grape at all. It is hardly 
possible to obtain a sample of genuine wine, even at first 
hand." 

ADVERTISING pF LIQUORS— Four years ago only 
a small number of daily papers, and not a very lengthy list 
of other publications, declined to assist the liquor trade in 
appealing for customers, but a spontaneous movement 
among publishers augmented this list of "abstaining" 
papers so rapidly that an investigation on January 1, 1915, 
disclosed 540 daily papers which had adopted a no-liquor 
advertising policy. By January 1, 1916, the number had 
become 850. An inquiry in January of 1917 directed to 
every publication in the United States, no matter what its 
character or frequency of issue, revealed that 8,367, or 
nearly one third of all the publications in the country, now 
decline to serve as a medium of drink solicitation. Fifteen 
States have now passed laws prohibiting such advertising, 
and similar laws are certain of passing soon in several 
other States. 

In 1913 the Board of Temperance of the Methodist 



io THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

Church, then called the Temperance Society, started a cam- 
paign against liquor advertising and quickly secured the 
general cooperation of the Conferences and pastors of that 
denomination. The inquiries referred to in the paragraph 
above were conducted by the Research Department of the 
Board of Temperance. The culmination of that campaign 
was marked by the passage in Congress of a law for- 
bidding the sending of liquor advertisements through the 
mails into States which prohibit such advertising, or places 
where the solicitation of liquor sales is forbidden. Prob- 
ably only a court decision will make clear the exact ex- 
tent of the law's operation, but it makes inadvisable the 
publication of liquor advertisements in any paper of gen- 
eral circulation or the transmission of liquor circulars 
without very careful inquiry as to the character of laws 
governing the places to which the mail is destined. 

The anti-liquor advertising law ran an eventful course 
in Congress. The Randall bill was reported to the House 
of Representatives early in the short session of the 64th 
Congress and a little later the Bankhead bill was passed 
in the Senate without a roll call. The liquor trade became 
greatly alarmed and rallied its forces to prevent the 
passage of the bill by the House, and extensive hearings 
on the Bankhead bill were arranged. While the liquor 
men were kept busy at these hearings prohibitionists 
secured the attachment of the Bankhead bill to the Post 
Office appropriation bill in the Senate, the vote being 45 
to 11 in Committee of the Whole, and 38 to 28 in the 
Senate proper. While the amendment was under discus- 
sion, Senator Reed, as a "bluff," offered an additional 
amendment absolutely prohibiting interstate commerce in 
liquors into prohibition States. It was seized with avidity 
by the prohibitionists. The House ratified the amendment 
on February 21, 1917, by a vote of 319 to 72. 

One of the greatest factors in rolling up the overwhelm- 
ing congressional sentiment for the bill was the presenta- 
tion to Congress of petitions from 6.700 newspapers, about 
one third of all papers in the United States, asking that 
the bill be enacted into law. Dr. Clarence True Wilson 
addressed a meeting of 1,500 people in Poli's Theater. 
Washington. D. C, and produced a profound impression 
in favor of the measure. 

Some Great Newspapers 
Some of the powerful newspapers which notified the 
Board of Temperance, on January 1, 1917, that they ex- 
clude liquor advertising, are : 

The New York Tribune; Chicago Herald: Times-Picayune, New 
Orleans; Express, Los Angeles; Tribune, Los Angeles; Express, 
Denver; Times, Denver; Times, Indianapolis; News, Indianapolis; 
News, Des Moines; Register, Des Moines; Capital, Des Moines; 
Christian Science Monitor. Boston; Journal, Minneapolis; Tribune, 
Minneapolis; Bulletin, Rochester; Star, Kansas City; Review, 
Atlantic City; Xorth American. Philadelphia; Banner, Xashville; 
Tennesseean and American, Xashville; Commercial-Appeal, Mem- 
phis; Press, Memphis; Virginian, Richmond; Ledger, Philadelphia; 
Gazette-Times, Pittsburgh; and Chronicle Telegraph, Pittsburgh. 
These names are taken at random and do not include many notable 
publications which are more influential than some of those named. 

In announcing its determination to follow this policy 
the New York Tribune said: 

We have discontinued alcoholic liquor advertising purely as a 
matter of business policy. 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS n 

We recognize the fact — emphasized more forcibly as each year 
passes — that indulgence in alcohol is incompatible with efficiency in 
any held of effort. In industry, trade, and transportation, as well as 
in artistic and professional pursuits, the man who uses alcohol habitu- 
ally imposes upon himself a serious disability. 

When alcohol is mixed with business it is alcohol which profits, not 
business. It is our conviction also that when alcohol is mixed with 
advertising it is alcohol which benefits, not advertising. 

The Tribune wants to eliminate from its advertising columns all 
traces of evil or even suspicious association. We feel that liquor 
advertisements will not help to attract to us either the readers or 
the advertisers whose patronage we especially desire. 

The Chicago Tribune expresses the thinking back of its 
policy against liquor advertising in the simple sentence, "If 
harm is done by intoxicants, the Tribune does not care to 
be a party to it," and Mr. James Keeley, editor of the 
Chicago Herald, which some time ago expelled liquor ad- 
vertisements from its columns, states his platform thus : 

A newspaper must have a social conscience. There is no better 
investment than a single standard of honor, honesty, truth, and 
integrity from the title to the last agate line on the back page. 
Those who reap the weedless fields of honesty gather golden harvests. 
Truth, cleanliness, and decency are the greatest dividend payers 
on earth. 

Mr. Keeley pays a tribute to present-day newspaper 
standards in the following words : 

The average newspaper in America to-day is a clean paper and an 
honest paper. There are not many examples of virtue on the edi- 
torial page and vice in the advertising columns. 

During eight months succeeding the decision of the 
Chicago Herald to exclude the advertising of liquor, it 
refused $50,000 worth of such advertising, but showed a 
net gain of 3,000 columns of advertisements and 50,000 
in circulation. 

The Detroit Times in its announcement declared that it 
refused — 

to identify itself with the sales department of the iniquitous traffic 
or to classify for a membership in the bartenders' union. 

The Christian Science Monitor, of Boston, accounts for 
the changing attitude of advertising mediums toward the 
drink advertiser on the score of the changing attitude of 
general business toward drink. It says : 

More and more the general advertiser discriminates against the 
newspaper which sells its space to distillers and brewers, just as 
the average employer more and more discriminates against the 
worker who impairs his worth by insobriety. 

Newspapers the' country over are sensing the value of 
such an advertising appeal as the following, made by the 
Morning Tribune, of Los Angeles: 

The news and advertising columns of the Morning Tribune are 
kept faultlessly clean. It does not print liquor or other advertis- 
ing to influence its readers to indulge in harmful practices. It is a 
clean, wholesome, home paper which mothers need not fear will 
contaminate the minds of their children. 

Associated Advertising , in noting the remarkably rapid 
development of sentiment in newspaper circles against sell- 
ing space to alcoholic drink dealers, declares : 

On the whole, aside from the loss of revenue which must tempor- 
arily result, the net effect will be good for advertising. Parenthet- 
ically, it might also be added that eventually other advertisers will 
take the place of the liquor makers, because the communities that 
drink less as a result of the lack of advertising will employ their 
funds in the purchase of other things. 

It is obvious that the drinker, temperate or otherwise, will not 
have less confidence in advertising because liquor is not advertised, 



i2 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

and, on the other hand, millions of people who are opposed to the 
liquor traffic will have an increased confidence in advertising and 
advertisers as a whole. Call them prudish if you will, yet they do 
hold such views and they have millions of dollars to spend for adver- 
tised goods. 

The opposition to liquor sales publicity is largely based 
upon love for decency and honesty. Liquor advertising 
is seldom honest. Before its recent exclusion of all liquor 
advertising the New York Tribune received an offer of a 
beer ad which claimed food value for that product. The 
Tribune objected to the claim, as they did not believe it 
to be based on fact. To ascertain whether or not they 
were correct in their belief, the Tribune had an expert 
analyze a bottle of beer. The report stated that it had 
no appreciable food value. 

The United States Supreme Court has declared that 
when a proposed seller "assigns to the article qualities 
which it does not possess, invents advantages, and falsely 
asserts their existence," he commits a criminal offense 
under the statutes governing the use of the mails. 

Other advertising organizations, as, for instance, the 
Associated Bill Posters and Distributors' Protective Com- 
pany, are also putting *he ban on the advertising of in- 
toxicating liquors. 

The Effect of Advertising 

The purpose of advertising and solicitation is to cause 
demand where demand did not previously exist. What- 
ever may be the opinion as to the propriety of supplying 
an existent demand for alcoholic beverages through an 
institution under strict regulation, it will not be disputed 
that it is not well to create a demand for such a product. 
The country suffers a distinct loss whenever an American 
citizen who has habitually abstained is induced to become 
a consumer of alcohol as a beverage. No newspaper can 
with complacency view a use of agencies which converts 
abstainers into drinkers and defeats the resolution of 
drinkers who may be attempting to conquer the drink 
habit. 

Liquor advertising has that purpose and effect. The 
appeal conveyed in the reading matter, the suggestion 
conveyed by the illustrations both tend to that end. 

Until the passage of the Bankhead-Randall law adver- 
tising was also used to promote violation of law in pro- 
hibition territory. At the present time it is conclusively 
proven that liquor advertising is being especially designed 
to cause drinking by those who, if not prompted, would 
abstain ; to promote drinking among the abstinent classes 
of our citizens, and to provoke the latent appetite where 
already existent. 

The Promotion of Appetite 

That such is the purposive character of liquor adver- 
tising is made plain by Mida's Criterion of the Wine and 
Spirit Trade, which says : "Thousands of dollars are spent 
each year during the hot months in an effort to get the 
public to use grape juice, pineapple juice, and other fruit 
juices in cold punches. Why not advertise wine as a sum- 
mer drink? Many a family that does not to-day use a 
drop of wine could be taught by attractive copy, illus- 
trated with tempting colored drawings, to use our light 
red and white wines in punches and lemonades." 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 13 

The Brewers' Journal, of September 1, 1914, outlined a 
course ot advertising designed to "mold public sentiment 
in favor of beer and create home consumption by those 
who have never before drunk beer." 

In another issue of the same journal the following is 

found : 

Nearly every adult in your community may be considered as a 
prospective buyer. Some will respond quickly, others will require 
time in order to convince them of the desirability of beer. 

It is also apparent that advertising and solicitation by 
mail is being used upon the assumption that women and 
children, as well as men of adult age, are prospective 
buyers of liquors, in spite of the fact that in America both 
women and children are considered as abstinent classes, 
and in further despite of the fact that the public safety 
requires that they remain so classed. 

A great many advertisements exhibited to the House of 
Representatives Post Office Committee by the Board of 
Temperance, Prohibition, and Public Morals when it was 
considering the Randall-Bankhead bill showed women and 
young girls drinking liquors, while others advise the use 
of liquors for nursing mothers, and many of them, both 
by illustration and direct appeal, prompt the use of liquors 
by children. 

The following is a typical advertisement used to promote 
the whisky-drinking 'habit by women and children: 

For all folks who want to stay young. No home should be with- 
out this wonderful youth and health preserving stimulant. ■ 's 

Pure Malt Whisky is a wonderful health-preserving stimulant, 
strengthening the liver, kidneys, and bladder, enriching the blood, 
toning and upbuilding the entire system, promoting a good appetite, 
keeping you young and vigorous. Invaluable for overworked men, 
nervous, run-down women, and delicate, undeveloped children. 

Beer is frequently recommended in this advertising for 
"hard-playing, fast-growing youngsters," and illustrations 
accompanying advertisements of liquor frequently show 
children of small size drinking. 

Advertisements distributed in cities often present 
premiums of china ware and similar articles which appeal 
to women more than to men. In other ways, advertising 
is used to promote the use of whisky and beer in the home, 
especially among those members of the family popularly 
supposed to be free of the drink appetite. Advertising 
also, in frequent instances, declares that all correspondence 
is considered confidential, and declaration is made that 
shipments will be made in deceptive packages, thus en- 
couraging the inclination to order of those members of 
the family who may fear parental authority or objection 
on the part of the husband. 

The collection of exhibits of the Board of Temperance 
is startling. 

Here is one envelope mailed at Chattanooga, Tenn., 
addressed to "Occupant" of a certain number in Birming- 
ham, Ala., and here is another envelope taken from a 
private mail box in Chicago, which does not even bear a 
stamp, but carries the words "private mail." One adver- 
tisement offers a box of cigars, a quart of whisky, and a 
revolver for $3.48 if sent to the Eagle Supply Co. (De- 
partment 9), of Jacksonville. Another advertisement pre- 
sents "Madison XXX ale" for the use of mothers, with 
evident intention of inculcating the alcohol appetite in 



i 4 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

nursing babies. The professors of therapeutics and prac- 
tice in a majority of American medical schools emphati- 
cally condemn the giving of alcohol to nursing women, and 
thousands of eminent physicians in all parts of the world 
consider this superstitious practice a menace to the race. 
Nevertheless, one advertisement recommending such use 
of beer says, "Obviously, baby participates in the benefits." 
One beer advertisement shows a picture of an entire 
family at table and bears the line "A royal treat for the 
whole family." Beer is shown in the hands of the father 
and mother, the fifteen-year-old daughter, and the ten- 
year-old boy. 

Numerous advertisements show minors and other young 
people, both boys and girls, drinking beer at picnics, on 
shady porches, on fishing trips, at different kinds of social 
occasions, and one shows a delivery man bringing in a 
case of beer and saying to the housewife, "Madam, this 
is the most wholesome thing that comes into your home." 
The Glenside Distilling Company, of Kansas City, Mo., 
is advertising a method by which a quart of whisk}- will 
be sent free, while many concerns advertise methods of 
delivering liquors in packages that look like groceries, 
shoes, etc. For instance, "Taylor's." 23? Washington Ave- 
nue, Albany, N. Y., publishes the following advertisement: 

It's nobody's business but yours and ours. Wines and liquors for 
family and medicinal use sent to your home incognito. Send for 
free sealed information. 

Startling Conditions Corrected 

The conditions corrected by the Bankhead-Randall bill 
may be accurately judged by the following editorial which 
appeared in the Atlanta Constitution: 

Occupant, 50 Blank Street, Atlanta, Ga., is all the address some of 
more or less enterprising liquor houses on either side of the 
Georgia line are putting on their liquor literature, with bargain 
offers and solicitation of orders, sent by the thousand through the 
United States mail. It is just a case of up one side of the street 
and down the other. If it is on a rural route, the only address, per- 
haps, is the box number. Whole streets and entire rurai routes 
are thus canvassed by the liquor interests without so much as a 
single real address on an envelope, and that, too, in a State that 
makes penal the publication of a whisky advertisement of any sort. 

But the federal government, and not the State, controls the mails, 
and the State can interpose no effective objection to this trampling 
upon its laws. If a private citizen started about, anywhere in Georgia, 
to hand out liquor literature, he would be jailed before he had gone 
half a dozen blocks. But carriers in postal uniform do that which 
the State specifically forbids, under the direct and fostering protec- 
tion of the nation. 

During Christmas week, Postmaster Purdy, of Minne- 
apolis, stated that 2,000,000 such liquor circulars were 
sent out from his office. 

The following is a sample of a particularly obnoxious 
advertisement : 

R. P. Webb Co., Monroe, La., Lock Box 681. $3.20 — Four quarts. 
Express prepaid. We all have confidence in our great government. 
We honor Old Glory, the flag of the country, and when we find 
Uncle Sam's O. K. and stamp on anything we have confidence in it. 

You will find on every bottle of Post Office whisky Uncle Sam's 
green stamp and O. K. This is your guaranty. Will you accept this 
and send us a trial order for this fine whisky? Post Office whisky 
is made right, aged right, and has the government stamp; and, last 
but not least, the price is right. 

You will note the name of this fine bottled-in-bond whisky is Post 
Office. We have been permitted to use this name "Post Office," 
and the brand is fully protected by the law. 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 15 

The circular is~*illustrated by a big picture of a whisky 
bottle of the so-called Post Office brand. At the side is 
a picture of a post office with Uncle Sam smiling and point- 
ing toward the whisky. 

A very striking presentation to the House Post Office 
Committee was a copy of Life, "Dry States Edition," 
which contained in the space occupied in the regular edition 
of that magazine by liquor advertisements, the following 
announcement : 

Are you curious to know what is in this space in the regular edition 
of Life? We cannot tell you here; it is against the law in this State. 
You can find out only by becoming a subscriber, thus receiving a 
copy of the regular edition through the United States mails. \\'e 
are still on good terms with Uncle Sam. 

The "Are you curious?" announcement in Life pro- 
duced at least one answer which did not please that 
paper. Here it is : 

Birmingham, Ala. 

When I open the pages of Life the first advertisement my e} f es rest 
upon begins. "Are you curious to know what is in this space, in the 
regular edition of Life} We can not tell you here. It's against 
the law in this State." 

I am not curious; I know. 

For 16 drab years I was the wife of a drunkard. We are childless. 
I gave birth to one living child that died in infancy; then came one 
stillborn, and after that years of suffering. I have heard my husband 
rave like a madman, drivel like an idiot. I have known hunger; have 
felt the blow of a drunkard's fury. 

Six years ago a change came; he drinks no longer, and is to-day a 
sober man. 

You offer a prize of $500 for a criticism of Life. Not for $5,000 
would I forego the satisfaction of telling you how I loathe a maga- 
zine that will publish a liquor advertisement. Xot for $5,000,000 
would I go back to the day when your bold headlines, "Are you 
curious?" would have the power to lure my husband on to drink, 
drink, drink. 

Am Alabama Woman. 

The list of newspapers which decline liquor advertising 
is too long for insertion here. By States, they may be 
tabulated as follows : 

Alabama - 114 

Arizona 29 

Arkansas 169 

California 218 

Colorado 194 

Connecticut 36 

Delaware 9 

District of Columbia 22 

Florida 89 

Georgia 157 

Idaho 52 

Illinois 562 

Indiana 318 

Ipwa 337 

Kansas 392 

Kentucky 125 

Louisiana 51 

Maine 62 

Maryland 54 

Massachusetts 221 

Michigan 297 

Minnesota 297 

Mississippi 96 

Missouri ........ 392 

Montana 49 

Nebraska 234 

New Hampshire 38 

New Jersey 73 

New Mexico 36 

New York 451 

Nevada 1 

North .Carolina 152 

North Dakota 186 

Ohio 453 



16 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

Oklahoma 291 

Oregon 149 

Pennsylvania 316 

Rhode Island > 16 

South Carolina 89 

South Dakota 161 

Tennessee 154 

Texas 404 

Utah 51 

Vermont 33 

Virginia 106 

Washington 209 

West Virginia 1 04 

Wisconsin 308 

Wyoming 10 

Total 8,366 

The Bankhead-Randall advertising and bonedry law- 
reads as follows : 

Senate amendment No. 34: On page 37 insert the following: 
"Sec. 5. That rfo letter, postal card, circular, newspaper, pamph- 
let, or publication of any kind containing any advertisement of 
spirituous, vinous, malted, fermented, or other intoxicating liquors 
of any kind, or containing a solicitation of an order or orders for 
said liquors, or any of them, shall be deposited in or carried by the 
mails of the United States, or be delivered by any postmaster or 
letter carrier, when addressed or directed to any person, firm, cor- 
poration, or association, or other addressee, at any place or point in 
any State or Territory of the United States at which it is by the 
law in force in the State or Territory at that time unlawful to 
advertise or solicit orders for such liquors, or any of them, respec- 
tively. 

"If the publisher of any newspaper or other publication or the 
agent of such publisher, or if any dealer in such liquors or his agent, 
shall knowingly deposit or cause to be deposited, or shall knowingly 
send or cause to be sent, anything to be conveyed or delivered by 
mail in violation of the provisions of this section, or shall know- 
ingly deliver or cause to be delivered by mail anything herein for- 
bidden to be carried by mail, shall be fined not more than $1,000 
or imprisoned not more than six months, or both; and for any sub- 
sequent offense shall be imprisoned not more than one year. Any 
person violating any provision of this section may be tried and 
punished, either in the district in which the unlawful matter or 
publication was mailed or to which it was carried by mail for 
delivery, according to direction thereon, or in which it was caused 
to be delivered by mail to the person to whom it was addressed. 
Whoever shall order, purchase, or cause intoxicating liquors to be 
transported in interstate commerce, except for scientific, sacramental, 
medicinal, and mechanical purposes, into any State or Territory 
the laws of which State or Territory prohibit the manufacture or 
sale therein of intoxicating liquors for beverage purposes shall be 
punished as aforesaid: Provided, That nothing herein shall author- 
ize the shipment of liquor into any State contrary to the laws of 
such State: Provided further, That the Postmaster-General is here- 
by authorized and directed to make public from time to time in 
suitable bulletins or public notices the names of States in which it is 
unlawful to advertise or solicit orders for such liquors." 

AFRICA — In 1890, Sir George Goldie, founder of 
Nigeria, stated that only absolute prohibition could prevent 
the necessity of abandoning vast regions of tropical Africa. 
In that same year a treaty was made at Brussels by Ger- 
many, Belgium, Denmark, Spain, the Congo, Great Britain, 
Italy, the^ Netherlands, Persia, Sweden, Norway, Zanzi- 
bar, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Porte, France, the 
United States, and Portugal providing for the nonimpor- 
tation and prohibition of manufacture of distilled liquors 
in all central African territory lying between what is 
usually known as North and South Africa. These prohibi- 
tions did not go into force until 1901. 

The complicating effect of railroad development and the 
insatiate greed of American and European liquor dealers 
resulted in an increase of liquor consumption in Nigeria 
during the decade icjoo-'io of 61 per cent. The west coast 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 17 

is frequently described as "one long bar." Various civilized 
countries %have at times disgraced themselves by their 
attitude toward the African drink trade. Representatives 
of the United States were at one time responsible for the 
reduction of the tariff on importations of liquor into 
Madagascar and in North Africa. Those countries under 
French control have been debauched by alcohol. 

The New England rum trade with Africa is peculiarly 
irritating to Americans. Mr. Gillett, a representative in 
Congress from Massachusetts, introduced a bill to stop 
it and it elicited much support. The statistics of the cus- 
toms office at Boston show that from January 1 to Decem- 
ber 31, 1914, there were exported from the port of Boston 
1,178,202 gallons of rum; from January 1, 1915, to Decem- 
ber 31 of the same year, 1,402,580 gallons; and from Janu- 
ary 1 to February 29, 1916, 57,307 gallons. 

ALABAMA — Under prohibition, enacted by the Legis- 
lature in January, 1915. A previous prohibition law, en- 
acted in 1908, had been repealed in 191 1. The 1915 law 
prohibits advertising of liquors. A limited quantity of 
liquor might be imported during a specified time for 
personal use, but this provision is nullified by the federal 
bonedry amendment to the Post Office Appropriation bill. 
The Alabama Citizen published in 1909 a table showing 
the arrests for drunkenness and other offenses in the 
principal cities of the State under wet and dry regimes. 
Nineteen cities with an aggregate population of over 200,- 
000 were represented : 

1907 1908 Per Cent 

(wet) (dry) Dec. 

Arrest.? drunkenness 6,830 1,536 77 

Arrests all offenses 24,044 12,907 46 

In Birmingham, Ala., the number of violent deaths from 
all causes in eleven months of 1907 was 342 ; in the same 
months of 1908 it was 166, a decrease of 51 per cent. 
Deaths from acute alcoholism decreased from 15 to 2. 
Thus drunkenness, deaths due to acute alcoholism, crime 
of all kinds, markedly decreased under Alabama's first 
prohibition law. 

When the liquor forces succeeded in getting control of 
the Legislature and repealing this beneficent law, sentiment 
for its return was so promptly manifested as to compel 
its reenactment at the next succeeding session of the 
Legislature. The result of the new prohibition law was 
summarized by the Age-Herald of Birmingham, as follows : 

The data show these salient facts : 

The Grand Juries of 1913 sat 117 days, as compared 
with 55 days in 1916. 

The 1913 Grand Juries were called upon to investigate 
1,639 cases ; those of 1916 only 929. The Grand Juries 
of 1913 found 1,054 true bills; those of 1916 found only 
608. 

In 1913 the coroner of Jefferson County sat on 92 murder 
cases; in 1916 on 58. In 1913 his reports show 67 acci- 
dental deaths compared with 48 in 1916. 

Bank deposits rose from $26,000,000 in 1913 to $30,000,- 
000 in 1916. Post office revenues increased from $516,000 
in 1913 to $578,000 in 1916. 

The total of deaths in Birmingham in 1913 was 2,749, as 
compared with 2,288 in 1916. The births in 1913 were 
3,579) compared with 3,637 in 1916. 



18 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

President George B. Ward, of the City Commission, who 
opposed the prohibition law, makes the following state- 
ment : "The more serious phases of crime have almost dis- 
appeared under the operation of this law, and less impor- 
tant offenses have greatly decreased in number. The fol- 
lowing shows the comparative record of October. Novem- 
ber, and December, 191+ and the same months of 191 5. 
the first dry year : 

1914 1915 Per cent 
Prohibition Decrease 

Total arrests 4. 599 - " - - 

tal convictions 1,910 42 

Drunkenness 999 340 66 

Wife whipping 23 11 

Disorderly conduct.... 863 44 

"Homicides in the city of Birmingham have been re- 
duced exactly 33 1-3 per cent for the last three n: 
IS 

- the entire year of For the 

entire year of 1915 there were 14, or a reduction of 60 
per cent. 

"It is a notable fact that Birmingham has never before 

quiet and orderly. 
"Following is a comparison of the number of cases in 
the police court on February 2, 1914. 1915. 1916: 
"Under saloons, Febrv 4, 130 c^- 

,er saloons, February 2. 1915, 44 a 
"Under Proh: ruary 2. 1916, 3 c^- 

In the South Christmas day is attended by more drink- 
ing than an}- other holiday. In 1914 Christmas in Birming- 
ham was marred by four killings and 106 arests. half of 
which were for drunkenness. One year later Christmas 
showed a record of only one murderous assault and forty 
police cases, five of which were for drunkei.: 

The Record of a Big City 

Far and wide wet advertisements have slandered the 
city of Birmingham because it is dry. It has been said 
that the schools are neglected, the police force depleted, 
the State in distress because of a huge deficit and the 
illicit distillation of liquors greatly increasing. The facts 
are that the school? are splendidly supported, the police 
force reduced because fewer officers are needed to ac- 
complish the same work in the same time, and the State 
a under a moderate deficit piled up in the 
days when Alabama was wet. The liquor advertisements 
contrast 179 illicit stills seized in 1906 with 308 in 1914. 
presuming that their readers will not know that both were 
ars. 

Mr. Ward, above quoted, is authority for the statement 
that the use of deadly drugs by Negroes has been almost 
entirely abolished since prohibition went into effect. The 
effect on business is indicated by an increase of $5,134,052 
in bank deposits during the year July. 1914-1915. The 
number of depositors was 7.800 greater 

Rets.— See Anti-Prohibition; Crime ;^ Insanity; Juvenile Delin- 
quency: Pauperism; Race Suicide; and Sav:: [ 

ALASKA — Ey a nve-to-three ratio. Alaska roted on 
November 7. 1916, for prohibition. The fight was led by 
the W. C. T. U. As Congress has all power over such 
matters, it was necessarv that the law be enacted in Wash- 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 19 

ington and this was done by the passage of a bonedry act 
during the short session of the 64th Congress. 

Once before, under President Cleveland in 1887, prohibi- 
tion, or rather near-prohibition, prevailed in Alaska by 
order of the secretary of the treasury. 

ALCOHOL — A habit-forming, irritant, narcotic, de- 
pressant drug, useful for many mechanical, pharmaceutical, 
and scientific purposes. Ethyl alcohol is that found in the 
ordinary alcoholic beverages, such as beer, wine, and 
whisky. Other alcohols, not suitable for beverage pur- 
poses, are methyl, or wood alcohol; propylic, butylic, and 
amylic. Ethyl alcohol contains 52.67 parts of carbon, 12.90 
parts of hydrogen, and 32.43 parts of oxygen. 

Ethyl alcohol is produced by the decomposition of vege- 
table or animal matter by the alcohol ferment, which is a 
minute living organism, capable of assimilating food, 
eliminating waste products, growing and multiplying. The 
alcohol is a waste-product or excretion of this organism. 
When the proportion of alcohol in a fermented liquor 
becomes 13.5 per cent, the ferment is poisoned and 
stronger liquors must be produced by distillation. Ethyl 
alcohol is colorless and has a burning taste. The word 
alcohol is derived from the Arabic "al ghole," meaning 
"evil spirit." 

The alcohol ferment is peculiarly interesting because 
it exists on the very border-line separating the animal 
and vegetable kingdoms. It is sensitive to heat and cold ; 
even susceptible to disease, altho remarkably tenacious of 
life. But it multiplies by budding. A new cell sprouts 
from an old one, and by the development of granules, 
liberated by the bursting of the mother cell, becomes the 
nucleus of still other cells. Its multiplication is especially 
rapid in the presence of sugar. 

History of Alcohol 

The date of the discovery of alcohol, obtained by dis- 
tillation from grain, is unknown, but the popularity of 
distilled liquors in Great Britain did not begin until the 
reign of William and Mary. Paul Richter, in a recent 
number of the Berliner Klinische Wochenshrift, shows 
that a knowledge of aqua ardens, that is, "s.trong water," 
may be traced back as far as the second century, anno 
Domini, to Hippolytus. The New York Medical Record 
says the ancients knew of this strong spirit, but met with 
but little success in extracting it. There is assurance that 
some of the ancient wines could be ignited, but it was 
to the ancients a mystery that they should respond to the 
flame. It has been taught that distillation began with the 
Arabians in the tenth century, but it is now known that 
the process was known somewhat earlier by the Italians. 

ALCOHOL, EFFECTS OF— This poison has a 
peculiar affinity for the more important cells of the body. 
In all of its effects it is the direct negation of water. 
While both are colorless, it will be noticed that : 

Water Alcohol 

Will not burn. Burns easily. 

Has no taste. [skin. Has burning taste. 

Cools and refreshes the Burns and inflames the skin. 

Necessary to healthy life. Unnecessary to healthy life. 



20 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 



Water 

Makes a seed grow. 
Softens all foods. 
Is itself a food. 
Will not dissolve resin. 
Does not intoxicate. 
Benefits the body. 
A constituent of every liv- 
ing body cell. 
Aids decomposition. 
Quenches thirst. 



Alcohol 

Kills the seed. 

Hardens all foods. » 

Is a poison. 

Easily dissolves resin. 

Intoxicates. 

Injures the body. 

Is not a constituent of any 

living body cell. 
Prevents decomposition. 
Creates thirst. 



Alcohol is not a food. At every point it is different 
in its nature from foods : 



Food 

i. The same quantity pro- 
duces the same effect. 

2. Its habitual use does 
not produce a desire for 
more in ever-increasing 
amounts. 

3. All foods are oxidized 
slowly. 

4. All foods are stored in 
the body. 

5. Foods are wholesome 
and beneficial to the 
healthy body ; they may 
injure the body in cer- 
tain phases of disease. 



Alcohol 

1. More and more required 
to produce a given effect 
on a person. 

2. Its habitual use is likely 
to induce an uncontroll- 
able desire for more in 
ever-increasing quanti- 
ties. 

3. Alcohol is oxidized 
rapidly. 

4. Alcohol is not stored in 
the body. 

5. Alcohol is a poisonous 
excretion which may be 
beneficial in certain cases 
of diseases (though 
physicians use it far less 
than formerly and many 
do not use it at all), but 
is never beneficial to the 
healthy body. 

6. The young are always 
advised to abstain from 
alcohol. 

7. The use of alcohol, as 
with narcotics in general, 
is followed by a reaction. 

8. The use of alcohol is 
followed by a decrease 
in the activity of the 
muscles and brain cells. 

Alcohol is a food for the ferment of acetic acid or 
vinegar, and a poison for everything else. There is very 
little scientific opposition to this statement at the present 
time. 

Upon entering the body alcohol affects deleteriously 
the functioning power of every organ. It inflames the 
throat, hinders digestion by its power to coagulate foods 
and to precipitate solutions ; it dilates the blood vessels, 
inflames the connective tissues of the liver, causing "hob- 
nail liver," directly poisons the muscles of the heart, caus- 
ing them to swell and permitting the accumulation of 
fatty particles between the fibrous tissue, prevents the 
proper nourishment of the muscles by interfering with 
the carrying of oxygen to them and the removal of waste 



6. The young are advised 
to take plentifully of 
food. 

7. The use of foods is not 
followed by reaction. 

8. The use of foods is fol- 
lowed by an increase in 
the activity of the mus- 
cles and brain cells. 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 21 

matter, hinders the various functions of mind and paralyzes 
the delicate nerve and brain cells, thickens the speech and 
blunts the senses. 

What We Are Learning About Alcohol 

Experiments are constantly being carried forward by 
scientific and medical men in America and Europe to 
determine the effects of alcohol upon the body. This 
kind of work is largely increasing, and the result is that 
the people are being warned against^ alcohol from many 
different sources. Not long since in a copyrighted article 
appearing in a large number of daily newspapers Lillian 
Russell, whose name has long been a synonym for good 
looks, declares that drink will disfigure the face with 
pimples and blotches, glaze the eyes with a criss-cross of 
fiery blood vessels, paint the nose an unlovely hue, make 
your cheeks pallid, write dark circles under the eyes, and 
will do a few other things besides inflicting upon the guilty 
ones such unimportant consequences as indigestion, head- 
aches, biliousness, Bright's disease, nervousness, bad 
temper, loss of common sense, loss of power to work 
efficiently, loss of friends, family, and happiness. 

We suggest that Miss Russell be employed to write 
the advertisements of the brewing concerns who are 
decorating the pages of certain newspapers with pictures 
of fair young women guzzling beer. 

Miss Russell's warning is really based upon scientific 
investigations. 

A great many of the experiments mentioned above dis- 
close the effect of alcohol upon elementary life forms. 

Effect of Alcohol Upon Jelly-Fish 

For instance, Dr. Sir B. W. Richardson, F.R.S., made 
a long series of interesting experiments on the little fresh- 
water medusae, or jelly-fish, with the following results: 
He took two tubes, one containing tank water, the other 
alcohol in the proportion of one part in 1,000. Into each 
he placed a medusa, and observed the results. Within 
two minutes the movements' of the one in the tube con- 
taining alcohol were entirely stopped (though prior to im- 
mersion the movements were seventy-four per minute), 
and it began to sink to the bottom. At the end of five 
minutes it lay at the bottom of the tube a mere speck of 
matter. It was then put into plain tank water of the same 
temperature and left for two hours, but it showed no signs 
of life. The one in the other tube moved about unaffected. 
Another was put into a tube containing one part alcohol 
in 2,000. It remained for about four minutes as though 
little affected, but at the end of another minute, sank to 
the bottom motionless. It was taken out and placed in 
tank water but did not recover. The same thing also 
occurred in a liquid made up of one part alcohol in 4,000 
water. 

These experiments were made to determine the extent 
of alcohol's poisoning power upon the physical structure. 
Similar experiments were carried forward by Dr. J. J. 
Ridge, of England, to ascertain the effect of alcohol upon 
water fleas. 

He inclosed them in bottles containing alcohol in water 
varying from one pa^rt in 100 to one part in 20,000, and 
others in plain water, with the result that those placed in 



22 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

water containing alcohol died sooner or later, while those 
in plain water remained alive. 

It has been found that alcohol has a similar effect upon 
the constituent elements of human life. 

Alcohol's Effect Upon Physical and Mental Efficiency 

The effect of the consumption of alcoholic beverages 
upon physical and mental efficiency has been absolutely 
determined by numerous experiments in Europe and 
America. Indeed, the Heidelberg experiments were the 
foundation for the antialcohol movement in Europe, and 
widening acquaintance with scientifically determined facts 
has influenced the attitude of the railroads and industrial 
corporations in America, and may properly be said to have 
affected the progress of the prohibition movement. 

Refs. — See all subjects referred to under Abstinence. 

ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES— The alcoholic bever- 
ages most commonly used in the United States are beer, 
wine, and whisky. The percentage of alcohol usually con- 
tained in the various kinds of these drinks are as follows : 

Beer 4.0 Lisbon 18.5 

Porter 4.5 Canary 19.0 

Ale 7.0 Sherry 1 9.0 

Cider 9.0 Vermouth 19.0 

Moselle 10.0 Cape 19.0 

Tokay 10.0 Malmsey 20.0 

Rhine 11.0 Madeira 21.0 

Bordeaux ^ ... 1 1.5 Port 23.0 

1 1 ock 12.0 Chartreuse 43.0 

Champagne 1 2.0 Gin 52.0 

C laret 130 Brandy 53.0 

Burgundy 1 4.0 Rum 54.0 

Malaga 1 7.0 Whisky 54.0 

ALCOHOLISM— The deaths from alcoholism in the 
federal registration area (eighteen States) in 1912 num- 
bered 3.183. Alcoholism is acute alcoholic poisoning. It 
usually occurs from large overdoses of alcohol taken by 
habitual drunkards. Death is due to a paralysis of the 
nerve centers. 

The liquor press very freqently quotes the federal report 
of the number of deaths from alcoholism in the registra- 
tion area as proof that the prohibitionists are incorrect 
in saying that alcoholic liquors cause the death of 66,000 
adults annually. The drinking of alcoholic beverages is 
a factor in a very large number of diseases and causes 
of death of which alcoholism is only one. It should also 
be noticed that the federal registration area does not cover 
the entire United States. 

The federal reports do not include all deaths from alco- 
holism even in the registration area. A family physician 
is frequently very loath to ascribe the death of his patient 
to alcoholism, especially when that patient has been a 
personal friend, as there is a taint of disgrace fixed upon 
the family by such a report. Consequently, he frequently 
reports that death was due to ''heart failure," or some 
similar cause. 

Reputable physicians now recognize a distinct disease 
called "subacute" alcoholism. The man who has become 
careless of dress, to whom affection for his family means 
little, whose habits, desires, welfare, are all subordinated 
to a craving for drink induced by the habitual taking of 
"moderate" doses of alcoholic beverages, is suffering from 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 23 

subacute alcoholism. Such a man will frequently lie or 
evensteahto secure liquor, although he may be struggling 
against his slavery for the greater part of the time. 

Dr. T. B. Hyslop, of the Royal Hospital for the Insane, 
England, says : "Intemperance does not necessarily mean 
only obvious and palpable drunkenness. From the very 
moment in which alcohol has disturbed the healthy exercise 
of the mental faculties, or has impaired the moral sense 
by unduly exciting the animal passions, or has in any way 
unfitted a person for discharging his duties in the proper 
struggle for survival, from that moment has there been 
guilt of intemperance." 

Understanding the Alcoholic 

Alcohol reaches beyond the physical into the moral 
and mental nature for its grip upon a man. "Getting 
alcohol out of one's system is an easy matter," writes 
Dr. Evans, in the Rocky Mountain Mews. "Cure up to 
that point is easily possible. Drunkards are usually poor, 
weak-willed neurasthenics, neurotics, or irregulars of one 
sort or another. To make matters worse, they usually 
think themselves very strong. Keeping them cured will 
depend on the amount of help they get from religion, sym- 
pathetic friends, good home life, occupation, etc." 

Lady Henry Somerset, writing in the British Journal 
of Inebriety, points out how the cure for the alcoholic 
must involve both physical and spiritual treatment : "The 
reclamation of the inebriate is, to my mind, an absolutely 
hopeless task if it is undertaken without belief in the 
power of God, the love of God and the guidance of God." 

Prohibition has uniformly had a good effect upon the 
death showing as relates to alcoholism. The prohibition 
State of North Carolina in 1912 had only sixteen such 
deaths. The license State of Massachusetts, with only 
one third more population, had 296, and similar figures are 
available from other sources. 

Refs. — See Arrests for Drunkenness; Diseases Caused; Doctors 
on Drink; and Mortality from Alcohol. 

ALE} — A malt liquor very similar to beer, but produced 
with a smaller percentage of hops and having a somewhat 
different flavor. It contains, on the average, nearly twice 
as much alcohol as the beers ordinarily consumed in 
America. But little is produced in this country, most of 
it being secured from Great Britain. 

AMENDMENT, CONSTITUTIONAL— See Consti- 
tutional Prohibition ; History of the Temperance Reform ; 
Hobson-Sheppard Bill; and National Prohibition. 

AMENDMENTS, CONSTITUTIONAL— See table 

in History of the Temperance Reform for list of States 
enacting prohibition by constitutional amendment. Also 
see references under Amendment, Constitutional. 

AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF 
INEBRIETY — A most excellent organization which has 
not received its due meed of recognition among American 
medical men, whose anti-liquor activities have been so 
largely confined to prohibition organizations. Communica- 
tions are addressed to Dr. T. D. Crothers, Hartford, 
Conn. 



24 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

AMERICAN TEMPERANCE UNION— See Ameri- 
can Temperance Society. 

AMERICAN TEMPERANCE SOCIETY AND 
UNION — The American Society for the Promotion of 
Temperance, the name by which it was first known, was 
organized at Boston, Mass., February 13, 1826. The pro- 
moters of this organization believed in total abstinence 
from all intoxicants, but were afraid to push such a 
propaganda because they thought it too far ahead of the 
prevailing sentiment. Their active propaganda consisted 
in teaching total abstinence from distilled liquors and 
extreme moderation in the use of light liquors. No pledge 
was used in connection with their work. There was at 
first only a State organization, but similar societies were 
soon established in other States, and at the first national 
convention, held at Philadelphia in 1883, these State or- 
ganizations effected organic union as "The United States 
Temperance Union," which existed until it became the 
"American Temperance Union" at the second national 
convention held at Saratoga. X. Y.. in 1836. The American 
Temperance Union had an existence and did a tremendous 
work down to 1861 wh^n all anti-liquor work was tem- 
porarily suspended. 

The work of this Society consisted mainly in the pub- 
lication and circulation of standard temperance literature. 
In 1865 the scattered ends of the work of this Society 
were gathered up and carried forward by the National 
Temperance Society and Publication House. 

ANTI-PROHIBITION— The opposition to prohibi- 
tion is frequently difficult to meet because of its volume 
and mass, because of its kaleidoscopic character and be- 
cause of the fact that a lie well stood to frequently yields 
as much temporary advantage as the truth faithfully pre- 
sented. If it is a question of national prohibition it is 
said that the States should control the traffic ; if it is 
State prohibition, local option is valiantly defended by the 
liquor people ; if it is a question of local option, high license 
is the remedy; if the reformers propose high license, 
Sunday closing, and fewer saloons, the saloons defy the 
law. keep open on Sunday, sell to minors, and do as they 
please. 

Theoretically the opposition to prohibition is: 1. "Pro- 
hibition does not prohibit." 2. "Light drinks, such as beer 
and wine, are harmless." 3. "The use of wine is sanctioned 
by the Bible." 4. "Prohibition violates individual liberty." 
5. "The trouble has been due to the way in which liquors 
have been retailed and not to the commodity itself." 6. 
Financial distress in certain prohibition States and cities 
is alleged. 7. Statistics are manipulated to confuse hearers 
and readers. 8. "There was a prohibition wave two gen- 
erations ago. and it passed because the policy failed." 9. 
"Prohibition drives people to the use of less bulky spiritu- 
ous liquors instead of beer and wine." 10. "Lynching, child 
labor, homicide, etc.. are common in some prohibition 
States." 11. "Prohibition promotes illicit manufacture and 
sale of liquors." 12. "It causes people to resort to the use 
of hair tonic, patent medicine, varnish, cologne, etc.. as 
substitutes for beverages." 13. "George Washington. Abra- 
ham Lincoln, and other great men were not prohibition- 
ists." 14. "Prohibition raises taxes-" 15. "It causes the 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 25 

lower elements of the population to resort to the use of 
drugs." i£>. "Consumption of liquor is as great in prohibi- 
tion States as in license States." 

Frequently these general assertions are backed up by 
absolute falsehoods, because of the evident belief that the 
publishing of lies in sufficient number and volume cannot 
be adequately combated, on account of the painstaking 
research required to arrive at the truth. 

Some Favorite Tricks 

It is common for the liquor interests in any local option 
or State prohibition fight to allege great financial distress 
in specified prohibition States and cities. Sometimes the 
statements are true, being accounted for by a debt left 
over from the license days. Sometimes a temporary politi- 
cal squabble in a Legislature will be the cause of the hold- 
ing up the State warrants and delay in the meeting of 
obligations. Sometimes the statements are simply untrue, 
but by the time the facts are testified to by local officers 
and business men the election is over. At one time much 
was made of the alleged fact that West Virginia, which 
had recently enacted prohibition, was very hard up for 
money. This was apparently true because of a fight be- 
tween the governor and Legislature, which tied up the 
State's business, but West Virginia was never in distress, 
and its official reports soon showed an excellent state of 
affairs in its treasury. But meanwhile the liquor interests 
had passed on to other arguments. Chicago, Toledo, 
Cincinnati, Maryland, and other wet cities and States are 
in deep financial waters, but we hear nothing of this from 
the liquor interests. Most of the dry States which are 
embarrassed with debt are so because of conditions created 
before prohibition was adopted. 

The manipulation of statistics is usually accomplished 
by confusing figures showing commitments to public in- 
stitutions with the number of inmates on some specified 
day and by comparing States which are remote from each 
other or which are under totally different laws and cir- 
cumstances. When wet and dry States are compared, 
all the figures in regard to all States in each class should 
be given ; one State should be compared with the country 
as a whole, or single States with others operating under 
similar laws and social conditions. So-called "hand pick- 
ing" of States is merely a device to mislead the unwary. 

A Typical Instance 

Take the matter of savings banks, for instance. Cer- 
tain license States are compared with certain prohibition 
States to the disadvantage of the latter, but the federal 
figures on which these comparisons are based take account 
only of the institutions which comply with certain rules 
of the Treasury Department. According to the federal 
figures for 1914, Nebraska, Illinois, Oklahoma, Missouri, 
and other highly important States had no savings banks 
at all. Obviously, this is absurd and makes valueless all 
the pretentious comparisons which the liquor interests 
flaunt in their advertisements and mass meetings. Gen- 
erally speaking, a manufacturing State will show a much 
higher average of savings accounts than an agricultural 
State, where land investments and building and loan activi- 
ties are preferable to small-interest savings accounts. 



26 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

These same general principles apply to the discussion 
of the matter of church membership, or homicide records, 
or divorce, crime, pauperism, early prohibition legislation, 
and similar questions, all of which are treated at length 
by name in this book. 

It avails nothing to poster a State which is to vote on 
prohibition with attacks upon the lynching record of 
Georgia because, while Georgia leads the country in lynch- 
ing, she is very far ahead of most of the wet States in 
her record regarding nearly every other crime. It avails 
nothing to say that there are blind pigs in prohibition 
territory when the discrepancy between the number of local 
and federal licenses in wet States shows that blind pig- 
ging is much more prevalent in license territory. It 
avails nothing to point to the use of drugs in prohibition 
States when drug using is most common in the great license 
cities. It avails nothing to say that George Washington 
and Thomas Jefferson were not prohibitionists, in view 
of the fact that they were ahead of the public sentiment 
of their day, and beyond doubt would be prohibitionists 
if living in the twentieth century. It avails nothing to tell 
of how drunkards resort to varnish, cologne, and hair 
tonic when the saloons are closed, for the intelligent listener 
will at once ask why they resort to such liquids if blind 
pigs and boot leggers are as common as alleged by the 
liquor interests. And it will further occur to him to 
wonder whether or not anyone ever really began the 
liquor habit on varnish! 

The matter of blind pigs, illicit distilling, taxes, drugs, the 
Bible and drink, pauperism, crime, divorce, juvenile de- 
linquency, consumption of liquor, etc., are all discussed at 
length under proper title in this book. 

Of necessity dishonest in their methods, the liquor in- 
terests habituall)' advertise their arguments in reputable 
publications and then quote them as if these publications 
were responsible for the statements. And never do they 
conduct a fight without resorting to methods of operation 
us well as argument which are unscrupulous to the highest 
degree. 

"The whisky and beer trade ought to be on its knees 
begging for life. Instead, it is strutting around with 
a club in its hand, threatening decent people, trying to 
bulldoze the church and the home, and to dictate to politics 
and business," said the Kansas City Star. 

Ronfort's Wine and Spirit Circular candidly set forth 
one of these infamous methods when it said: 

"It may be well to consider, in passing, the actual 
strength of the opposition to the prohibition movement, 
as represented by Americans of foreign birth." 

"According to the last census, the number of foreign- 
born males of voting age in the United States was 6,646,- 
817. Of this number 3,034,117 or 45.6 per cent were 
naturalized and entitled to vote. 

"We commend the movement now so rapidly shaping 
itself among our foreign-born citizens in organizing into 
a powerful body to assert their rights and preserve their 
constitutional freedom and individual liberty." 

There is no man living who can foresee the deplorable 
consequences of this effort to array against their best 
friends the men and women who have come to this coun- 
try to realize better conditions of living. 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 27 

Wolves in Sheep's Clothing 

Where their business is attacked the last thing the liquor 
interests would ever think of would be to make a frank 
defense over their own signatures or_ through statements 
issued by their own trade organizations. Instead, they 
realize their only hope of even temporary preservation lies 
in masking their interests behind respectable names and 
legitimate business. 

By every unscrupulous means known to the expert in 
hypocrisy, the brewer now wages his hazardous defense 
under cover of made-to-order "Business Men's Leagues," 
"Commercial Associations," "United Societies for Local 
Self-Government," "Tax Payers' Unions," "Personal 
Liberty Alliances," and "Manufacturers and Dealers' Clubs." 

Masquerading in this plausible and frequently pseudo- 
patriotic garb, the beer makers and their allies are fighting 
with desperation borne of despair in every one of the 
thousand local and State battles from one end of the 
country to the other. 

One singular development in this connection is the^ 
metamorphosis by which the Liquor Trade Press is being 
transformed in name. 

Instead of the Barroom Herald, the Dramshop Courier, 
the Beer-Makers' Review, the Whisky Exponent, the Cock- 
tail News, the Alcohol World, the Fire Water Dissemina- 
tor, the High License Advocate, the official organs of the 
traffic now include such journals as the Liberal Advocate, 
formerly the Wine and Spirit News; Liberty, formerly the 
Texas Liquor Dealer; the American Beverage and Food 
Journal, formerly Bar and Buffet; Truth, the Patriot, 
Both Sides, Champion of Fair Play, the Free Press, and 
the Protector. 

Never do they conduct a fight against prohibition under 
their own name. They wear such masks as "Business 
Men's Association," "Manufacturers' and Merchants' 
League," etc., etc. 

The action of Attorney-General Looney, of Texas, in 
starting suit against the "Business Men's Association of 
Texas" revealed that this organization was composed of 
seven breweries. 

The evidence introduced by Attorney-General Looney 
showed that these breweries had violated their charter by 
pretending that they were organized for a certain purpose 
when they were really organized for another ; that, con- 
trary to State law, they had systematically paid the poll 
tax of Negroes and Mexicans in order to qualify them 
for voting; that they had used coercion in securing signa- 
tures to protests against national prohibition ; and had been 
guilty of many other grave misdemeanors. 

The evidence introduced involved a number of letters. 
One letter to the president of the Texas Brewing Com- 
pany, Zane Cotti, from Adolphus Busch, under date of 
October > 19, 1905, urged him to pay his assessment to the 
"Educational Bureau," and said : 

This work has got to be done systematically, and the best 
writers of our country will have to lend their assistance. It may 
cost us a million dollars, and even more, but what of it if thereby 
we elevate our position? We will have to be liberal with the press 
of many States and with friends to gain the ear of senators or 
members of Congress. 

In another letter Mr. Busch, writing from Pasadena, 



28 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

Cal., asserts that he is willing to "give $100,000 extra, if 
necessary," to defeat State-wide prohibition in Texas in 
the election of 1911, and he concludes his letter in this 
striking way : 

Besides losing our business by State-wide prohibition, we would 
lose our honor and standing of ourselves and families, and rather 
than lose that we should risk the majority of our fortunes. Now, 
this is the way we have to talk to the boys in order to get them 
all in line to subscribe without hesitation. 

Some of the letters offered by Attorney-General Looney 
in evidence threatened various business firms with loss of 
trade if they did not subscribe to the anti-prohibition fund, 
some of these letters even being directed as far as 
Bohemia. One communication chides a field worker for 
putting into writing an account of how they had paid the 
poll tax of Negroes. 

And it was all done under the name, "Business Men's 
Association of Texas." 

In characterizing just exactly this sort of thing Collier's 
some time ago remarked : "How extravagant, how footless 
— and how headless ! The great, stupid creature is hurt 
— he knows not which way to turn. For two generations 
the liquor interests have rested secure in the belief that 
they could beat down all opposition, break all ordinances, 
through their alliance with bad politics, through the use 
of tainted money. And now that political alliance is 
struck from under their feet, they know no other way of 
fighting; they are both pathetic and comic in their futility." 

Refs. — For additional material to refute claims ordinarily made 
against prohibition see all subjects referred to under Abstinence 
and the following: Accidents; Adulteration; Advertising of Liquors; 
Alcoholism; all subjects under Amendment, Constitutional; Appetite; 
Arrests for Drunkenness; Blind Pigs; Blue Laws; Bonedry Laws; 
Brewers; Capital; Charity; ^Cities; Comparisons; Compensation; 
Consumption of Liquors; Cost of the Liquor Traffic; Courts; Crime; 
Denatured Alcohol; Divorce; Drugs; Farmers; Fathers, The Early; 
Federal Government; Franklin, Benjamin; Grain; Hamilton, Alex- 
ander; High Cost of Living; Homicides; Illicit Distilling; In- 
sanity; Jefferson, Thomas; Juvenile Delinquency; Koran; Labor; 
Lawlessness; Lincoln, Abraham; Liquor Press; Majority Rule; 
Objections to Prohibition; Pauperism; Personal Liberty; Prohibition, 
General Principles of; Property Interests; Russia; Savings; and 
Substitutes. For proof of success of prohibition see various States 
by names. 

ANTI-SAfeOON LEAGUE— Its general offices and 
printing plant are at Westerville, Ohio, and its legislative 
office in the Bliss Building, Washington, D. C. The Rev. 
Purley A. Baker is general superintendent ; Mr. Ernest 
H. Cherrington, general manager of its publication inter- 
ests ; Mr. Sam Fickel, managing editor of its publications ; 
Mr. Wayne B. Wheeler, general counsel ; the Rev. Edwin 
C. Dinwiddie, legislative superintendent ; and Bishop 
Luther B. Wilson, national president. 

The germ thought of the League is credited to a con- 
versation between Dr. Alfred J. Kynett, founder of the 
Church Extension work of the Methodist Church, and 
Archbishop Ireland. The actual founder of the movement, 
that is, the man who first gave up everything else to devote 
himself to it, and who first made the work go as a State 
proposition, was the Rev. Howard H. Russell, D.D. The 
formal organization in Ohio was in the First Congrega- 
tional Church, Oberlin, in 1893, but this was subsequent 
to very effective work previously done in that State on 
the Anti-Saloon League basis. An early organization 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 29 

also was effected jn the District of Columbia. There is 
some dispute as to whether the District of Columbia or 
Ohio was "first. The national organization was formed at 
a meeting held in Washington, December 17, 1895. 

The Anti-Saloon League is managed by a Board of 
Directors (in the interim between annual meetings by an 
Executive Committee of Nineteen) in which every State 
organization is represented with a minimum of two direc- 
tors and not more than five, according to population. The 
State Leagues provide for the election of their directors 
by denominational bodies and temperance organizations. 

The Anti-Saloon League maintains the largest prohibi- 
tion press in the world, its printing plant representing an 
investment of over a quarter of a million dollars and its 
regular publications have a circulation exceeding half a 
million. 

Of the two phases of temperance work, (1) creating 
sentiment, (2) crystallizing it into conduct or law, the 
League's province is peculiarly the latter. It works in 
harmony with the denominational agencies, but considers 
itself especially a movement for the utilization of existing 
sentiment for the accomplishment of immediate tangible 
results. It is indorsed by most of the denominational 
bodies as an agency for cooperation with all of the others. 

The object of the League is "the extermination of the 
beverage liquor traffic." To this end "the League pledges 
itself to avoid affiliation with any political party as such 
and to maintain an attitude of strict neutrality on all 
questions of public policy not directly and immediately con- 
cerned with the traffic in strong drink." 

The League has stood for local prohibition as a step 
toward complete prohibition, but opposes any step back- 
ward from complete to partial prohibition. It is com- 
mitted to a Prohibition Amendment to the Constitution 
of the United States as the next step in national temper- 
ance work. Wherever there is adequate law for an ex- 
pression of public sentiment against the saloon, the League 
organizes and participates in prohibition campaigns, 
whether State or local. Where there is no such law, 
or the law is inadequate, the League's primary task is to 
secure legislation permitting direct and effective expres- 
sion of public sentiment against the liquor traffic. To 
this end it goes to the people with the facts, urging them 
to protect and reelect legislators who vote right and to 
defeat those who have stood with the liquor traffic. 

The Anti-Saloon League is now organized in every State, 
the National League underwriting as missionary work the 
expenses of the work in States where the population is too 
small or too widely scattered for adequate self-support. 
The aggregate annual revenue of the National League 
and all the States is now close to two million dollars a 
year. 

The activity of the League also extends to the election 
of officials who will enforce existing dry laws, and to the 
crystallization of sentiment for law enforcement. 

William H. Anderson. 

APPETITE — Contrary to the general understanding, 
it is not now believed by many medical men that appetite 
for liquor is inherited. There is inherited, however, a 
predisposition to such weakness, so that if the child of 
drinking parents meddles with alcohol, its appetite for 



3 o THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

the drink is much more rapidly developed than would be 
the case with the child of abstaining parents. If, however, 
the man with the bad heritage abstains absolutely, he will 
never be troubled by a craving for liquors. 

The appetite for alcohol is not a natural demand. One 
who is not troubled with a predisposition to such appetite 
must cultivate it long before the appetite is fastened upon 
him. The physical being rebels against the first drink 
of any alcoholic beverage. This alone is a refutation of 
the "food value" contention of the liquor interests. 

How Appetite Pays Dividends 

The liquor trade must depend upon an insistent appetite 
for its continued patronage, and all of its advertising, 
all of its methods, are intended for the creation of that 
profit-paying appetite among the people. To this end the 
social instinct is appealed to and the natural stimulation 
impulse. Special effort is made to encourage the begin- 
ning of the drink habit in youth. "It is during adolescence 
that the taste for alcohol declares itself. It is a note- 
worthy fact that in nearly 90 per cent of confirmed in- 
ebriates the addiction to drink began between fifteen and 
twenty-five years of age." So says Robert R. Batty, the 
sociologist. 

The medical and surgical report of the Bellevue and 
allied hospitals of Xew York, published in 1904, reports 
the answers given by 246 patients to the question, "Why 
did you begin to drink?" The reasons assigned were: 
Socialibity, 52.5 per cent ; trouble, 13 per cent ; medical use, 
9.3 per cent; occupation, 7 per cent; taught by elders, 7 
per cent ; out of work, 5 per cent ; unknown, 5 per cent ; 
to be thought sporty, 1.2 per cent. 

But whatever induced these people to begin to drink, 
it is exceedingly probable that they will continue drinking 
to satisfy appetite. It is through the social instinct, through 
very natural and healthy impulses, that an appetite is en- 
gendered which pays dividends of gold to the brewer and 
of ruin to society. 

Refs. — Stimulation Impulse; and Psychology of Intemperance. 

APPLETON, JAMES— To General James Appleton 
is usually attributed credit for the enactment of the 
famous Maine law in 1846, and the improved law of 
1851. He was a member of the Maine Legislature in 
1836 and was chairman of the legislative committee mak- 
ing the prohibition recommendation. Although born in 
Ipswich. Mass.. in 1786, and dying there in 1862, he was 
a resident of Portland, Me., from 1833 to 1853. 

ARIZONA — Prohibition carried in Arizona on Novem- 
ber 3, 1914, going into effect January 1, 1915. The law 
was exceedingly drastic, prohibiting importation of liquors 
even for personal use. The State Supreme Court ruled 
this unconstitutional because the possession of liquors for 
personal use was not prohibited. On November 7, 1916, 
the voters nullified the action of the_ Supreme Court by 
amending the constitution to prohibit^ both importation 
and possession of liquors. The majority was twice that 
originally given prohibition. 

Refs. — See Anti-Prohibition; Crime; Insanity; Juvenile Delin- 
quency; Pauperism; Race Suicide; and Savings. 

ARKANSAS — On January 5, 1915, the Arkansas Legis- 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 31 

lature passed a prohibition law which became effective 
January I, 1916. 'The liquor interests initiated a local 
option act > to repeal this law, but the attempt was de- 
feated by a vote of two to one on November 7, 1916. 
On January 22, 1917. the Legislature passed a bonedry 
act prohibiting the importation of liquors except for 
sacramental, medicinal, and mechanical purposes. It also 
prohibits liquor advertising in the State. 

In 1912 the people of Arkansas rejected prohibition by 
15,000. On November 7, 1916, they had tested the policy 
for ten months, and the State refused to change it by a 
majority of 51,000. 

The reason for this remarkable revolution in sentiment 
may be found in the splendid working of the law, both in 
the country districts and the cities of the State. The 
following is a comparison of eight months of 1915, last 
wet year, with eight months of 1916, the first dry year in 
one city : 

With Without 

Saloons Saloons 

Disturbing Peace 1,002 516 

Drunk and Disorderly 137 74 

Vagrancy 459. 238 

Immorality 635 491 

Drunks 423 108 

Petit Larceny 311 165 

All Offenses 5,119 3,4 2 3 

School Enrollment 8,836 9.327 

Auto Licenses 2,454 2,688 

Telephones in Use 9,826 10,286 

Car Loads of Stuffs Received 21,360 24,162 

Car Loads of Stuffs Shipped Out.. 31,865 35.814 

Library Volumes Cbecked Out.... 69,425 79,631 

Readers at Library 27,416 31,19° 

In Fort Smith, a thriving city of 300,000, which had not 
favored the adoption of prohibition, the total arrests for 
the twelve months ending July 31, 1915, which includes 
seven months of prohibition, was 2,226 as compared with 
5,697 during the year ending July 31, 1916. The arrests 
for drunkenness during the partially dry year, or in the 
year having seven dry months, totaled only 401 as com- 
pared with 1,322 for the preceding city year. 

Hot Springs shows a very similar record in rolling up 
only 281 arrests for "drunk and disorderly" during nine 
dry months as compared with 513 for the corresponding 
months of the preceding wet year. City Attorney James 
E. Mehaffey says that prohibition is responsible for the 
fact that only 25 commitments to the county farm were 
made during January, 1916, as compared with 123 for 
January. 1915. 

Refs. — See Crime; Insanity; Juvenile Delinquency; Pauperism; 
Race Suicide; and Savings. 

ARMY — Since the abolition of the canteen in the 
army by act of Congress approved February 2, 1901, 
the morals and health of the soldiers have shown a 
distinct advance, and at the present time it is probable 
that the sobriety of army men is considerably above the 
average of civilians. During the Spanish War the canteen 
was in full blast, soldiers were detailed, willingly or un- 
willingly, to act as bartenders, and disease ran riot. Con- 
ditions were so scandalous that various temperance or- 
ganizations conducted a notable congressional fight, result- 
ing in the abolition of the army bar. Annual appropria- 
tions aggregating more than $4,000,000 have been made 



32 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

since the canteen was abolished for the establishment of 
permanent recreation halls which have schools, libraries, 
lunch, amusement rooms, and gymnasiums. Before that 
time no appropriations for this purpose had been made. 

Deaths due to alcoholism were nearly 50 per cent less 
in 1907 than in 1901, having declined from .26 per thou- 
sand to .14 per thousand. Admissions to hospitals for 
certain diseases decreased from 113.33 per thousand in 
1 901 to 30.20 in 1907. 

Since 1907 alcoholism and venereal diseases have notably 
declined in the army as the result of an order stopping 
all pay during times of disability resulting from drink 
or illicit intercourse. 

The mobilization of the national guard in 1916 showed 
the excellent results of a no-drink policy. Every effort 
was made to keep drink away from the soldiers, and 
splendid success was achieved. A typical order is that 
of the New York division, who were instructed as fol- 
lows : 

"Officers and enlisted men of this division are directed 
not to use or have in their possession alcoholic drinks in 
any form during their service on the border except on 
prescription of a medical officer in the line of duty. 
Soldiers are prohibited entering houses of prostitution and 
saloons where liquor is sold except under orders for the 
performance of duty." 

The beginning of our war with Germany is too recent 
to record developments, but national prohibition as a war 
measure is probable and vigorous protection of our troops 
is certain. Already it has been made unlawful to sell 
liquor to any man in uniform. 

Colonel L. Mervin Maus, a retired surgeon of the Army, 
says : "If the United States expects to stand as a great 
military power among the nations, it will be necessary 
to enforce total abstinence among the commissioned 
officers of the army and navy." 

A great evil at the present time is the presence of 
saloons and disreputable women near army posts. There 
should be a remedy found for this without delay. 

Great Soldiers Favor Abstinence 

Almost without exception, the successful warriors of 
the present day are temperance advocates. The late 
Lord Roberts was earnest and persistent in his efforts 
to wipe out drinking in the British army. Lord Kitch- 
ener, who prohibited the carrying of liquor on the Sudan 
expedition, issued a statement to his troops at the begin- 
ning of the European war, asking them to beware of 
"women and drink." Lord Methuen, General French, 
Admiral Beresford, Admiral Fisher, the late Field Mar- 
shal Lord Wolseley, the late General Frederick Dent 
Grant, of the American Army, Surgeon-General Gorgas, 
of the U. S. A., and hundreds of other eminent officers 
have expressed themselves against alcohol. 

Refs. — See War; Russia; and Navy. 

ARRESTS FOR DRUNKENNESS— Arrests for 

drunkenness very frequently fall under other denomi- 
nations, and because of this it is difficult to make com- 
parisons between prohibition and license territory. One 
city may have no arrests for intoxication or drunken- 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 33 

ness, grouping everything of this nature under the head, 
"Disorderly conduct." In still another city the police 
department may use the term. "Disturbing the peace." 
In some cities either the term drunkenness or intoxication 
is used. In 1914 there were 661 arrests for "drunkenness" 
in Topeka, Kan., and much was made of this by wet adver- 
tisements. A proper understanding of these figures is 
dependent upon a knowledge of what constitutes "drunk- 
enness" in the various cities. ' In Chicago, to quote a 
United Press correspondent, the orders are not to arrest 
a drunken man until he has "tried to kiss the bartender 
good-night." while in New York he must be-4n the gutter 
quarreling with the fire hydrant before he is considered 
"drunk." Judge Huron, of Topeka, in defining the differ- 
ent standard in that prohibition city, said : 

"My orders to the force are to bring in any man 
who gives evidence of having used liquor, no matter of 
what station in life. I have seen only one man staggering 
drunk in the last year. He came from Kansas City in 
that condition. 

" 'Drunk' in Topeka is different from in a saloon town. 
A community that receives the money of the saloon man 
must grant him certain liberties in return and not molest 
his customers. We are independent. A man is drunk in 
Topeka if he smells of whisky, if he shows by his voice, 
his walk, or his gestures that he has been drinking. He 
is drunk and disorderly if his tongue is so loosened by 
drink, if his legs are so affected by drink, or his appear- 
ance so changed that he attracts attention. If he attracts 
attention to the fact that he has been drinking, he dis- 
turbs the peace. 

"If I were judge in Kansas City, I probably would dis- 
charge nine tenths of all I fine here. The conditions are 
different. 

"Yet. with this interpretation of 'drunk' and 'drunk 
and disorderly,' we have fewer arrests per capita than 
scores of wet cities where a man may roll in the gutter 
and lie unnoticed by the police. I have seen more real 
drunks in three blocks in Kansas City in half an hour 
than I have seen in Topeka in thirty years." 

Really Only Fifty-three "Drunks" 

There were realry only fifty-three arrests in 1914 in 
Topeka for actual intoxication, instead of 661. In 
Chicago, in 1913. there were 54.738 arrests for "dis- 
orderly conduct." a euphonious title for drunkenness. 
If Chicago had had the same rate as Topeka. the total 
number of arrests for gross intoxication would have 
been 2,650, instead of 54,/38. If the number of her arrests 
for intoxication had even been as low as the total number 
of arrests in Topeka for drinking, she would have had 
33.050. instead of 54738. 

In Houston, Tex., just about twice the size of Topeka, 
during the same time, there were about 6,500 arrests on 
the charge of drunkenness. Twice the population, about 
ten times the number of drunks, and Houston is a dry 
town compared to a great many others. 

Other Cities Show Similar Things 

Topeka has only twenty-nine policemen, whereas the 
average for twenty American cities with a population 



34 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

of 43,000 to 49,000 is forty-six policemen. There is just 
about the same discrepancy in the average arrests. 

Dr. W. L. Treadway of the Russell Sage Foundation, 
in a report of the survey of Springfield, 111., says : 

"The exact number of arrests in 1913 in which drunk- 
enness was the direct contributing cause is not known. 
The records show 762 arrests for drunkenness, 126 for 
drunkenness and disorderly conduct, I each for 'drunk- 
enness and fighting,' and' for 'drunkenness and threats,' 
and 2 in which the charge was 'drunk and demented.' In 
all there were 856 arrests in which drunkenness was 
specifically charged. In addition to these, there were 842 
arrests for disorderly conduct, 84 for vagrancy, and 73 
for begging, in many of which cases drunkenness was 
probably the direct contributing cause of arrest." 

During the year 1913, 802 cases were tried before the 
judge of police court in the city of Logansport, Ind. Of 
this number 421 were for intoxication. During the same 
year, 90 out of 192 arrests at Seymour, and 60 out of 180 
in Muncie were for intoxication. Judge James A. Collins, 
of Indianapolis, says that of 49,916 cases coming before 
him during the past four years, 9,610 were for intoxication, 
besides many more for crimes traceable to liquor. 

There were 30,649 arrests in New Orleans in 1913. 
About 27 per cent of this number were arrested for drunk- 
enness. 

An interesting comparison of Massachusetts cities, show- 
ing the relative number of arrests under license and under 
local prohibition, gives the following results : 

Brockton, Mass., 1898, under license, arrests for drunkenness 1,627 

Same city, 1899, under no license 455 

Waltliam, Mass., 1900, under license, arrests for drunkenness.. 634 

Same city, 1901, under no license 179 

Lowell, Mass., 1902, under license, arrests for drunkenness. . . 4,077 

Same city, 1903, under no license 2,304 

Salem, Mass., 1903, under license, arrests for drunkenness.... 1,432 

Same city, 1904, under no license 503 

Fitchburg, Mass., 1905, under license, arrests for drunkenness. 1,160 

Same city, 1906, under no license 359 

A recent legislative session in Massachusetts directed 
the governor to appoint a special commission to inves- 
tigate drunkenness and drinking in that State. This com- 
mission found that public drinking caused 63.4 per cent 
of all arrests and 67.6 of all commitments in 1913. The 
number of arrests in Topeka on all charges which in- 
volved drinking was only about 35 per cent. 

Mr. Fred O. Blue, State tax commissioner of West 
Virginia, made the statement that in two years prohibition 
decreased drunkenness in that State by 75 per cent. His 
claim was based upon official reports from fifty munici- 
palities, showing that the year before the law went into 
effect there were 19,567 arrests, while during the first 
year after the law was passed the number was 9,956 and 
in the second year, 3.337. 

After all, a young man drunk may only be his father's 
vote staggering around. 

Refs. — For effects of prohibition upon drunkenness statistics see 
various prohibition States by name. 

ARTMAN, SAMUEL R.— In February, 1907, Mr. Art- 
man, judge of the Twentieth Judiciary Circuit of Indiana, 
in the case of Albert Soltau versus Schuyler Young and 
William J. Trefts, ruled that the State of Indiana had no 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 35 

right to authorize -the licensing of a saloon and declared 
the saloon Jicense statute of Indiana to be unconstitutional. 

The attorney for the persons appealing for a saloon 
license took preliminary steps looking toward an appeal 
of the case to the Indiana Supreme Court. In a few 
days, however, he announced that the case would not be 
appealed. It has never been appealed, and the decision 
stands. Numerous other courts in the State of Indiana at 
once followed the example of Judge Artman and rendered 
similar decisions. The liquor interests and the politicians 
became greatly excited. In April, 1907, Judge Ira W. Chris- 
tian, of the Circuit Court of Hamilton County (Indiana), 
rendered an opinion holding that a retail liquor saloon is 
within itself a public nuisance, and that the statute authoriz- 
ing the licensing of a saloon is unconstitutional. This 
was in the case of the State of Indiana versus Edward 
Sopher, and is known as the Sopher Case. Appeal was 
taken to the Supreme Court of Indiana and the case rail- 
roaded thru to a decision reversing that of Judge Chris- 
tian. (For complete review of these cases see Judge 
Artman's book, "The Legalized Outlaw" ; also see article, 
"Courts.") 

Refs. — See Courts. 

ASIA — The consumption of alcoholic liquors in Asia 
is very much less than in Europe and America, but these 
countries fail to reap the full advantage of their abstinence 
because of their addiction to other narcotic substances. 
The use of alcohol is also increasing rapidly in India, 
China, Japan, and other Asiatic countries which have 
come under the influence of the Christian nations. 

ATHLETICS— The use of liquor by a college athlete 
in America at the present day would be considered by 
his fellows as nothing short of insanity or treason. Alco- 
holic beverages of no kind are permitted to a man in 
training, and there is no difference of opinion among col- 
lege athletes as to their lack of value at other times. 

In baseball probably fifty per cent of professional players 
never touch liquor in any form, although no other class 
of men are subjected to such temptation. 

During the season of 1912 the following rules for the 
Chicago National League Baseball Club were issued by 
the president, Charles W. Murphy : 

To All Members of the Chicago Baseball Club 

The following rules will be enforced from date: 

1. The use of intoxicating liquors of any kind is absolutely pro- 
hibited. 

2. When the team is at home, every player must report at the 
field in uniform not later than 10:30 a. m. each day, and must be 
on the field at least one hour before the game time, at home or 
abroad. 

3. All players must be in their rooms for the night not later 
than midnight, and should arise not later than 8 A. M. 

4. The smoking of cigarettes is absolutely prohibited. 

The penalty for the violation of any of the foregoing rules will 
be a fine, a suspension, or both, according to the offense. 

President Murphy, in commenting on this action thru 
the public press, said : "It is a serious proposition, and all 
the major league clubs will demand it before long. I have 
come to the conclusion that the drinking and smoking 
clauses can be enforced ; and if I find otherwise, I will 
switch my team around until I secure the men who are 
able to offer what I demand. The Cubs might have won 



36 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

a pennant, or at least made a better showing in the race, 
had orders been more strict. I will enforce the new rules 
if I lose all my stars, and if it keeps the Cubs in the last 
place." 

Connie Mack, manager of the Philadelphia Athletics, 
the baseball team which won the world's championship 
in 1910, 191 1, and 1913, says: "Alcohol is practically 
eliminated from baseball. I have twenty-five players. Of 
that number fifteen do not know the taste of liquor." 
He further says : "Baseball men are not now of the drink- 
ing class. The fact is that a big league player has to 
be in trim day in and day out, or he is sent to the minors. 
It's the survival of the fittest." 

The famous "million-dollar infield" of the Athletics 
was composed entirely of abstainers, and ninety per cent 
of the "stars" on other teams abstain. Mr. Hugh Ful- 
lerton, now with the United Press, the leading baseball 
writer of the United States, in conversation with the re- 
search secretary of the Board of Temperance of the 
Methodist Episcopal Church, said : 

"I was at a training camp in the South in the spring 
and became interested in a young fellow who seemed 
to have a bright baseball future. I found him drinking 
beer one day and warned him that it would send him 
back to the minors quicker than anything else. 

" 'O, a little beer won't hurt me ; it's good for me,' 
he said. 

"I knew better and I wanted to prove what I knew, 
so I took a baseball guide of 1904, made a list of players, 
and followed them through the successive guides up to 
1914. 

"From the major league roster of 1904 I selected the 
names of thirty players who drank intoxicants and thirty 
who did not drink, choosing only those who were known 
by me as drinkers or abstainers. I traced each one to 
see what has become of them. Here is a table: 

Drinkers 

1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 

30 26 20 15 *9 4 4 2 2 2 *2 

*One quit drinking. 

Non-Drinkers 

1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 

30 28 28 24 21 16 12 10 9 9 8 

"Mind, these men are olassed as 'drinkers,' not drunk- 
ards. Not more than four called drinkers ever were 
drunkards. They were 'moderate' drinkers. Several of 
the nondrinkers had occasionally taken a drink, but were 
not drinkers. The others were total abstainers. 

"The figures interested me so much I investigated as 
to their present physical and financial welfare. This re- 
sulted in another table : 

Non- 
Drinkers Drinkers 

Down-and-out 8 1 

Medium 5 9 

Prosperous 3* 1 6 

Dead 9 2 

Unaccounted for 5 2 

*Two of them still in game. 

"Most of these statistics in the second table came from 
either talking with the players or from letters they w T rote 
in reply to my queries. Five of the drinkers responded 
quickly and asked for a loan. 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 37 

"I could not ascertain all the causes of death. Here 
is thf result of the effort in that direction : 

"Nondrinkers — Appendicitis, one ; pneumonia, one. 

"Drinkers — Kidney disease, four ; consumption, one ; 
suicide, one; accident, one. 

'"The other two dropped out of sight before they died; 
one a bum and the other reported in care of old friends. 

"My investigation did not stop there, however. I took 
up the matter of batting and I found that the abstainers 
showed much better records than the drinkers, altho 
the latter class included a few of the great stars of the 
game who tended to bring up the average greatly. 

"I have watched this matter of drinking in athletics 
for a long time and there are no two sides to it. One 
of the greatest baseball machines of the present genera- 
tion was shot to pieces by beer. The manager did not 
wish to be hard on his players, so when he found them 
with a glass of beer he'd say, 'O, that's all right, but don't 
drink too much.' Every year they drank a little more, 
and in the end it smashed the machine. 

"I remember a splendid player who had been with a los- 
ing team for a long time and who was very nearly dis- 
couraged because he had no chance to show what was 
in him. I arranged a trade by which he was brought to 
another team. I noticed that instead of shining, as I 
expected he would, his record got worse and worse. At 
the end of the season I saw him. He was forty pounds 
over weight. 

" 'What's the matter with you?' I asked. 

"'As soon as I got here,' he said, 'I found a barrel of 
beer in the clubhouse and this is what it has done to me. 
This team would be the champion team to-day if it were 
not for booze.' " 

"Billy" Sunday, who was one of the greatest players 
of all time himself, shows what booze does for the 
athlete, when he says : 

"I was reading the other day of the passing of 'Rube' 
Waddell — only thirty-seven and gone. He was one of 
the brightest and brainiest men in baseball, but he couldn't 
beat the booze game. The 'Rube,' Matty, Plank, and 
'Bugs' Raymond started in baseball at the same time. All 
were pitchers. Two started on the wrong road and two 
on the right road. Two are dead, 'Bugs' and 'Rube.' 
Matty is as good as ever, the king in his line, and when he 
gets so he can't put anything on the ball he'll go to work 
training young pitchers at a dazzling salary. Plank, grand 
old man. is getting along, but he can pitch a great game. 
He and Matty are honored by men in every walk of life 
because they followed the right path. 'Rube' and 'Bugs' 
are dead. Does it pay?" 

College Athletics and Drink 

And even stronger, hostility to alcoholic liquors is mani- 
fested by college athletes. 

L. C. Reimann, left tackle of Michigan University's 
scoring machine, says that it is a waste of time to try to 
train a drinker and that "Hurry Up Yost" will not fool 
with one. 

Mr. Reimann declares that his team has lost the services 
of more than one man because he thought that drinking 
between seasons would not hurt him. 



38 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

"The old days when victories were celebrated by carous- 
ing students are no more," says Mr. Reimann. "The new 
type of athlete is aligning himself in the fight for dry 
territory. He is typified by such men as Jack Watson, 
captain of the Illinois football team; Cub Buck, captain 
of the Wisconsin team; Rutherford, the Nebraska star; 
Mike Dorizas. University of Pennsylvania athlete and 
champion strong man of the East; Hobson, of Yale; 
Brickley. of Harvard, and hundreds of others. More than 
one thousand Michigan students signed for service in the 
State-wide prohibition fight." 

The contest board of the American Automobile Asso- 
ciation now prohibits not only the use of liquors by drivers, 
mechanicians, and officials of races, but refuses to sanction 
any race at which liquor is sold on the grounds. 

Refs. — See Physical Efficiency; and Mental Efficiency. 

ATLANTA, GEORGIA— See Georgia. 

AUSTRALASIA — Australia proper consists of six 
States — Xew South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, 
Tasmania. Victoria, and Western Australia. Together 
with Xew Zealand, these constitute Australasia. 

The prohibition movement in Australia and Xew Zea- 
land has very nearly paralleled the movement in America. 
Almost every phase experienced in this country has been 
experienced there, and with similar results in every case. 
In Xew Zealand it is estimated that from 69 to /3 per cent 
of the entire electorate has voted for prohibition in the 
local elections. The temperance movement is handicapped 
by a requirement of three-fifths majority before the 
saloons can be ousted. Xaturally. the prohibitionists have 
bitterly fought this provision and point to the fact that 
the actual vote in favor of prohibition thruout the 
whole dominion has al-eady exceeded 55 per cent, al- 
though the law proposed was the most drastic ever put 
forward in any country. One election has been held 
since the outbreak of war, at which the prohibitionists 
barely held their own. due to the fact that the people 
were absorbed with military developments. 

"It is now nip and tuck between Xew Zealand and the 
United States as to which will be the first real prohibition 
country." says Mr. Wesley Spragg. president of the Xew 
Zealand Temperance Alliance, in a letter written for the 
Board of Temperance; and he adds. "We hope to lead, but 
if we are beaten, no country under the sun will less grudge 
the good fortune of the United States than Xew Zealand." 

AUSTRIA-HUNGARY— The present temperance 
movement of Austria-Hungary began about 1884 and has 
since won the allegiance of such eminent men as Pro- 
fessor Kassowitz. Dr. Gustav Rossler, and Dr. Holitscher. 

In 1902 a law wss passed making provision for tem- 
perance instruction in primary schools, and in 1912 the 
minister of education commanded such instruction for 
all the normal school pupils. A significant utterance of 
the Austrian war office in 1912 applied to the Third 
X'ational Anti-Alcoholic Congress. This utterance reads : 
"In view of the importance of the influence of the prev- 
alent drinking customs on the physical capacity and disci- 
pline of the troops, officers and military officials are 
allowed to attend the sessions of the Congress." 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 3 9 

The growing sentiment of prominent men is indicated 
somewhat by the following statement by Dr. Victor Adler, 
the Austrian Socialist leader : "The alcohol question is, 
I according to my inmost conviction, a veritable life ques- 
| tion. . . . Alcohol is a poison which destroys our most 
ij important organ, the brain, the instrument with which 
1 we, as a party, obtain all that we can obtain. ... To 
'' attain its end the working class must be intellectually and 
I physically fitted for its struggle." 

In Hungary, the government has especially applied itself 
to a consideration of the consumption of alcohol by 
children. An appeal to Hungarian women, signed by the 
! daughter of the king of the Belgians, was also signed by 
such eminent women as Countess Elemer Lonvay, Princess 
! Royal of Belgium; Princess Clovis de Hohenlohe, nee 
Countess de Majlath; Countess Casky, Countess Apponyi, 
Countess Bissengen, Countess Dominique Teleki, Countess 
Alexandre Teleki, Baroness Balintett, Etelka Kamenytzky 
(President Women's Anti-Alcohol Union), and twenty 
others. 

BACCHUS — The Greek name was Dionysos, but in 
Latin he was called Bacchus. According to mythology, 
Bacchus was the son of Jup'ter and Semele, daughter of 
Cadmus, king of Thebes. He is supposed to have been 
the originator of the art of wine-making. 

The Greeks honored Dionysos, or Bacchus, by four 
annual feasts, which seem to have been the most debas- 
ing festivals the aesthetic Greeks ever countenanced. Im- 
morality of the grossest kind was often permitted. In 
the year B. C. 186 the Roman Senate prohibited the rites 
of Bacchanalian worship. 

BALKAN COUNTRIES— The prowess of the Bul- 
garians and the inhabitants of the other Balkan coun- 
tries during the Turkish War was greatly due to the 
splendid physical condition of their men. In Bulgaria 
the consumption of alcohol per capita in 1906 was only 
2.7 liters, as opposed to 172.3 in Bavaria. In Monte- 
negro chastity and temperance are national virtues. In 
Roumania the conditions are not so satisfactory, as the 
state monopoly of the liquor trade has been very detri- 
mental to the sobriety of the people. In Serbia a small 
temperance movement has gained a footing and seems 
to have an encouraging future when peace conditions 
again obtain. 

BANDS OF HOPE— These are temperance organ- 
izations for children, first organized in the United King- 
dom. The first society by this name was formed in Eng- 
land in October, 1847. The origin of the first Band of 
Hope is attributed to the joint efforts of Mrs. Carlisle, 
of Dublin, and the Rev. Jabez Linnicliff, a Baptist minister 
of Leeds, in August, 1847. These organizations spread 
rapidly throughout England, Ireland, Scotland, and Wales, 
and built up a large membership of boys and girls who 
signed its total abstinence pledge. About the middle of 
the nineteenth century this name began to be used for 
juvenile temperance societies in the United States, but the 
name has generally been changed to "Loyal Temperance 
Legion." 

BANK DEPOSITS— For effect of prohibition on bank 



4 o THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

deposits, consult articles on various prohibition States by 
name. 

BEER — In producing beer, the grain, probably barley. 
:.ked in water for about fifty hours, then spread 
out and allowed to get warm, causing the grain to sprout 
and form a ferment called diastase. In twenty hours the 
grain is spread out in thin layers and allowed to continue 
its growth for ten to fourteen days. It is then roasted 
over a kiln and becomes malt. The sprouts are then 
rubbed off the grain which is crushed, placed in a mash 
tub with water, kept at a temperature of 160 degrees for 
six hours, hops added to give it a bitter taste, yeast added, 
and the whole allowed to termer.- : to eight days. 

It is then put into settling vats to clear, and barreled up 
for sale. 

The sprouting, soaking, and growth of the yeast plant 
in the liquid destroys practically all of the food value 
of the original grain. Frequently sulphuric acid, arsenic 
and other virulent po:- - into the manufacture 

of beer. When the amount of alcohol in the beer reaches 
thirteen and one half per cent it poisons the yeast fungus 
which has produced it and stronger liquors must be made 
by the process of distillation. 

The growth of the beer habit is cursing the world with 
a very flood of poisonous liquor. 

It is estimated that the production of beer in the world 
in 1913 282 "S.ooo barrels, which is equivalent to 

app r oxi ma ~ - .'.000.000 gallons. The immensity of 

these figures is not intelligible until we begin to compare 
this volume of beer with other large aggregations of liquid. 

The world's production of beer would make a river 
six feet deep, ten feet wide, and as long as the Mississippi. 
It would fill the Panama Canal, or keep Niagara Falls 
going for several hours. In Scotland it would fill Loch 
Lomond, or it would keep the many fountains of the city 
of Paris running six months. 

It required 27.648 breweries to manufacture this flood 
of liquid refreshment, producing on an average 10.200 
barrels. The United States leads the world in the pro- 
duction of beer, being responsible for slightly more than 
one fifth of the world's output. 

How Beer Consumption Has Grown 
The period of the greatest increase in the consumption 
of liquors has corresponded closely with the period of 
greatest growth in the use of beer. In 1850. when prac- 
tically no beer was used in America, the consumption of 
spirituous liquors in the L'nited States was 2.24 gallons 
per capita, and in 1910 this had been reduced to 1.42 
gallons. But the per capita consumption of absolute alco- 
hol has increased, since 1850. 37 per cent. In other words, 
the amount of alcohol contributed to individual consump- 
tion by spirits decreased 3S per cent, but the amount con- 
tributed by beer increased 1.000 per cent, so that at the 
end of the period the average American was using 37 
:ent more of pure alcohol than before beer drinking 
became common in America. 

A Vice of the Cities 

The vice of beer-drinking is peculiarly a city vice in the 
United States. "Probably nine tenths of the beer is con- 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 41 

sumed by the adulfmale population in urban communities," 
said President Edward A. Schmidt, of the United States 
Brewers' Association, in speaking to the convention held 
in New Orleans. Inadvertently, in this statement Presi- 
dent Schmidt admitted that nine-tenths of the beer is 
consumed in lieense territory. 

Beer Not What It Seems to Be 

A great effort is being made in America just at the 
present time to convince the people that beer is not an 
alcoholic beverage in the sense that whisky and other 
spirituous liquors are, that its so-called "moderate" use 
is harmless, that it has food value, and that a permanent 
solution of the drink habit can be found in the prohibition 
of whisky and similar drinks and the encouragement of 
beer and light wines. 

These statements are not supported by the facts as 
established by the experience of America and Germany, 
by the medical and chemical professions, and by the 
records of "keep-beer-prohibition" experiments. 

"The result of extolling beer as the mightiest enemy of whisky 
and brandy has been that the consumption of the distilled liquors 
has change'd very little, while to these liquors has been added beer, 
the use of which has led to a great and still increasing beer alcohol- 
ism. The brutalizing effect of beer-alcoholism is shown most clearly 
by the fact that in Germany crimes of personal violence, particularly 
dangerous bodily injuries, occur most frequently in Bavaria where 
there is the highest consumption of beer," said Dr. Hugo Hoppe, 
the famous nerve specialist of Konigsberg, Germany, and Dr. Charles 
Gilbert Davis, of Chicago, evidently agrees with him, for he 
arraigns beer in the following vigorous language: 

"It is my professional opinion, after observation of many years in 
the practice of medicine, that beer is doing more harm to humanity 
than all other alcoholics. 

"Beer produces disease of the stomach, kidneys, heart, and blood 
vessels. Owing to the diuretic effect of the hops, the alcohol in the 
beer is diverted toward the kidneys, which probably accounts for 
its destructive action on those organs. It causes a deposit of mor- 
bid fat in the body, especially around the heart, enlarges that organ, 
and increases the work of the heart and blood vessels, manifested 
by the fatigue and shortness of breath of all beer drinkers. 

"A man cannot use beer daily for any great length of time and 
not manifest some physiological deficiency. 

"Professor Stengel in his great work, a translation from Jiigensen 
of Tubingen and Schrdtter of Vienna, draws attention to what he 
calls the 'beer heart.' He says: 'Bavaria, especially Munich, is its 
home par excellence, and the people in that country in every class 
of society fall victims to this form of heart disease.' 

"Beer deposits fat around the heart, weakens the muscular walls, 
thickens and enlarges the ventricles, and if continued, ultimately 
cuts short the life of the individual. 

"All of this has been proven time and again by the post mortems 
of Bollinger, who has examined and weighed the hearts of many 
beer drinkers. This is a terrible scientific arraignment of beer, but 
it is the truth, and truth is the voice of God." 

Dr. John M. Dodson. dean of the Medical Department 
of the University of Chicago, gave as his opinion that 
beer is even more deleterious to health than the stronger 
drinks. 

Dr. Struempell, a German physiologist of high stand- 
ing, does not tolerate for a moment the suggestion that 
beer is less of a social enemy than other liquors, for he 
says : 

Nothing is more erroneous from the physician's standpoint than 
to think of diminishing the destructive effects of alcoholism by sub- 
stituting beer for other alcoholic drinks, or that the victims of drink 
are found only in those countries where whisky helps the people of 
a low grade of culture to forget their poverty and misery. 



42 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

The Beer Drinker Gets More Alcohol 

The belief that beer should not come under the condem- 
nation so frequently meted out to whisky is traceable to 
the common impression that beer drinkers consume much 
less alcohol than whisky drinkers. But those who believe 
this overlook the fact that the man who drinks 4 per 
cent beer usually takes ten times as much as a man who 
takes 40 per cent whisky. The United States Internal 
Revenue Commissioner, on page 675 of the statistical 
abstract, gives the per capita consumption of distilled 
spirits and beer in 1914 and their respective alcoholic 
contents as follows : 

Gallons Gallons of 

Used. Alcohol. 

Distilled spirits 1.46 0.584 

Malt liquors 20.51 0.820 

It will be seen from this that the per capita consumption 
of alcohol by beer drinkers in 1914 was 40 per cent 
greater than that by whisky drinkers. 

Professor Kraepelin, of the University of Munich, says 
that at one banquet of professional men in Berlin there 
were consumed during the evening, by 4,000 persons, 15,382 
bottles of wine, 4,646 pints of beer, and 300 bottles of 
cognac. Professor Kraepelin has also stated that 13,000 
persons become victims of alcohol each year in Germany, 
and that one fifth of all mental disorders are attributable 
to alcoholic liquors. 

Nor must it be thought that the less concentration of 
alcohol in beer makes that beverage less dangerous. Dur- 
ing a recent court trial in Chicago a medical witness was 
asked : 

"Does the rate or degree of oxidation depend upon the concentra- 
tion of alcohol?" Lie answered: "Not at all on the concentration." 
To the further question, "Would the stimulant and narcotic action 
of forty-eight drops of alcohol he greater or less if given in twenty 
per cent or fifty-five per cent dilution?" "It would be indistinguish- 
able," he answered, "just as the narcotic and stimulant effect of 
the same dose of alcohol is indistinguishable whether it is given in 
the form of whisky or in the form of beer." 

Beer Valueless as a Food 

An extensive beer advertising campaign is under way, 
designed to create the impression that it is an article of 
food and that it is always "pure." As a matter of fact, 
it has no appreciable food value. The statement so often 
attributed to the famous German chemist. Baron Von 
Liebig, "Beer is liquid bread," cannot be located in any 
of Von Liebig's scientific works, and in Letter VI of his 
"Letters on Chemistry," to be found on page 22 of his 
"Complete Works on Chemistry," he says: 

Beer, wine, and spirits furnish no elements capable of entering 
into the composition of the blood, muscular fiber, or any part that is 
a vital principle. 

And he says : 

Nine quarts of the best ale contain as much nourishment as 
would lie on the end of a table knife. 

And still again : 

If a man drinks daily eight or ten quarts of the best Bavarian 
beer, in the course of twelve months he will have taken into his 
stomach the nutritive constituents of a five-pound loaf ot bread. 

Professor G. O. Higley, of the Department of Chemistry, 
Ohio Wesleyan Universi L y, published a very elaborate 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 43 

study of the foocTvalue of flour and of beer. He found 
the ratio of proteids in beer to proteids in flour as 1 to 
80, of carbohydrates as 1 "to 61, and of fats .0 to 0.28. To 
furnish a hard-working man with the amount of proteid 
needed each day, it would be necessary to give him 108 
glasses of beer, costing $5.40, as compared to 37.9 ounces 
of flour costing 6.8 cents. To supply him with the car- 
bohydrates needed for his daily ration, it would be neces- 
sary to give him 52 glasses of beer costing $2.60, or of 
flour costing 4.3 cents. 

The same money expended for beer and flour would yield 
94.05 calories in the case of beer, and 2,785.84 calories in 
the case of flour. The calorie is the unit of measure of 
nutritive value. 

Professor Higley made a similar comparison between 
milk and beer with similar conclusions. 

The "Philistinism" of the Beer Drinker 

Professor Rudolph Eucken, possibly the greatest philoso- 
pher Germany has produced, declares that his country 
must give up beer, which "breeds the wretched type of 
beer-Philistine with which everyone is familiar." 

The term, "Philistinism," as describing the intellectual 
desolation and brutalization resulting from the beer habit, 
is now universal. The Scientific American says : 

The most dangerous classes of ruffians in our large cities are beer 
drinkers. Intellectually a stupor amounting almost to paralysis 
arrests the reason, changing all the higher faculties into a mere 
animalism, sensual, ftlfish, sluggish, varied only with paroxysms of 
anger, senseless and brutal. 

And it also continues its unflattering remarks as follows : 

In appearance the beer drinker may be the picture of health, 
but in reality he is most incapable of resisting disease. A slight 
injury, a severe cold, or a shock to the body or mind will commonly 
provoke acute disease, ending fatally. Compared with other inebri- 
ates who use different kinds of alcohol, he is more incurable and 
more generally diseased. It is our obsrvation that beer drinking in 
this country produces the very lowest kind of inebriety, closely allied 
to criminal insanity. 

Dr. Fiessinger, editor of a Paris medical periodical, de- 
clares that "Beer makes people ferocious and beastly." 

The Pacific Medical Journal, of this country, supple- 
ments this testimony: "Of all intoxicating drinks, beer 
is the most animalizing ; beyond all others it qualifies for 
deliberate and unprovoked crime." 

The fact is generally acknowledged. Said one wife, 
"When my husband drinks whisky, he soon gets stupid ; 
but when he drinks beer, he runs after me with a knife." 

A woman of forty-five, with an eleven-year-old boy, 
was found by the police, near Hoboken, N. J., nearly dead 
from exposure. There was a hotel near by where she 
might have had shelter, but she refused it because there 
was beer on the premises. This illustrates in a striking 
way the popular recognition of the beastly qualities im- 
parted by constant use of beer. 

The Experience of Germany 

Emil Kraepelin, one of the best known of German scien- 
tists, in speaking of Munich, says : "The daily amount of 
beer there runs from four to eight quarts ; and about 40 
per cent of these beer drinkers add small amounts of 
distilled liquors, and some men drink daily ten, fifteen, 



44 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

and twenty quarts." This certainly does not indicate that 
beer tends to create "temperance" in that province. 

Mrs. Elizabeth Tilton, in The Survey for Februar; 24 
1917. calls attention to the fact that beer has been found 
to be the chief alcoholic cause of disease in Germany. 
She says: 



They found that oat of 5,700 anto psies conducted in a series of years 
- :'-•: - -: . .- -i \: i: -■-.- .:' V.:-.:- :-'.; ; :: .-z.tr. -,'z.i -;rt 
te mp er ate sex) had died of that enlargement of tbe heart afterward 
called beer heart. Bat one oat of every sixteen males had died of it. 
-7 - :- - -- : r.i- -.:.-.-■-. -:■::-..- :";■•-: : i: r.'.t '.:.t 6 t-. 

eral death rate elsewhere (according to the Gothaer Life Insorance) 
was 5-S from heart disease, in beer-soaked Munich it was 11.9. He 
also found that brewery hands in Munich had an even higher death 



Professor Von StruempelL above quoted, expresses him- 
self at greater length thus: 

Formerly whisky and brandy were the universal evildoers, the 
only despised drinks as against "noble" wine and "harmless** 
beer. At present we know that in practice tbe injurious effects of 
beer are at least as frequent, if not, indeed, more frequent, than 
those of distilled liquor. For ahho the percentage of alcohol 
- 



(beer 2 to 4 per cent), is not especially high, yet this low percent- 
age is counteracted by the great quantity drunk; 100 cubic centi- 
meters of beer contain only 3 grams pure alcohol, but a liter con- 
tains 30 grans. A moderate beer drinker, who daily drinks his five 
liters, thus gets every day 150 grams of ab so lu te alcohol into his 
body. Finally it must be noted that perhaps beer contains besides 
alcohol other injurious s u bstances from the hops, whose effect is 
i-f-_ :. ■z ~±<-z7. _ : i.:;-r:_ 

'. :'. :r :::•::•.:" Z-r.'.zir. i::z:\zir.i i:.i :::.:ri ~z.i.< 
as follows: 

Professor Emil Kraepelin: "In die production of alcoholism in 
Germany beer undoubtedly plays tbe chief role. It must be cou- 
:-. L: i . ■ :- :cr- - :i'.i':'.t : : r. :u;:r.^ :;• : :i. ir".:r:u— :':-::.f 

Professor Gustav von Bunge: "No other drink [referring to beer] 
is so insidious. It has been in Germany worse than the whisky 
pest because more apt to lead to immoderate drinking** 

Professor Mobius, Leipsic: "I know little of whisky and wine- 
drinkers. With us it is beer that ruins the people.** 

Dr. Johannes I .eon hart, a distinguished scie nti s t : "The question 
concerning alcohol is not whether Smith or Jones believes that he 
can take two or three glasses a day without harm, but he- 
. -- 7 - : - -. - - - -r-f-r 1- . 17- .:" ;-; --- :r:~ .: : i: ::.t 

whole German people suffer?*" 

Professor Forel, in the American Journal of Insanity 
(1900): 

r -.t \r.---zii- ; "-:; "_ V--i-;- : - r :■::- ; '•:-;.' 'i-ztr ::r. - tr- 
sation, and beer literature. They have stifled in young Germany the 

_ti y ::- -.--.- :".- :'-e i-- - i" : :i- r.r.rr r tr.:i'. :".tiiurt; 



cry for help. Among the academic youth of Ger- 

produced an mcredmle vulgarity . 

Similar opinions are held in other countries where they 
consume beer and "*hght liquors," Sulry-Prudhomme is 
responsible for this statement, which hardly jibes with 
what the brewers tell us : 

.-.:: :- 1 '. -7 ■ ' - :- ^ '-■ il::>:". i- C'. : r.~ :":— i .-: :'-i: .: -.; 

7":1 ' .i;..vr "_ "_r _ t I : ~ 1 ~ _ r. ." I", r.i": i.i.. v .— "It r. r ~ ~ 1 - 5 5 V5- 

:t = :: ir. ni! z.t _: t ; :'.■- r. il. rriitf :: ;:.;.t:;- i.i : =:-:r.tr ;r l:±- 
- ir.-.: . i:r :ie ;:-:..:.:; ~- : - ~^- .115 ;1:~.:- i:::.:;: : -t: 

And Professor Xothnaget of Vienna, says 

It is a sin to give children wine or beer. It is criminal to teach 

: l: ~i - ;_-.? ..:= _ t :::i :: _ ' r _ n;: tn .i :: :u: :i; :; ;_t 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 45 

A recent testimonial comes from a source that can by 
no meansv ,be said to be prejudiced to prohibition. Eng- 
land found soon after the outbreak of war that she must 
curb the ravages of the liquor traffic, so the government 
put the entire matter into the hands of the British Board 
of Control of which Lord D'Abernon is chairman. In 
October, 1916, he made this statement : 

In London at various periods in the early part of 1916 a total 
number of 903 cases of drunkenness were analyzed, of whom 566 
were men and 337 women. Dividing the cases according to cause 
of drunkenness, it was found that 40 per cent had become drunk 
on beer or stout, 35 per cent on spirits excluding rum, 8 per cent on 
rum, 10 per cent on spirits and beer, 4 per cent on other drinks. 
The remaining 17 per cent did not know the nature of their drink. 

Why Beer Is Stupefying 

Beer derives from hops a bitter-tasting, sticky substance 
which forms the active element of the Oriental narcotic 
— hasheesh. This discovery, credited to Professor Reinit- 
zer, of the Polytechnic at Graz, is declared by other 
European scientists to account for the "undoubted stupe- 
fying effects of beer." 

Judge Lang, of Zurich, says: "Brandy makes a man. 
sick, but beer makes him stupid" ; and Dr. Delbrueck 
declares that all civilization must send forth the slogan, 
"War on Beer." 

Hasheesh is a narcotic made by the natives of India, 
Turkey, and other countries from the leaves, flowers, 
and stocks of the hemp plant. Long ago it was the cus- 
tom of Eastern despots, when assigning to servants the 
duty of assassination, to intoxicate them with hasheesh, 
and from the similar sound we are said to derive our 
word, "assassin." The drug has a peculiar, brutalizing 
effect. It pulls in the nerves from the finger tips to the 
inner recesses as a cat draws in its claws. The victim 
is left unperceptive, unresponsive, and in time is degraded 
to the level of the grunting hog. 

Hops is very closely related to hemp. Says Professor 
Reinitzer : "In the female blossom of the Indian plant 
as in the female blossom of the hops we find glands holding 
a narcotic, bitter-tasting, sticky substance which forms 
the active element of the hasheesh from Indian hemp. 
This is used by the various Mohammedan people of South 
and West Africa, as opium elsewhere, for narcotic pur- 
poses." 

To the hops rather than to alcohol Professor Reinitzer 
attributes "that stupefaction which marks the 'Beer Philis- 
tine.' " He further says, "Such an expression as wine 
or whisky Philistine is inconceivable. Beer drinking has 
apparently a special action on the nervous system which 
leads to that clumsy, provincial heaviness of mind one 
can observe most strikingly in the beer drinker. Also, 
the hops contributes to the pathological, burning thirst 
of the beer drinker and to the injurious effects on the 
kidneys." 

The now benighted ones who still imagine that in 
Europe, and especially in Germany, there is no prejudice 
against the use of "light drinks" may read with very great 
profit the above expressions from eminent Germans. 

American medical opinion is well expressed by Dr. 
Howard A. Kelly, of Johns Hopkins University. Dr. 
Kelly is one of the most eminent surgeons of the United 



46 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

States, and he makes this statement: "I consider, with 
eminent German authorities of enormous experience, that 
beer is exceedingly injurious and dangerous as a beverage. 
It has no scientific medical indorsements of which I 
know." 

The Program of Moderation 

The brewers and saloonkeepers tell us that beer will 
make Americans a "moderate-drinking people." The Saint 
Louis Star has located a saloon advertisement in that city 
which tells how they intended to do it. Here it is : 

Free! Free! Free! To introduce our Large Beers we will give 
one free to anyone who buys and drinks four Bar Beers in "ten 
minutes. Our Beers hold forty ounces, or three five-cent bottles. 
No glasses are large enough to hold one of our Beers. The capacity 
of the human stomach is one gallon. You can have your capacity 
filled best at the New Home Liquor Store, 15^5 Market Street. 

The former editor of the Northwestern Christian Advo- 
cate says that recently while sitting beside a police judge, 
whose court was in session, he asked that each one appear- 
ing on the charge of drunkenness, or assault due to 
drunkenness, should be questioned as to what he had been 
drinking. Out of eighteen cases fifteen said they had been 
drinking beer. Three old topers had been using whisky. 
About half of the beer cases involved assault and battery 
or destruction of property. 

It is suggested that the next time anyone points to 
beer-drinking in Germany as a solution of the liquor 
problem this quotation from Dr. Von Bunge, of the Uni- 
versity of Basel. Switzerland, be submitted for further 
discussion : 

Such horrors as a great modern joint-stock brewery perpetrates 
are* unrivaled in the whole world's history. Men in past centuries 
were made chattel slaves. But the slaves kept their health. Men 
have been killed by thousands; but the children of the murdered 
remained strong. Now they make slaves of them and murder them 
at the same time. They kill them together with their children 
and children's children. They kill them slowly; they torture them 
slowly to death. 

The quotation is from "Alkolvergiftung und Degenera- 
tion." and seems to evidence a lack of appreciation of 
this "temperance" beverage. 

"Keep-Beer-Prohibition" Experiments 

Mrs. Tilton. already quoted, discusses thoroly "keep- 
beer-prohibition" in her Survey article in a most illuminat- 
ing way : 

In 1830 England decided to woo men, if possible, from drinking 
distilled liquors by allowing beer saloons without license fee. These 
sprang up like mushrooms, the result being (Delbruck, "Alcohol and 
Hygiene," page 542) that beer consumption rose 25 per cent in the 
next five years, while at the same time spirits consumption rose 
8 per cent. England found that temperance in drugs was an im- 
possibility, and the whole scheme was finally pronounced a fiasco. 
Early in" the history of the bill, Sydney Smith wrote: "The new 
beer bill has begun its operations. Everybody is drunk. Those who 
are not singing are sprawling. The sovereign people are in a beastly 
state." 

A beer experiment was also made in Iowa. In 1855-58 Iowa 
was under prohibition. In 1858 the law was amended to allow beer 
and certain wines. The great trouble was that the beer saloons 
would sell whisky under the guise of beer, and there seemed no 
betterment in it (Canadian Sessional Papers, No. 21, p. -'55). 

Massachusetts made a beer experiment between 1870-73. In 
1869, Massachusetts was under prohibition. In 1870, the law was 
amended to allow ales, porter, beer, and cider. Records of the 
increase of drinking in places where the beer saloons were opened 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 47 

may be found in the* report of the (Canadian) Commissioners to 
Inquire into the Workings oi the Prohibitory Law, Ottawa, 1875. 
Drunkenness* and crime increased, and everywhere we hear the com- 
plaint that the beer saloon would sell whisky under the guise of 
beer. In New Bedford, 1872, the year in which beer saloons 
were opened, the number of crimes increased over 68 per cent, and 
I cases of drunkenness over 1:0 per cent. 

The following figures show some of the results of 
Massachusetts's keep-beer experiment. They appear in 
Mrs. Tilton's article : 

BEER EXPERIMENT IN BOSTON, MASS. 

October i 

Confined in Suffolk Jail 

1867 (dry) 173 

1S70 (wet) with beer 222 



Difference in favor of prohibition 49 

Committed to Suffolk* County Jail 

1867 (dry) 3,-36 

1870 (wet) with beer 5,262 



Difference in favor of prohibition 1,562 

Committed to City Prison, Boston 

1867 (dry) 10,429 

1870 (wet) with beer 12,862 



Difference in favor of prohibition 2,433 

(Report of Canadian Commissioners, page 75.) 

The most recent "keep-beer-prohibition" experiment was 
in Georgia. Georgia intended to pass a real prohibition 
law, but she was one of the first to mount the late wave 
and lacked experience in writing her statutes. In time the 
law degenerated into a "keep-beer-prohibition" measure, 
and while there was distinct improvement over the old 
saloon status, the cities of the State were able to flout 
the law. as it was nearly impossible to keep the beer 
saloons from selling whisky. When Georgia finally tight- 
ened its prohibition law to include beer, the results were 
notably beneficent. So pleased was the State with the 
inclusive prohibition law that when the federal government 
passed its bonedry act, Georgia was not content to await 
the date of its operation but overwhelmed its prohibition 
governor with the sentiment for a State bonedry law to 
go into effect immediately. 

Beer, the Enemy of Women and Children 

The iniquitous feature of the beer propaganda is the 
recommendation of it for nursing mothers and frail 
children. 

"Breast-fed infants who are nursed by beer-drinking 
mothers often have convulsions, and are very restless and 
irritable," said Sir Victor Horsley, professor of pathology, 
London University. 

The health departments of American cities are doing 
everything possible to combat the dangerous superstition 
which is responsible for the poisoning of the milk of 
women and the blood of babies. 

Refs. — See Brewers; Consumption of Liquors; Food Value; Ger- 
many; History of the Temperance Reform; Light Drinks; and 
Moderation. \ * 

BELGIUM — Before the outbreak of war Belgium was, 
excepting Bavaria, the greatest consumer of beer. The 
temperance movement was principally championed by the 
Socialists. Professor Emile Vandervelde, who was made 
premier at the beginning of hostilities, declared : "Frankly 



$8 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

I see no reason for waiting for the morrow of the social 
revolution before we stop poisoning ourselves. We should 
prohibit the manufacture of alcohol du bouche and turn 
the power of darkness into the power of light, by making 
distilleries producers of industrial alcohol." 

The appeal made by the Princess Stephanie to the 
Hungarian women had a profound effect upon the Bel- 
gians. 

The prevailing drunkenness in Belgium and the lack 
of control of the liquor traffic had much to do with 
the failure of the military program to include a suffi- 
cient proportion of the Belgian population. The stupe- 
faction which results from beer drinking was to a con- 
siderable degree responsible for the failure of the people 
to appreciate their position in Europe. Greater alertness 
might have provided a possible army of one million men 
on call. 

In the latter part of 1912 the Socialists of Belgium 
conducted a general strike in order to force the govern- 
ment to grant universal suffrage. The strike was con- 
ducted along total abstinence lines. Great disturbances 
were expected, but none resulted. 

"The most wonderful feature of the strike is its teetotal- 
ism," said the Daily Mirror, of London. 

BENEFITS OF PROHIBITION— The benefits of 
prohibition are those induced by: (a) The removal of 
crime and vice centers: (b) the diversion of much ex- 
pended money from channels in which its expenditure 
involves no production of value into legitimate trade 
channels; (o a higher standard of living, induced by 
sobriety, in the community. 

Refs. — See various prohibition States by name and all subjects 
listed under Anti-Prohibition. 

BIBLE AND DRINK— Men who know much about 
drink but little about the Bible are fond of saying that 
the Bible sanctions the use of wine and, by inference, 
its manufacture and sale. Nothing can be more blasphe- 
mous than to intimate that Christ, if upon earth to-day. 
would lend the support of his example to a custom which 
perpetuates a trade in murder, degradation, and misery. 
There is no ground for assuming that Christ used in- 
toxicating wine other than that he was present on occa- 
sions when it may have been used. The Bible frequently 
records drinking without disapproval but so does it record 
actions of admittedly vile character. It is not to be denied 
that Christ did not denounce the murderous tyranny of 
Rome and even said. "Render unto Caesar" his tax. Xor 
did Jesus speak directly against the false social position 
of woman, or lift his voice against slavery. The Old 
Testament presents a far stronger case for polygamy 
than for drink, a far stronger case for slavery and warfare 
of the most ruthless kind. 

In the Hebrew Scriptures different words are employed 
to represent different kinds of wine. The Greek language, 
on the other hand, makes little or no attempt to indicate 
quality or varieties of wine, but passes every kind under 
one name. Thus, like our English language, it obliterates 
distinctions which the Hebrew protects. So the Hebrew 
Bible must ever remain our final standard of appeal upon 
the Bible wine question. 






PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 49 

The following'treatment of this subject is taken from 
"Winning the Fight Against Drink," by E. L. Eaton 
(Methodist Book Concern) : 

Hebrew Synonyms 

The Hebrew is a small language, yet surprisingly rich 
in synonyms. It has more than sixty different words for 
"break," a still larger number for "go," more than one 
hundred for "take," thirteen for "man," and eleven words 
which we translate "wine." Such a language must delight 
in fine distinctions ; and a translation which makes one 
English word stand for a dozen or a hundred Hebrew 
words must certainly obliterate many important shades 
of meaning. There are forty-five words which we trans- 
late "destroy," a treatment which no doubt destroys many 
fine distinctions of the original tongue ! The eleven words 
which we render "wine" cannot all mean wine, much less 
intoxicating wine, but stand probably for other products 
of the vine. Sixteen of these products have been enumer- 
ated, and we have at least thirteen Hebrew words to 
represent them. It is not necessary, however, to enter 
into an extensive canvass of all these Hebrew words, 
since the testimony of the Hebrew Bible turns mainly 
upon three of these words and their meaning. And to 
these three words attention will now be directed. 

Yayin 

This word is found 140 times in the Hebrew Scrip- 
tures, and in such various connections as to leave no 
doubt that it is a generic word and stands for wine in 
general, for all the beverage products of the vine, without 
any reference to their quality whether intoxicating or 
unintoxicating. Exactly this is the chief source of all the 
confusion upon the Bible wine question. 

If this word always stood for, one specific kind of 
product, there would be no equivocation in its testimony, 
but such is not the fact. It stands for everything that 
is obtained from the vine as a beverage. It is not 
necessary here to quote all the 140 texts where the 
word yayin occurs ; following are a few of them, a 
careful examination of which will suffice to support the 
proposition just now made: 

Gen. 9. 21, "Noah drank of the wine, and was drunken." 
1 Sam. 1. 14, "How long wilt thou be drunken? Put away thy 
wine." 

Isa. 5. 11, "Woe to them that continue till wine inflame them!" 

1 Sam. 1. 24, "Hannah took little Samuel and a bottle of wine to 
Shiloh." 

Neh. 5. 15, "The former governors had taken bread and wine of 
them." 

Isa. 55. 1, "Buy wine and milk without money" (figuratively). 

Esth. 1. 7, "And they drank the royal wine in abundance." 

Zeph. 1. 13, "Shall plant vineyards, but shall not drink of the 
wine." 

2 Sam. 16. 2, "Wine for such as be faint in the wilderness." 

These texts are sufficient to show that the word yayin 
is used in the Scripture both with the divine favor and 
with the divine disfavor, and that is precisely the source 
of nearly all the confusion upon the wine question as 
it appears in the sacred records. The only possible ex- 
planation of this apparent inconsistency is that the word 
is a general term for all kinds of beverages that are 



5 o THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

produced from the vine, whether fermented or un fer- 
mented. 

Whenever the sacred writers seek to make a distinction 
and specify yayin that is intoxicating or yayin th 
unintoxicating. they are obliged to resort to other and 
specific terms. For such purpose two other words are 
almost invariably used, as what follows will clearly in- 
dicate ; and that makes it certain that there are two kinds 
.in or wine mentioned in the Bible. We will no^ 
furnish a complete canvass of these two specific terms, 
quoting every text where they occur. 

Tirosh 

This is the term for unfermented, unintoxicating wine. 
It is always found in good company, and forever enjoys 
the divine commendation. Always the divine smile and 
never the divine frown rests up >n ir. It is constantly 

:ated with wheat and corn and oil. and keeps its place 
among the special blessings of God. It is never the cause 
of. nor is it ever associated with, drunkenness : and its 

s never prohibited but everywhere and always com- 
mended. :hirty-eight times in the Hebrew Bible 
and in the following places : 

Ger. here fore God give thee plenty of corn and wine." 

Gen. .- |7, "With corn and wine have I sustained tl 
Num. 18. 12, "The best of the oil and the wine and the wheat." 
Deut. jr. 1.3. "He will bless thy land, thy corn, thine oil, thy wine." 
Deut. ii 14, '"That thou mayest gather thy corn, thine oil and 
thy wine." 

Deut. 12. 17, "Eat the tithe of thy corn, thine oil and thy wine." 
Deut. 14. 23, "Thou shalt eat the tithe of thy corn, thine oil and 
thy wine," etc. 

Deut. 18. 4, "Give t'. :hy corn, of thy wine and of 

thine oil." 

Dent -e thee either corn, wine or oil." 

Der.: "ountain of Jacob upon a land of corn and 

Judg. 9. 1 2, "Wine which cheereth God and man." 

"Will take you to a land of corn and wine." 
"First fruit of corn, wine, oil and ho:. 

i x the increase of corn and wine 
and oil." 

Neh. 5. 11. "And of the corn, the wine and the oil." 
Xeh. 10. 37. ill manner of trees, of wine and of oil." 

Xeh. 10. 39, "Of the corn, of the new wine and of the oil." 
Neh. 13. 5, "The tithes of the corn, the new wine and the oil." 
Neh. 13. 12. "Tithes of the corn, the new wine and the oil." 
Psa. 4- 7, "Gladness more than when corn and wine increased." 
Prov. 3. 10, "Thy presses shall burst out with new wine." 
Isa. 24. 7. "The new wine mourneth, the vine languisheth." 

i of corn and wine, of bread and vineyards." 
Isa. 62. 8, "Give thy corn and thy wine to thine enerr. 
Isa. 62. 8, "The new wine is found in the cluster 3 blessing." 
Jer. 31. 12, "For wheat, for oil and for m 

_ive her corn and wine and oil." 
T will take away thy corn and thy win 
_ __. • Earth shall bear the corn, the wine and the oil." 
Hos. - -embled themselves tat corn and wine." 

vine shall fall." 
Joel 1. 10, "Corn wasted, wine dried up, cil languisheth." 
_ ._. "The fats shall overrlow with wine and 

:. "Behold I send you corn and wine and oil." 
Mic. 6. 15, "Shall sow but not reap; tread sweet wine but shall 

nk." 
Hag. 1. 11, "Drought upon the corn, wine and c 
Zech 9. 17, ""'• 2nd new wine ftirosfa) 

This speaks of the imbruting influe: 
appetite, and cle_ to a state of degradation in which all 

; minister : ality. This can be said of 

me food and drink as well as of intoxicants. 

This examination of the tirosh texts ought to si 
any fair-minded person that the thing which tirosh stands 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 51 

for is as harmless as corn and wheat and oil, and is as 
certainly classed among the blessings of a kind Providence 
as they. It is nowhere prohibited nor does it anywhere 
suggest intoxication. Neither is it associated with vice 
or moral fault. Exactly here must the issue be met. Tirosh 
does not mean intoxicating wine. If this is not its charac- 
ter- — if it stands for fermented and intoxicating wine — 
then the whole testimony of the Old Testament can be 
invoked to support the deluge of intemperance and drunk- 
enness. That precisely is the nerve of this entire question, 
and the crisis must be squarely met with these thirty-eight 
quotations containing the word tirosh! 

Our contention that tirosh is the name for unfermented 
wine is immensely strengthened by a careful survey of 
those texts which contain the specific Hebrew term which 
never means anything but fermented wine ; and that word 
is 

Shekar 

Whenever the Old Testament writers wish to specify 
a kind of wine that is always condemned and prohibited, 
a drink that is without any sort of doubt intoxicating, the 
word invariably used is shekar. Gesenius says that it is 
"any kind of intoxicating liquor." This word is found 
forty-two times in the Hebrew Bible, nineteen times in 
the verb form, and twenty-three times as a noun. To the 
word as a noun we direct special attention. The air is 
very much clarified touching the meaning of this word, 
for there is substantial agreement all along the line that 
it is always the name for fermented wine. Our English 
versions generally and very appropriately render it "strong 
drink." There is not an instance in the Bible where this 
word enjoys the divine approval as the name of a beverage, 
nor one in which it is found keeping company with God's 
gracious gifts to man. An examination of the texts which 
follow will satisfy any candid person of the correctness 
of these statements : 

Lev. 10. 9, "Drink not wine nor strong drink." Wherever in 

Scripture this expression, "Wine and strong drink," is found, the 

Hebrew terms invariably are yayin and shekar. 

Num. 28. 7, "Cause the strong wine to be poured out." 

Deut. 29. 6, "Neither have ye drunk wine nor strong drink." 

Judg. 13. 4, "Drink not wine nor strong drink." 

Judg. 13. 14, "Wither let her drink wine nor strong drink." 

1 Sam. 1. 15, "I have drunk neither wine nor strong drink." 

Prov. 20. 1, "Wine is a mocker, strong drink is raging." 

Prov. 31. 4, "Not for the king to drink wine, nor princes strong 

drink." 

Judg. 13. 7, "Drink no wine nor strong drink." 

Prov. 31. 6, "Give strong drink to him that is ready to perish." 

This is an opiate, anesthetic, or medical prescription; not a beverage. 
Isa. 5. 11, "Woe to them that follow strong drink." 
Isa. 5. 22, "Woe to the men that mingle strong drink." 
Isa. 24. 9, "Strong drink shall be bitter to them that drink it." 
Isa. 28. 7, "Priests and prophets have erred through strong drink." 

(Thrice.) 

Isa. 29. 9, "They stagger, but not with strong drink." 

Isa. 56. 12, "We will fill ourselves with strong drink." 

Mic. 2. 11, "Lying spirit prophesy wine and strong drink." 

Num. 28. 7, "Strong wine for a drink offering." (Offered, not to 

be drunk.) 

Deuteronomy 14. 22-26 is a difficult passage, and seems 
to furnish an exception to the rule; but perhaps if rightly 
understood, it does not. Professor F. D. Hemmenway, 
in an article in the Methodist Quarterly Review for July, 
1878, makes this very judicious comment upon this passage : 
"It is among the tithes which every Hebrew must set apart 



52 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

to be eaten before the Lord in a solemn religious feast 
and as a special religious offering, -and its presence here 
is thought to be significant of its value rather than its 
common use as a beverage among men." And this inter- 
pretation receives strong support from the recent English 
versions, from which all idea of "soul lusting" has disap- 
peared. 

This canvass of the three important Hebrew words 
touches the very core of the Oriental wine question, and 
it is difficult to see how anything can be said that would 
change the situation one hair's breadth ; and little need 
be added except what will throw further light upon, 
and afford stronger confirmation of, the doctrine here set 
forth. 

The Septuagint 

Altogether the most valuable corroborative evidence to 
be found anywhere is the testimony of the Greek version 
of the Old Testament made by Greek-Hebrew scholars 
more than two hundred years before Christ. It is there- 
fore of the utmost importance to inquire how these old 
Hebrews treated the words under consideration ; for, let 
it be remembered that the Septuagint version is their 
embalmed opinion. Here we have their own statement as 
to what they thought these three words meant. Follow- 
ing is the state of the case as it stands forever stereotyped 
in that ancient version : 

Yayin. This word they uniformly rendered oinos, 
which must be accepted as entirely correct, for the first 
is the generic term for all kinds of wine in Hebrew, 
precisely as the second is the generic term for all kinds 
of wine in Greek. One is the exact equivalent for the 
other. 

Tirosh. This is the Hebrew name for unfermented 
wine, and they rendered it also with the Greek word 
oinos, except once (Isa. 65. 8), with rox, "new wine in 
the cluster." This treatment introduces confusion, as 
the Hebrew term is specific, while the Greek term is 
generic. But perhaps it was the best, if not the only, 
thing that could be done, because the Greek language has 
no specific term for unfermented wine. Everything in 
the nature of a beverage from the vine was called oinos. 

Shekar. With this word a radical change of treatment 
was adopted. They never once translated shekar with 
oinos. This is significant. That fact alone ought for- 
ever to settle the question that tirosh and shekar do not 
stand for the same kinds of wine. Seven times shekar 
is translated with a Greek word coined from the verb 
methuo, which means "I am drunk." That these trans- 
lators were obliged to resort to such a word to render 
shekar is sufficient evidence of its character. Add to this 
the further fact that they transliterated shekar twelve 
times making it read sikera, thus Hellenizing it and com- 
pelling it to retain its debauched character even in the 
Greek version ! And in that form it appears once in the 
Greek New Testament (Luke 1. 15). 

Thus it will appear to any careful person that the 
overwhelming testimony of the Septuagint supports the 
thesis here taught that yayin is the name for all bev- 
erages obtained from the vine without any reference to 
their quality or character ; that tirosh is the specific term 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 53 

for unfermented \\"*ine ; and that shekar is the term for all 
fermented >and intoxicating liquors. 
Refs. — See Communion Wines. 

BIBLE WINES— See Bible and Drink, also Com- 
munion Wine. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY— Books upon the drink evil in 
its various phases and upon allied social questions which 
must be well understood before the drink problem can 
be mastered are given herewith, but their recommenda- 
tion does not imply entire agreement on the part of the 
editors to the sentiments advanced. Indeed, some of them 
are written from the antiprohibition and antiabstinence 
standpoint : 

"Dry or Die: The Anglo-Saxon Dilemma," by Clarence True 
Wilson, D.D. 

"The Greatest Common Destroyer," by McCain and Pickett. 

"The Legalized Outlaw," by Judge Samuel R. Artman. 

"Alcohol and the Human Body," by Sir Victor Horsley and Dr. 
Mary D. Sturge. 

"Alcohol: How it Affects the Individual, the Community, and the 
Race," by Dr. Henry Smith Williams. 

"Social Welfare and the Liquor Problem," by Harry S. Warner. 

"A Century of Drink Reform," by Dr. August F. Fehlandt. 

"Profit and Loss in Man," by Professor A. A. Hopkins. 

"American Prohibition Yearbook (1910-11-12)." 

"Wealth and Waste," by Professor A. A. Hopkins. 

"The Drink Problem in Its Medico-Sociological Aspects," by Dr. 
T. X. Kelynack. 

"The Passing of the Saloon," by Hammell. 

"The People versus The Liquor Traffic," by John B. Finch. 

"The Challenge of the City," by Josiah Strong. 

"Temperance Progress in the Nineteenth Century," by Woolley 
and Johnson. 

"The Christian Citizen," by John G. Woolley. (Three volumes.) 

"The Saloon Keeper's Ledger," by Dr. Louis Albert Banks. 

"A Sower," by John G. Woolley. 

"Civilization by Faith," by John G. Woolley. 

"Substitutes for the Saloon; Committee of Fifty," by Raymond 
G. Calkins. 

"Economic Aspects of the Liquor Problem; Committee of Fifty," 
by Koren. 

"The Psychology of Alcoholism," by Geo. B. Cutten. 

"Regulation of the Liquor Traffic," by various authors; "Annals 
of American Academy of Political and Social Science," vol. 32, No. 2. 

"The New Encyclopedia of Social Reform," edited by W. D. P. 
Bliss. 

"The Economics of Prohibition," by Dr. James C. Fernald. 

"The World Book of Temperance," by Dr. and Mrs. Wilbur F. 
Crafts. 

"Cyclopedia of Temperance and Prohibition;" for facts and history 
of ail organizations. Available at many public libraries. 

"Alcohol in History," by Eddy. 

"England in the Eighteenth Century," by Lecky. 

"The Economic Basis of Prohibition," by Patten. 

"Nervous and Mental Hygiene," by Forel. 

"Dependents, Defectives, and Delinquents," by Henderson. 

"The Effect of Total Abstinence on the Death Rate," by Van Cise. 

"The Mortality of Alcohol," by Phelps. 

"The Great White Plague," by Otis. 

"American Charities," by A. G. Warner. 

"The Human Body," by Martin. 

"The Relation of Alcohol to Nutrition" — an article in the Journal 
of the American Medical Association, Vol. 35, 36, by W. S. Hall. 

"The Translated Proceedings of the Various Congresses on Alco- 
holism." 

"Pauperism," by Booth. 

"Dangerous Trades," by Oliver. 

"The Evolution of Modern Capitalism," by Hobson. 

"The Workingman and Social Problems," by Stelzle. 

"The Anthracite Coal Communities," by Roberts. 

"Problems of Poverty," by Hobson. 

"The Standard of Living Among Industrial People," by Streight- 
off. 

"Political Economy," by Ely. 

"The Social Condition of Labor," by Gould. 



54 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

aifs of the S Benedict 

New Immigration/* by Roberts. 
"Immigration," by Hall. 
"H by Riis. 

;ns or Americans' i -se. 

by Mill. 
Church and Young Men." by Cr 
Religious Cone : :ng Men." by Oates. 

and Social Progress," by Dennis. 
- - .cer. 

"The - !>olc. 

e Philadelphia Xegro." by Du Bois. 

Among Colored People," bv T. H. Waring, in 

'•Taxation in the United States Under the Internal Revenue 
m," by H. 

::can Commonwealth." by I 

-es and Remedies." by Lombroso. 
"Temperance Bible Commentary," by Frederick R. Lees. 
•"The Equivalent of War," by William Tames. 
>f the Children." bv George K. S 
Mrs. Martha M. Allen. 
I t Jical Temperance Dictionary." by T. T. Ridge. M.D. 
"A Practical Treatise on Distillation and Rectification of Alcohol," 
. Theo. Brannt. 
bol and the Human Brain." by Joseph Cook. 

gs, Their Use and S ey Hillier. 

The ol on the Body. - em. Richardson. 

: -.ience of Alcohol on Fatigue," by Wm. Halse Rivers-Rivers. 
JcohoL The Sanction for its Use." by J. Starke, 
natured Alcohol," by Rufu> ~ick. 

al Alcohol," by Harvey W. Wile] 
"The Nam Family." by Estabrook. 

"Inns, Ales, and Drinking Customs of Old England," by Hack- 
wood. 

by Leslie E. Keeley. 
"Inebriety or Narcomania." by Norman Kerr. 

ism," by McDonald — Chap. 4 — Bureau of Education, 
Washington. 

"Tl l "-amuelson. 

"The Temperance Compendium," by Walter N. Edwards. 
"The History of Liquor Licensing in England," by Sidney and 
Beatrice Webb. 

nal Efficiency and the Drink Traffic." 
.oils. 
"Handbook of Prohibition." by A. J. Tutkins. 
"High I V. Thorn j - 

. .sm and the Drinl Philip Snowden. 

men and Children in Public Houses," Parliamentary Docu- 
ment. 

Refreshment -jociation." 

I rrer. 
sm and Ins:. as. L. Gregory. 

Saloon, What! j'reeman. 

E Temperance Problem and S rm." 

Upper," by Chas. A. Starr. 
- : f the Drink Problem," by J. Johnson Baker. 

Archdall Reid. 
(.Foxboro Hospital.) 
holism in Industry," by Wm. H. Tolman. 
E holism," I ] 
- :e Document 48 S irst Congress, entitled, "Scientific 

- Concerning the Alcohol Problem." 

:f the Liquor Problem," Twelfth Annual 
Report of the United - amission of Labor. 

cnt in Europe, The." By Ernest Gordon. 
Fleming H. Revell Company. 

pendium of Temperar.; ." By Edith Smith Davis, 

National Woman's Christian Temperance Union, Evanston, 
111. 

"Drink and Be Sober." By Vance Thompson. 1915. Moffatt, 

"Handbook of Modern Facts About AlcohoL" By Cora Frances 
Stoddard. 1914. American Issue Publishing Company, Westerville, 

wee in All Lands." Ev Guv Havler. 1912. 
S all I Drink Crooker, D.D. 1914. The 

Pilgrim Press. 

"The Liquor Problem in Russia." By William E. Johnson. 1915- 
The American Issue Publishing Compa:.; riBcfc Ohio. 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 55 

"Russian Prohibition." By Ernest Gordon. 1916. The American 
"Issue Publishing Company, Westerville, Ohio. 

"Self-Discovery of Russia, The.*' By Prof. J. V. Simpson. 1916. 
Geo. H. Doran Co. 

"Potential Russia." By Richard Washburn Child. 1916. E. P. 
Dutton & Co. 

"The Liquor Problem." By X. E. Richardson, Association Press, 
New York City. 

"Psychology of Intemperance.'' By Prof. G. K. Partridge, Sturges, 
A. Walton Co., New York City. 

"Anti-Alcohol Bulletin." Pub. by State of X. C. Board of Health, 
Dr. M. S. Rankin. 

"Bulletins of the Postal Life Insurance Co.," New York City. 

"Prohibition in Kansas." By J. S. Dawson, Atty. General of 
Kansas. 

"The Saloon Problem." By Professor John M. Marker of Boston 
University. 

"Gulick Hygiene Series," Ginn & Co., New York City. 

"New Century Series of Physiologies." American Book Co. 

"Edith M. Wills," Scientific Temperance Federation, Boston, Mass. 

"The Immigration Tide: Its Ebb and Flow." By Dr. Steiner. 

"Old World in the New." By Professor E. A. Ross. 

"Individual Delinquent." By Healy. 

"The Wayward Child." By Mrs. Schoff. 

"Safeguards for the City Youth." By Louise DeKoven. 

"The Boyhood and Lawlessness." The Sage Foundation. 

"The Neglected Girl." The Sage Foundation. 

"Child Welfare." Mangold. 

"Public Recreation." By Edwards. 

"One More Chance." By McBrayne. 

"Heredity and Environment." By Conklin. 

"How to Be Well-Born." By Guyer. 

"How to Keep Well." Life Extension Institute. 

"The Liquor Problem in All Ages." By Dorchester. 

"Alcohol and the State." By Judge Pitman. 

"Alcohol and Society." By Koren. 

Fiction 
"Enemy, The." By The Chesters. 
"Little Sir Galahad." Bv Phoebe Grav. 
"Right of Way, The." By Sir Gilbert Parker. 
"The Man Who Forgot." By James Hay, Jr. 

Inquiries as to prices, etc., should be made of The 
Methodist Book Concern, 150 Fifth Avenue, New York 
City. 

BIRMINGHAM, ALABAMA— See Alabama. 

BLIND PIGS — The liquor interests attempt to confuse 
the issue in the minds of the people by declaring that 
prohibition of the saloon only results in the substitution 
of an unlicensed trade. On the contrary, the blind pig 
and boot-legger flourish most in those communities which 
license the liquor traffic. The licensed saloon inevitably 
breeds blind pigs. 

License territory is safer territory for the illicit dealer. 
If drunkenness results from the sale of his goods, that 
drunkenness is attributed to "the saloons and does not 
prompt investigation on the part of the police. And the 
blind pigger in wet territory can procure his liquor ship- 
ments without exciting suspicion, but this is not true in 
prohibition territory. 

As a rule, it is not hard to ascertain nearly the exact 
number of illicit liquor shops in any community. This is 
due to the fact that the blind pigger has a very whole- 
some fear of Uncle Sam, and while he is willing to operate 
without a State or local license, he is not willing to incur 
the danger of running without a permit from the federal 
government. So he pays his federal tax, takes his receipt, 
the transaction is recorded by the federal government, and 
then the pigger proceeds to business with no fear of the 
lesser authorities. 



56 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

In the fall of 1914 the Board of Temperance of the 
Methodist Episcopal Church, desiring to make a study 
that would turn up accurate information in regard to this 
question, conducted inquiries in every State of the Union 
to ascertain the disparity between the number of State 
licenses or total of county licenses and the number of 
federal tax receipts in each of these States. Reliable 
figures were secured from Michigan, Florida. New Hamp- 
shire, Rhode Island, Washington (then a license State), 
Texas, Ohio. Idaho, and Kansas. The following table 
tells the story : 

Number Number Excess 

State Federal Inderal 

State Licenses Licenses Licenses 

Michigan *3,9$3 **7,i&7 3,204 

Florida 354 1,051 697 

New Hampshire 606 867 261 

Rhode Island 397 2,105 

Washington 2,340 2,802 462 

Texas 3,100 4,964 1,864 

Ohio 5, 11,419 6,064 

Idaho 226 624 398 

Kansas 515 515 

*Both wholesale and retail. **Retail only. ***June 30, 1914. 

In no case do the federal figures cover anything except 
retail dealers in liquors and retail dealers in malt liquors. 
All State figures are for State licenses or are totals of 
local licenses. It should be noticed that these States repre- 
sent practically every section of the country. 

After making all allowances for differences in State 
laws and federal laws, the above table conclusively proves 
that the more saloons licensed by the State the more 
saloons run without a State license. The difference be- 
tween the number of federal licenses and State licenses 
is almost a census of the number of blind pigs in any 
State. 

The difference between these various license States 
and the prohibition State of Kansas, however, is even 
greater than this table would show, for whereas a blind 
pig in license territory usually runs year in and year out 
and is often connected with a house of ill-fame, in 
Kansas a man may buy a federal tax receipt, sell one 
drink, and go to jail for six months. It is exceedingly 
probable that not one man in one hundred who buys 
a federal tax receipt to sell liquors continues in business 
sixty days without facing a judge if he tries to do business 
in Kansas. 

Eastern Figures 

Figures are available also" from New York and Illinois, 
but not from sources which warrant us in guaranteeing 
them. According to the liquor press, in New York, in 
1913, there were 23,472 saloons licensed by the State. 
During this time the internal revenue collectors issued 
34,522 permits to sell liquors. This means that there were 
in New York State just exactly 11,150 blind pigs, as con- 
trasted with 515 in Kansas. 

The liquor press is also responsible for the statement 
that there are in Illinois 12.708 licensed saloons, but 
there are 22,754 dealers in liquors holding the federal 
tax receipt. This indicates the presence in Illinois of 
10.046 blind pigs, tigers, etc. 

The full significance of these figures, however, can 
only be gathered from their consideration in connection 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 57 

with the State population. Looking at it from this stand- 
point,- Ne\Y York has 1,239 blind pigs to the million of 
population; Illinois has 1,784 blind pigs to the million of 
population ; Kansas has 305 to the million of population. 

Information from other sources leads to the same con- 
clusions reached by the Board of Temperance of the 
Methodist Episcopal Church. For instance, during the 
prohibition campaign in Michigan it was ascertained that 
there were approximately 1,400 holders of the federal 
retail liqaor dealer's license in addition to the licensed 
saloons and the crooked drug stores. 

According to a report by the State Liquor Licensing 
Board of Ohio to the governor for the year ending June 
30, 1916, the State liquor license inspectors prosecuted 
902 cases against illicit liquor sellers and secured 726 
convictions. 

The prosecuting attorney of one of the wettest coun- 
ties in Pennsylvania has just caused the arrest of 56 
blind piggers in that count)', and says that perhaps 50 
more have closed voluntarily thru fear of prosecution 
since he began his campaign against such places. He 
estimates that there are three* times as many blind pigs 
as licensed saloons in the county, and at this ratio there 
are over 30.000 blind pigs in Pennsylvania. 

A careful study was made in Massachusetts in 1910 
of the comparative number of legal liquor licenses or 
certificates of fitness granted, both of which call for the 
payment of a federal internal revenue tax, and the actual 
number of persons paying the federal tax. 

In the no-license cities and towns there were 682 
druggists' licenses and certificates of fitness granted; 1,103 
internal revenue liquor dealers' taxes were paid, an excess 
above legal of 421. 

In the license cities there were 2,972 local licenses and 
certificates granted, but there were 4,245 internal revenue 
liquor dealer taxpayers, that is, there w T ere 1,273 more 
persons who paid federal liquor dealers' tax than were 
granted local license to sell. 

According to Mr. George M. Alden, in a report pub- 
lished by the Alassachusetts No-License League, who made 
this investigation, in the license places there was one 
illegal seller for 1,479 population ; in the no-license cities 
and towns there was one for each 3,557 of the population. 
That is, according to population, there were on the average 
two and one-third times as many illegal sellers who paid 
internal revenue liquor taxes in license places as in no- 
license places. 

Boston had 1,218 licensed places, but 1,695 persons paid 
the federal tax, showing that there were at least 387 
illicit places. 

In the year that Colorado went dry, Denver had 483 
"lawful" saloons. Nevertheless, the number of federal tax 
receipts in force in the fall of 1914 was five hundred 
more than the number of local licenses. In San Fran- 
cisco there were in October, 1914, 4,213 legal saloons 
and an excess of tax receipts indicating 1,300 blind pigs. 
Indeed, Past Grand Valiant Commander William C. 
Wood, spokesman for the Knights of the Royal Arch 
Committee, admitted that there were not less than 1,200 
blind pigs in the city" in March, 1912, at a time when there 
were 3,300 liquor establishments. So it seems that an 



58 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

increase in the number of saloons of 913 had been ac- 
companied by an increase in the number of blind pigs of 
100. 

In Los Angeles, in the same State, in a year when 
there were 650 licensed saloons, there were 194 blind 
pigs arrested. Four years ago Portland, Ore., had 800 
licensed saloons. According to the federal record, there 
were also 1,000 holders of federal tax receipts who did 
not hold a license. 

The police of Cincinnati complain that the speak-easies 
give them more trouble than the Sunday closing proposi- 
tion. In March, 1914, there was a statement in the Cleve- 
land press that "speak-easies and bootlegging joints are 
running wide open in Cleveland downtown districts." 

Under Pennsylvania's "Model" Law 

The official liquor license directory of the State of 
Pennsylvania for 1913 was said to contain the correct 
names and post office addresses of all brewers, distillers, 
wholesalers, retailers, hotels, and cafes in the State. 
Nearly 14,000 names were in the directory. However, 
according to the records of the Internal Revenue Depart- 
ment, there were at the same time 23,443 persons in 
Pennsylvania paying the government liquor tax. This 
means there were at least 9,443 speak-easies in that "model" 
license State. 

West Virginia's Experience 

West Virginia operated her saloons under license for 
half a century and prided herself that she had the best 
license law of' any State in the Union. Under that law 
speak-easies grew in number until in the wet centers 
they were more numerous than licensed places. Prior 
to the State-wide election Wheeling police reported 135 
licensed saloons in that city. At the same time the revenue 
officials reported 272 federal taxpayers. That meant 
135 licensed saloons and 137 speak-easies. In Parkersburg 
there were 39 licensed dealers and 43 speak-easies. This 
proportion held good in other wet towns. In 1912 the 
voters put the entire State in the dry column by nearly 
100,000 majority, repudiating, "the best license law in the 
country." At the time West Virginia voted dry there were 
498 licensed dealers and 929 unlicensed dealers, but all 
these 929 had paid the government tax. 

The study is not weakened by turning to the South. 
In speaking of Birmingham, Ala., in the wet year of 
1914, Mida's Criterion, the liquor magazine, said: "So 
great is the number of blind tigers, in Birmingham that 
ten of them have been found in one block of the city and 
there are in existence wholesale blind tiger supply houses." 
No wonder Alabama went dry! 

The repressive effect of prohibition law should also be 
noticed. 

In the nine States, Georgia, Kansas, Maine, Mississippi, 
North Carolina, North Dakota, Oklahoma, Tennessee, 
and West Virginia, all of which except Alaine, Kansas, 
and North Dakota have enacted prohibition laws since 
1907, there were, in 1907, 15,674 persons who paid "the 
federal tax as liquor dealers;" in 1915, there were only 
6,539, a decrease of 58 per cent. Thru the country as a 
whole the decrease was 18 per cent. 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 59 

During the same" period the license State of New Jersey 
had a decrease of less than 3 per cent, New York State 
with its license cities a decrease of only 5 per cent. 

A table showing the number of holders of federal liquor 
tax receipts in the States which were dry in 1907, and 
showing also the number of such receipts in 1915, brings 
out in a startling way the progress of enforcement: 

1907 1915 

Kansas 3,220 412 

North Dakota 1,905 373 

Oklahoma* i>754 610 

Mississippi 580 342 

Georgia 1,634 1,509 

Tennessee 2,260 1,318 

North Carolina 1,144 202 

West Virginia 1,732 230 

Maine 826 1,228 

*This includes Oklahoma and Indian Territory in 1907, both now 
embraced in Oklahoma. 

Refs. — See Consumption of Liquors; and Illicit Distilling. 

BLUE LAWS — Much is heard from the liquor press 
about "Blue Laws." They point with horror to the early 
days of Connecticut when "a mother could not kiss her 
child on the Sabbath day." We see no likelihood of the 
return of such a law, although it is exceedingly probable 
that it will soon be a crime to sell a poison that makes a 
father go home on the Sabbath day and, instead of kiss- 
ing his child, pitch it into the fireplace. 

In the "Brewers' Yearbook" for 191 1 they cite a long 
list of "Connecticut Blue Laws." As a matter of fact, 
it is doubtful whether many of the so-called "blue laws" 
were ever upon the statute books of any State or colony. 
Most of them seem to have originated in the imagination 
of a banished Tory who wished to slander the people who 
had whipped him from their borders. However, it is 
true that in several colonies there was a "blue law" provid- 
ing for a fine upon any settlement that did not furnish 
a tavern and drink for the accommodation of the people. 

It may be presumed, then, that those who were responsi- 
ble for any "blue laws" which may have existed were not 
prohibitionists. 

There are many foolish laws on the statute books of the 
States to-day which are not repealed because they are 
invalidated by their absurdity. There is in one State a 
law providing that when two trains approach a crossing 
both shall come to a full stop until the other has passed 
by. Still another State which is not within many miles 
of salt water and which hardly has a decent rainfall, has 
an extensive code of laws dealing with the regulation of 
ports and harbors, due to the fact that many laws were 
enacted en bloc when the State was admitted to the Union. 

For a great many years now prohibitionists have been 
striving to overthrow the red laws, which make murder 
and poverty and insanity and social disorder a matter of 
revenue and commercialism. 

BLUE RIBBON MOVEMENT— The blue ribbon is 
taken as a badge of abstinence by millions of people in 
Great Britain and has been similarly used to a slight ex- 
tent in this country. The movement in Great Britain dates 
from about 1878. 

BOARD OF TEMPERANCE, PROHIBITION, 



60 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

AND PUBLIC MORALS OF THE METHODIST 
EPISCOPAL CHURCH— The Board of Temperance, 
Prohibition, and Public Morals, with offices at Washing- 
ton, D. C, organized by the General Conference of the 
Methodist Episcopal Church and incorporated under the 
laws of the District of Columbia, is the outgrowth of the 
permanent Committee on Temperance and Prohibition 
established by the General Conference of 1888, which 
for many years had as its efficient Chairman Dr. J. G. 
Evans, of Illinois. The General Conference of 1904, 
meeting in Los Angeles, broadened the work of this 
committee and changed its name to the Temperance Society 
of the Methodist Episcopal Church, made it one of the 
benevolences and appointed Bishop William F. McDowell 
president of the new organization, with headquarters at 
Chicago. Various meetings of this newly appointed Board 
were held during the quadrennium, and thru the efficient 
cooperation of Dr. W. A. Smith, secretary, and Mr. 
Alonzo E. Wilson, treasurer, sums of money were raised 
to aid all the States that had fights on for constitutional 
amendments, and much effective literature was published. 
But the Society was still without any regular income. 

The General Conference of 1908 met in Baltimore. It 
broadened the constitution of the Society and published 
it in the Discipline with the various benevolent boards, 
apportioned $25,000 for its support and requested every 
pastor to present the claims of the Society and take a free- 
will offering of their people. The bishops nominated 
Bishop Robert Mclntyre, since deceased, to serve as presi- 
dent for the quadrennium, and the Board elected Dr. W. 
A. Smith secretary and Alonzo E. Wilson treasurer. The 
Board of Managers met semiannually in Chicago to raise 
financial aid for an}' places where there was a call of need. 
When Oklahoma was having her fight for State-wide 
prohibition, the Society raised funds and sent speakers 
who have generally been credited with tipping the scales 
in the right direction and making that State dry. Be- 
sides, numerous leaflets and pamphlets were sent broad- 
cast into the country. 

But the real epoch-making event of the Temperance 
Society occurred in the May meeting of 1910 when the 
Board of Managers decided to elect two men to devote 
their time to the temperance reform in the United States 
and to build the Society to a place of power. At a special 
meeting in July they elected as field secretary for the 
country the Rev. Clarence True W r ilson, D.D., then clos- 
ing his sixth year as a pastor in Portland, Oregon, and as 
assistant field secretary the Rev. Alfred Smith, D.D., for 
a number of years temperance evangelist in the Wilming- 
ton Conference. These men entered upon their work with- 
out an office, a desk, a salary, a cent of income, or even 
the promise of expenses. 

The Beginning of a Great Work 

Dr. Wilson rented an office in The Methodist Book 
Concern, furnished the room at his own expense, purchased 
literature by the hundreds of thousands of pages, printed 
Sunday school programs, leaflet literature for campaign- 
ing, total abstinence pledge cards, and flew from State to 
State, Conference to Conference with incredible rapidity, 
and for nearly two years was responsible for every bill 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 61 

made by the Society. But during the two years that fol- 
lowed before General Conference he had visited three 
fourths of the Conferences of Methodism, many of them 
twice, had lectured, made campaign speeches on street 
corners, Sunday schools, churches, and halls of every 
description, and debated with liquor dealers' attorneys in 
thirty-four States. 

Mrs. Wilson had acted as office secretary during these 
two years without salary or expenses and had shipped 
literature until more than 20,000 packages of books had 
been mailed from the offices and all the churches and 
Sabbath schools had been circularized to induce them to 
use our pledge cards and programs and had checked up 
the appointments of the two secretaries. When the Gen- 
eral Conference of 1912 met in Minneapolis it was found 
that 100,000 total abstinence pledge cards had been signed. 
Over 15,000 men had signed the pledge to drink no liquor 
and always vote for prohibition ; most of them in Dr. 
Wilson's street meetings. Assistance had been rendered 
to every State that was voting on constitutional prohibi- 
tion, and only a little less than a hundred cities and coun- 
ties that had the fight on, and it was said by the Com- 
mittee on Temperance of the General Conference that 
probably never before in the history of reform had such 
a vast amount of work been accomplished or such definite 
results been achieved on ten times the expenditure of 
money. 

A New Era 

The General Conference by an absolutely unanimous vote 
commended the administration for its aggressive and wise 
policy and enlarged its Board of Managers to twenty 
members, moved its headquarters to Topeka, Kansas, 
voted a $50,000 apportionment as a minimum for its 
support, commended the Society to the liberality of the 
church, instructed it specifically to conduct a campaign 
for total abstinence, to publish and distribute literature, 
to inculcate prohibition principles and knowledge, and to 
create a sentiment among Sunday schools, Epworth and 
Junior Leagues, and our people generally for State and 
national prohibition. 

Bishop William O. Shepard, of Kansas City, was elected 
to the presidency, and the Board of Managers elected Dr. 
Clarence True Wilson general secretary for the quad- 
rennium ; Hon. J. M.. Miller, vice-president; Dr. Edwin 
Locke, secretary, and Mr. E. H. Anderson, treasurer. 

During the next four years the Society participated in 
twenty-seven State campaigns, sent out millions of leaflets, 
investigated the success of prohibition in the great State 
of Kansas and exploited its lessons as no other agency 
could have done, having the notable Kansas record as a 
base of its propaganda. 

The work of the Society was divided into departments, 
Miss Ina L. Bates supervising the office* work with various 
assistants. Mr. Deets Pickett was made research secre- 
tary; the Rev. Harry G. McCain, extension secretary; 
Dr. J. N. C. Coggin, secretary for colored work. Be- 
sides the platform work of its extensive Lecture Bureau, 
the Society produced four notable volumes. "Dry or Die : 
The Anglo-Saxon Dilemma" is made up of nine of Dr. 
Wilson's lectures. "The Greatest Common Destroyer" is 
the joint work of Pickett and McCain and has been adopted 



:: THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

in the Epworth League study course. The Pocket Cyclo- 
pedia has been edited in two large editions by Mr. F 
and has grown in three years into the present 
The Society furnished speakers for all Methods 
ences, numerous conventions, and campaigns. Its leaflet 
department has grown into one of the largest trac: 
s in the world. It has furnished a library of s 
of the best volumes for $5.00 and circulated the entire 
set in public and Sunday school libraries as well as to 
individual workers and pastors. It has published Sundaj- 
school temperance programs, total abstinence pledge cards. 
button badges for pledge signers, wall rolls for total 
abstainers to be used by Sunday schools for permanent 
records of their success. It has published what is :. 
famous publicity agency known as the Clipsheet. going 
out weekly from our office to every daily paper in the 
United States and paper of nd in the 

States that have a fight or prospective tight on. be- 
publishing the Voice, which goes to e :*iist 

preacher in the world. Our big red pof e in 

number, have been very conspicuous in all State fights. 
The Society secured the writing by Dr. E. L. Eaton of 
""Winning the Fight Against Drink." 

In 1914 the Society purchased an automobile to campaign 
the Western States, and it became famous as the "Oregon 
rwagon," and in connection with the inauguration 
of street meetings the Society has helped to make out-of- 
door campaigning the popular vogue. 

Its Work Crowned 
In May. 1016, the General Conferee ; :oga. 

X. Y„ reviewing the work of this Board in all 
ments. and by an absolutely unanimous vote, doubled its 
apportionment to $100,000 per annum, changed its name 
to Board of Temperance, Prohibition, and Public M 
located it at Washington. D. C rewrote ution 

to broaden its field of operation and to make permanent 
its task in the nation's capital for the proraot: 
time of the moral life of the republic Bishop Wi 
F. McDowell was made president Dr. Clarence 

n was unanimously re-elected genera! He 

nominated for Research work. Deets Pick:: ; f or E 
sion work. Ernest Dailey Smith. D.D Lan- 

guage work. H. K. Madsen. D.D. : for work among our 
Freedmen. Dr. J. X. C Coggin ; Miss Ina L 
continued as office secretary, ar. 1 ere found 

for each department. The Board rented, as temporary 
headquarters. 204 Pennsjlvania Avenue S E, and has 
purchased a most beautiful lot on the corner of I 

: and Maryland Avenue. X. E_ fronting the Capitol 
within a three-minute walk of the Union Station, and 
within a stone throw of the Congressional Library, the 
Senate Office Building, and the House Office Building, and 
looking right into die door of the Senate chamber. Here 
is proposed to erect a permanent building that shall be 
headquarters- for the church, temperance, and reform 
forces that center at the .nation's capital, and to have room 
for the officers, especially of the Methodist interests, in 
ir.i irur.i :he _i;::i'. _::; 

BONEDRY LAWS— The term "bonedry," used in 
qualifying a prohibition law, indicates that the law pro- 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 63 

hibits the importation of liquor for beverage purpose 
whether or not it is intended that the liquor shall be sold. 
Some of tliese laws even prohibit the possession of alco- 
holic liquors except for mechanical and sacramental pur- 
poses. 

Until the last few years prohibition laws have been in- 
tended to prevent only the traffic in liquors. It was not 
believed that any State had the right under the constitution 
to prohibit the importation of liquors when intended for 
personal use. Even after the passage of the Webb-Ken- 
yon act it was doubted that the States had the power to 
prohibit such importation until the decision of the Supreme 
Court early in 1917 clearly established that the States 
have such rights under the Webb-Kenyon law. Previous 
to this decision States which had desired to banish liquors 
from their borders had, in general, thought that the limit 
of their power was to fix a maximum quantity which 
might be imported during a certain period of time, thus 
protecting the supposed right of personal consumption and 
yet preventing any individual from receiving a sufficient 
quantity for trade. These laws, providing a "quart a 
month, etc.," caused the liquor interests to challenge the 
sincerity of the States passing them, altho, as a matter 
of fact, 'such laws were in advance of State prohibition 
laws which fixed no limit of importation. These laws 
finally became known as "quart prohibition laws," and 
when the right of the State to prohibit entirely was finally 
established, those who opposed bonedry laws became 
known as "quart prohibitionists." 

In February, 1917, the Post Office appropriation bill 
was under consideration in the United States Senate, and 
an amendment to prohibit the sending of liquor advertise- 
ments and solicitation thru the mails into States prohibit- 
ing such advertising was offered. Senator Reed, of 
Missouri, challenged the sincerity of the whole prohibition 
movement and offered another amendment absolutely 
prohibiting interstate commerce in liquor in prohibition 
States. The Senate promptly accepted the amendment by 
45 to 11, and the House, after a memorable scene, voted 
for it by 319 to 72. It is not true, as has been alleged, 
that the bill was favored by the beer interests and opposed 
by the prohibitionists. The Board of Temperance of the 
Methodist Church earnestly urged all congressmen to vote 
for it. Its passage struck a terrific blow at the great ex- 
port breweries who were doing 90 per cent of the business 
with prohibition States. 

The so-called Reed amendment reads as follows : 

"Whosoever shall order, purchase, or cause intoxicating 
liquors to be transported in interstate commerce except 
for scientific, sacramental, medicinal, and mechanical pur- 
poses, into any State or Territory the laws of which State 
or Territory prohibit the manufacture or sale therein of 
intoxicating liquors for beverage purpose, shall be pun- 
ished as aforesaid : Provided, that nothing herein shall 
authorize the shipment of liquor into any State contrary 
to the laws of such State." 

Refs. — See Congress. 

BOOKS ON DRINK— See Bibliography. 

BOOZE — On March 22, 1915, two whisky bottles were 
sold in New York for $58. Blown into them was the name 



64 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

of E. C. Booz, a Philadelphia distiller of about 1840. 
It is said that his name introduced "booze" into the 
vernacular. 

There was an old English word, "bouse," which meant 
alcoholic liquor, altho one cannot say why. Sheridan 
used "boozed" in "The School for Scandal." 

An interesting, tho seemingly far-fetched supposition 
is that the word is derived from the practice of worship- 
ing Osiris, the Egyptian god, or Busiris, as he was often 
called, with drinking orgies. It is supposed that when 
the Egyptians saw a man reeling down the street they 
would say, "He is boozy" ; that is, "He is affected with 
the spirit of Busiris." Still another theory is that the 
word "booze" is derived from the Turkish word "boza," 
a beverage resembling near-beer, made from millet. 

BOYCOTT — The boycott has been a favorite weapon 
of the liquor interests and has usually reacted upon them 
with disastrous results. It is the custom of the liquor 
dealers in paying bills to deduct a certain per cent from 
the remittance, sending instead of money, stamps indicating 
that the amount has been contributed to the anti-prohibi- 
tion fund. If the creditor refuses to submit to this extor- 
tion, be is boycotted. 

In Louisville, Ky., one man was dismissed from his 
position for distributing handbills of a temperance meet- 
ing, and in Montana people who were prohibitionists at 
heart, were, during the 1916 campaign, forced to con- 
tribute to the anti-prohibition fund or suffer a systematic 
boycott. 

Refs. — See Lawlessness. 

BRAIN— Dr. W. A. Chappie, of London, says: "Alco- 
hol is a poison, having a specific affinity for the nerve 
centers of the brain, and paralyzing those centers in the 
inverse order of their development, the last developed 
suffering first and most, and the first developed suffering 
last and least." 

This affinity of alcohol for the brain cell is not a sur- 
prising quality. The poison of lead has a peculiar affinity 
for the muscles of the wrist ; mercury, for the salivary 
glands ; manganese, for the liver ; arsenic, for the coating 
of the stomach ; strychnine, for the spinal cord ; but 
alcohol is a ready solvent of fat and, to this Professor 
Hans Meyer, of the University of Vienna, attributes its 
affinity for the cells of the brain, which are composed 
largely of a fatty substance. The healthy brain cell has 
a symmetrical center and brandies, but under alcohol the 
centers become irregular and the branches frayed in ap- 
pearance. Frequently it is the case that continued drinking 
so damages the cell that it will not recover, and a damaged 
brain cell is never replaced. 

The assertion of Dr. Chappie, that alcohol attacks first 
the higher qualities of the mind, is also well established 
and generally acknowledged. These qualities are based 
upon brain cells which have been produced during the 
more recent periods of man's development. They are 
racially less mature and resistant. 

"Civilized man equals the brute animal plus the brain 
development," says the New York Health Department in 
a bulletin. "Alcohol blots out the high brain development 
and leaves the brute animal. Even a very little alcohol, 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 65 

not showing itselPin drunkenness, has a damaging effect 
on the bram." 

Common observation indicates clearly the effect of alco- 
hol in reversing the evolutionary processes. It is because 
of the truth of this that the man who becomes intoxicated 
loses first his sense of decency, his ability to think clearly 
and accurately, and to associate ideas. As his intoxica- 
tion progresses it affects those nerve and brain powers 
which control the senses. He begins to see double, to be 
unable to control his movements; his powers of smell, hear- 
ing, and sight are distinctly lessened. It has been well 
said that intoxication epitomizes the whole history of in- 
sanity. The man who becomes dead drunk within the 
space of a few hours undergoes very much the same change 
as the man who becomes gradually insane, and he who 
keeps his association and motor senses slightly drugged 
all of the time by "moderate" drinking is not entirely a 
sane man. He is constantly drunk to a slight degree, and 
is therefore constantly insane to a slight degree. 

The day has passed when any intelligent and informed 
person boasts of the ability to "carry liquor well." Such 
ability is not a sign of a 'strong body, but of a weak 
brain. The brain which is not sensitive to alcohol is an 
atavistic product. The caveman was probably able to 
"carry liquor well" ; Thomas Edison would probably carry 
it very ill indeed. 

The Effect Upon Mental Work 

The work of Krapelin, Dietel, Vintschgau, Vogt, Stehr, 
and many others has demonstrated that alcohol, even in 
very small quantities, has a distinctly unfavorable effect 
upon the ability to do mental work. One glass of beer will, 
decrease the powers of memory, reason, and perception 
for a certain length of time and steady, so-called "moder- 
ate" drinking produces an abiding impairment of the 
me'ntal capability. Investigations made by Dr. Alffed 
Stehr, in Germany, disclosed a distinct loss of efficiency 
on Mondays after the drinking on Sundays, among a 
group of bottle workers in Dresden. This loss amounted 
to 28.5 per cent. 

Some Experiments 

The earliest experiments along this line were made by 
Exner, of Vienna, in 1873, to determine the effect of 
alcohol upon the ability of the subject to respond quickly 
to a flash of light. Exner found that a small quantity of 
alcohol would distinctly lengthen the reaction time, and 
when the test was complicated by requiring the subject 
to press a right or left telegraph key, as might be sug- 
gested by the signal, a very small quantity of alcohol was 
found to increase greatly the liability to error. 

Krapelin's experiments showed that alcohol has virtu- 
ally the same effect upon the mind as fatigue. The 
Scientific Temperance Federation of Boston has trans- 
lated some very valuable European studies regarding the 
practical effect of the use of alcohol upon employers of 
labor. 

The interest of American industry in this subject has 
been very great. Any habit which decreases the ability 
of the workman to judge quickly and accurately or which 
impairs his sight, hearing, and touch, greatly increases the 



66 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

liability of his getting a crushed hand, a cut finger, or 
worse. And alcohol has this effect even when taken in 
the most moderate doses. It increases the liability* of 
error in eye measurement, renders the hearing less acute, 
makes the workman less alert to respond instantly to a 
suggestion of danger, and increases the brute tendency to 
disregard the safety of others. 

The margin of safety in modern industry is small. It is measured 
too frequently by fractions of an inch. Reduce the alertness and 
the exactness with which the body responds to the necessities of 
labor, and by so much you have increased the liability that the 
hand will be misplaced that fraction that means mutilation (U. S. 
Senate Document .No. 645, Vol. XI). 

"No man under the influence of alcohol even slightly 
should be permitted to remain in the works, much less 
to work." says a pamphlet issued by the Fidelity and 
Casualty Company. "Xor should a man whose nerves 
have been rendered unsteady by the habitual use of alcohol 
or by a recent debauch be permitted to operate dangerous 
machinery or to carry on dangerous work. He endangers 
not only his own life, but the lives of others." 

The -Etna Life Insurance Company said in a pamphlet 
in 1911 : 

It is advisable not to employ, or to continue in employment, men 
who are known to be steady and hard drinkers. The regular use 
of intoxicants in any considerable quantity is bound in time to make 
a workman undesirable as regards both his liability to cause accident 
and his efficiency. 

Refs. — See Alcohol, Effects cf; Diseases Caused; Doctors on 
Drink; Insanity; Mental Efficiency: Stimulation. 

BRANDY — Brandy is produced by dialling wine, or 
is supposed to be so produced. As a matter of fact, it is 
usually only an imitation of the pure product. 

BREWERS — The brewery interests now absolutely 
dominate the liquor traffic of America, and the Chicago 
Journal well says. "In handling that traffic they have 
violated every instinct of decency, and broken or evaded 
every law made for their control, with the single exception 
of the law requiring them to pay tax." 

Every time the brewers meet in convention they talk 
loudly of "reform." by which they mean the substitution 
of beer for all other drinks, the substitution of the Ger- 
man beer garden and beer restaurant for the American 
bar and the domination of all recreative centers by the 
brewing interests. 

Before the American people accept this program they 
should know the character of these "reformers," the 
merit of their contentions, and the effect of their control 
upon the liquor trade. 

What the saloon is the brewery has made it. A legisla- 
tive commission, appointed by the State of Minnesota, 
found that 712 of the 814 saloons in Saint Paul and Minne- 
apolis were owned or controlled by brewers. Forty per 
cent of the licenses in Minneapolis and 78 per cent in 
Saint Paul were paid for by brewery checks. Four hun- 
dred and twenty-eight saloon buildings were owned by 
them. 

They also found that the brewers supplied beer to blind 
pigs, maintained a fund to pay fines for them, and em- 
ployed men to defend them in court. There were 129 
convictions of blind pigs in 1909 and 104 in 1910. 

Three thousand twenty-two out of 7.080 saloons in Chi- 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 67 

cago maintain bedrooms for the use of their patrons. 
Six hundred thirty-three saloons operate restaurants, cafes, 
and cabarets; 1,811 have partitions, wine rooms, and 
stalls; 718 have^ dance rooms, and 63, "palm" gardens. 
Private entrances are provided by 2,594 saloons, while 
2,420 maintain electric pianos ; 89, bowling alleys, and 448, 
pool and billiard roorris. 

The breweries control 4,952, or 70 per cent, of the 
licensed saloons ; own 2,232, or 34 per cent, of the licenses, 
and own the fixtures in 4.689 saloons, or 67 per cent of 
the total number. There is a saloon to every 351 persons 
living in Chicago, and they employ 17,882 persons. 

Some of the most notorious dives in Chicago have been 
under the actual or practical supervision of the Anheuser- 
Busch Brewing Company. The "California Buffet," a 
place of unspeakable character on South Dearborn Street, 
long displayed the illuminated sign of that company, and 
the bonds of its keeper were frequently signed by em- 
ployees of the men who make Budweiser. 

In Milwaukee and Saint Louis, dominated respectively 
by Mr. Pabst and Mr. Busch, there is hardly a saloon 
which is not frequented by drunken, debauched, semibrutes. 

When Mr. Busch, in 1916, issued his statement that the 
beer interests were going to reform the liquor trade, 
federal Judge Landis was considering cases of several 
brewery agents. When he was told that the Anheuser- 
Busch Brewery association controls thirty-two saloons . in 
East Saint Louis Judge Landis said : "1 see that Mr. 
August A. Busch made a public statement bemoaning the 
fact that lawless saloon keepers have been responsible for 
anti-saloon sentiment. Here are thirty-two saloons con- 
fessedly managed by Mr. Busch's company and they have 
been steadfastly breakifig the law for at least ten years." 
Turning to the clerk, the judge said: "I want you to make 
a transcript of the cases I have tried in this court and 
send it by special delivery to Mr. Busch ; I think it will 
do him good." 

Some Liquor Opinions 

In view of the success of the brewers in "reforming" 
in Saint Paul, Minneapolis, Saint Louis, Milwaukee, and 
Chicago, where they control such a large proportion of 
the saloons, we do not wonder that National President 
Timothy McDonough, of the Liquor League of the United 
States, in an address before the State Convention of the 
Iowa Liquor Dealers' Association, May 23, 1911, said, 
"The resolutions of the brewers sound well, but they are 
ALL ROT." 

"Ever since the brewery became an American institu- 
tion," said Mida's Criterion of the Wine and Spirit In- 
terests in its issue for February 16, 1916, "the brewer has 
been the most self-important individual in the country. 
He has been able to take barley and hops in meager meas- 
ure and water in liberal measure and produce beer that 
has yielded him such enormous profits that he undoubtedly 
owns the greatest landed interests in America. He is the 
possessor of real estate valuable beyond the dreams of 
Croesus. The arrogance of the brewer has brought him 
to grief." 

In a vigorous denunciation of the brewers, President 
Neal Bonner, of the National Retail Liquor Dealers' Asso- 



68 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

ciation (1916). declared ''that they flagrantly defied law 
and order, encouraged violation of the law, furnished their 
product to persons who have no regard for decency, and 
are greedy to increase their output." 

In Collusion with Criminals 

The attitude of the brewers toward law and society 
in general was also made quite clear by President Samuel 
Dickie, of Albion College, Albion, Mich., at the time he 
was preparing for his debate with Mayor Rose, of Mil- 
waukee. Dr. Dickie suggested to friends in Illinois, 
Michigan, and Indiana that they write to the most widely 
known brewing firms of Milwaukee, frankly asking in 
what way they would cooperate in locating blind pigs 
in prohibition districts. One man wrote from the prohibi- 
tion town of Harrisburg, 111., to the Fred Miller Brewing 
Company, and got the following reply: 

"We should, of course, like to supply that district with 
our beer, and we can either arrange to supply you from 
Cairo, or we can make casks that have an appearance the 
same as a sugar barrel. . . . We could send our ad- 
vertising matter, also order postals, and we would inquire 
whether this arrangement would be satisfactory to you. 
. . . We have similar arrangements with a lot of our 
customers, and hope to hear from you covering this matter 
further by return mail." 

The Pabst Brewing Company, asked for similar trade 
from a "dry" county of Michigan, revealed their every- 
day attitude toward this sort of thing by eagerly encour- 
aging their supposed prospective customer and "thanking" 
him for his request. Similar inquiries brought similar 
responses from the Schlitz Brewing Company, from the 
Joseph Schultz Brewing Company, the Jung Brewing Com- 
pany, and the Gutsch Brewing Company, all beer firms of 
Wisconsin's metropolis. In fact, the replies, plainly be- 
traying the brewing companies' understanding of the sup- 
posed legal status of their prospective patrons, were in 
several cases in the form of printed circular letters, show- 
ing the backbone of the "blind pig" industry in prohibition 
States is. in reality, the big brewer in the license cities 
of near-by license States. 

The brewers are no more law-abiding in license territory. 

"Every time I arrest a man who is running a blind pig 
I find, when I get to court, that the representative of the 
brewery has been there before me. He threatens whatever 
judge is sitting there with political death if he doesn't 
'listen to reason,' " said Detective J. N. Flynn, of Chicago. 

And Mr. Robert J. Xorthold, an attorney of that city, 
stated that "the breweries are behind the Chicago blind 
pig men and fight tooth and nail to have them discharged 
when we have them arrested." 

His testimony was backed up by Lieutenant John Mc- 
Carthy, of the police. Lieutenant McCarthy asserted 
that "if it wasn't for the politicians and the influence of 
the breweries I would drive the blind pigs out of Rogers 
Park in four weeks." 

Corruption of Brewers 

In 1916 seventy-two brewing concerns and the United 
States Brewing Association itself were placed under one 
hundred and one indictments for conspiracy to violate 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 69 

the federal corrupt practices act. Facts brought out by 
the Grancl Jury investigation in Pittsburgh indicated that 
$3,500,000 were paid in that State alone to perpetuate the 
partnership between the brewers and politics. 

The stock answer given to all queries put by the federal 
district attorney and the Grand Jury to these brewers and 
officers of the United States Brewing Association was : 

"I decline to answer on the ground that my answer may 
tend to incriminate me : and as one of the persons accused 
in this proceeding, I insist upon my constitutional privilege, 
which protects me against being compelled to testify against 
myself." 

Some of the men giving this answer were : 

Edward A. Schmidt, brewer; John Gardiner, President Pennsyl- 
vania State Brewers' Association; Gustav W. Lembeck, Treasurer of 
the United States Brewers' Association; Hugh F. Fox, Secretary of 
the United States Brewers' Association; Charles F. Ettla, A. YY. 
Brockmeyer, James P. Mulvihill, John J. McDermott, George J. 
Thompson, Edw. Heuer and Neil Bonner, all brewers, officers of 
anti-prohibition organizations, retailers or having similar connections. 

The investigation which preceded the indictments showed 
contributions of nearly $400,000 for use in one election ! 

The Philadelphia North American says, "This is the 
first time a great industry has acknowledged, thru its 
leading representatives, that its routine activities are of 
such a nature that to explain or even discuss them would 
be incriminating." 

Refs. — See Beer and all references under that head. Also see 
Immigration. 

BREWING— The art of brewing is one of the oldest 
arts of which we have any knowledge. Brewing was 
known and practiced by the Egyptians, perhaps one thou- 
sand years before the beginning of the Christian era. It 
was practiced by the Greeks, Romans, and ancient Gauls. 
Herodotus, B. C. 450, tells us how Egyptians made wine 
from grain. Pliny repeats the same statement and many 
others of those early writers refer to it. Tacitus states 
in the first century A. D. that it was the usual beverage 
among the Germans, and, further, the art of malting and 
brewing was probably introduced into Great Britain by 
the Romans. Even the Kaffirs, a race in Africa, make beer 
from millet seed. As early as the twelfth century beer 
was used in England and was especially prepared from 
malt made by the monks. The convent at Burton on 
Trent became celebrated at a very early date for the 
quality of its ale, which was attributed to the special 
quality of the water. As early as 1585 there were twenty- 
six breweries in London, with an output of 650,000 barrels 
per annum. It is interesting to note that New York city 
produces ten times that quantity, and the entire United 
States produces one hundred times that quantity. The 
term "ale" was used in England before the introduction 
of hops and probably came from the Scandinavians. The 
use of hops was derived from Germany and the name 
"beer" was first applied to malt liquor containing hops. 

Dr. Chandler, in speaking before the United States 
Master Brewers' Association, said that when hops was 
first introduced into England, in 1649, the people petitioned 
the king against its use, saying that it was a "wicked 
weed" which would spoil the drink and endanger the lives 
of the people. The English made a mistake common to 



70 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

the present generation, which frequently attributes the 
evil of the saloon to tables, or chairs, or music, or screens 
whereas the real evil in beer is spelled "alcohol." 

BRIBERY— See Lawlessness; and Brewers. 

BRITISH SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF IN- 
EBRIETY— An organization established in 1884. The 
president is Sir William J. Collins and the honorable secre- 
tary, Dr. T. N. Kelynack. Dr. Norman Kerr, Professor Sims 
Woodhead, Dr. W. McAdam Eccles, and many others with 
whose names American students of the liquor problem are 
thoroly familiar are numbered among its membership, 
which includes a very large company of British medical 
men and women of equal distinction. The Society has 
many honorary members and is especially distinguished 
for its excellent publication, The British Journal of In- 
ebriety. Communications are addressed to 139 Harley 
Street, W., London. 

BRYAN, WILLIAM JENNINGS— In 1916 Mr. Bryan 
declared his opinion that the Democratic Party in 1920 
should include a prohibition plank in its platform. 

Mr. Bryan's action in refusing to serve his guests with 
liquor and proffering instead grape juice was the logical 
culmination of a life of total abstinence and temperance 
advocacy. Long ago he said : "A saloon is a nuisance. Its 
influence for evil cannot be confined to the building in 
which it is conducted any more than can the odors of a 
slaughter house be confined to the block in which it is 
located." 

BULGARIA— See Balkan Countries. 

BUSINESS — (For the effect of prohibition upon busi- 
ness, see State Prohibition, Local Prohibition. Kansas, 
West Virginia. North Carolina, and North Dakota. For 
the relation of the liquor industry to workmen, see Labor; 
and for its relation to the producer of raw materials, see 
Farmer. For the effect of alcohol upon industrial effi- 
ciency and the changing attitude of great business organi- 
zations toward drinking, see Industry. See also Objec- 
tions to Prohibition.) 

CALIFORNIA— This State has 157 dry and 113 wet 
supervisoral districts. No territory was lost to the drys 
in 1916 and one wet town went no-license. Two years 
ago the State gave 169,145 majority against prohibition. 
On November 7, 1916, it defeated prohibition by only 
101,561, with 44.744 against a measure which would have 
closed all public drinking places and all liquor selling 
establishments except factories. Ten southern counties 
which went wet in 1914 by 3.000. gave 48.000 dry majority 
in 1916. The State, outside of San Francisco, gave a 
majority of 30,000 against sale or service of liquor in 
public places. 

CANADA — The entire Dominion has voted for prohibi- 
tion except Yukon and 16 per cent of Quebec. 

Mrs. Sarah Rowell Wright. President of the Dominion's 
W. C. T. U., furnishes the following survey of die situa- 
tion in Canada at the present time : 

Nova Scotia has been dry, except for the city of Hali- 
fax, for some years. On February 18, 1916, a bill was 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 71 

introduced in her Legislature to make the entire province 
dry, and it passed with only three dissenting votes. The 
bill wenfinto effect July 1, 1916. 

New Brunswick, with ten of her fourteen counties and 
two of her cities already dry, will be entirely under prohi- 
bition on May 1, 1917. 

Prince Edward Island has been under prohibition for 
a considerable time. 

Quebec. Of 1,185 municipalities, 975 are dry and prov- 
ince-wide prohibition is a certainty of the near future. 

Ontario. On September 16, 1916, a prohibitory law 
went into effect, having been approved by the Legislature 
without a dissenting vote. 

Manitoba under prohibition May 31, 1916. 

Saskatchewan. On July 1, 191 5, all bars in the province 
were closed as a war measure. 

Alberta under prohibition July 1, 1916. The law en- 
acted by an overwhelming vote. 

British Columbia. Prohibition carried in September, 
1916, by a substantial majority. 

Newfoundland voted for prohibition by 24,965 to 5,348. 

Yukon failed to prohibit the liquor traffic by a margin 
of only three votes. Only hotel bars are permitted. 

Charles Phelps Cushing, writing in the Philadelphia 
Public Ledger, declares that in an eight-thousand-mile 
journey thru Canada he only met a half dozen people 
who opposed prohibition, and these seemed to be persons 
who were financially interested in the liquor trade. 

In Canada, prohibition has had results similar to those 
in the United States. For instance, in Toronto, which 
was under license in 1915 and under prohibition in 1916, 
arrests for drunkenness during the two weeks ending 
September 30, 1915, were 457, and during the correspond- 
ing period in 1916 the number of arrests was 88. The 
arrests for all offenses were respectively 1,665 and 742. 

A Dominion-wide prohibition campaign is now under 
way. Parliament will be asked to pass a war measure 
prohibiting the manufacture or importation of liquor, 
with a referendum after the war to make the prohibition 
permanent. 

A striking result of prohibition in Canada has been the 
splendid behavior of the soldiers, who, whenever they 
have had the chance, have approved the policy by ma- 
jorities greater than those given by the civilian population. 

CAPITAL — The amount of capital tied up in the pro- 
duction of alcoholic liquors, according to the last avail- 
able census returns, was $771,516,000. The investment has 
grown in the past sixty years from about $10,000,000. 
The next census will probably show a distinct decrease 
in the amount of capital invested, but in the decade ending 
1910 there had been an increase of 68.5. per cent. The 
following table from a bulletin of the United States Cen- 
sus shews the development of the liquor manufacturing 
industry during the past sixty years : 



Census 


Spirits 


Malt Liquors 


Wines 


Total 


1850 


$5,409,334 


$4,072,380 


$ 


$9,481,714 


i860 


12,445,675 


15,782,342 


306,300 


28,534,317 


1870 


15,545,116 


48,779,435 


2,334,394 


66,658,945 


1880 


24,247,595 


91,208,224 


2,581,910 


118,037,729 


1890 


31,006,178 


232,471,290 


5,792,783 


269,270,251 


1900 


32,551,604 


415,284,468 


9,838,015 


457,674,087 


1910 


72,450,000 


671,158,000 


27,908,000 


771,516,000 



72 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

The capital involved is distributed as follows : 

Total capital of the distilled liquor traffic of the United 

States $72,450,000 

Total capital of the malt or fermented liquor traffic 

(beer) 671,158,000 

Total capital of the vinous liquor traffic 27,908,000 

Total capital invested in liquor traffic $771,516,000 

Refs. — See References under Business. 

CAPITAL PUNISHMENT— One of the most notori- 
ous defects in our civilization is the utter inadequacy of 
our criminal law and its administration to prevent murder. 
We have in single States more murders annually than in 
Great Britain. Our laws are so loose that any shrewd 
criminal with money can escape, and the administration 
is so loose, that hardly any criminal is afraid of the law. 
One murderer gets more maudlin sympathy than all the 
murdered victims of the State combined, and a noted 
judge was compelled to say, "The taking of life after due 
process of law as a penalty for murder seems to be the 
only form of taking life to which the average American 
has any objection." And with murders increasing there 
is an organized movement against capital punishment, 
even for rapists and murderers! Of course these senti- 
mentalists quote the Bible, and wherein does their fallacy 
lie? Where all fallacies lie, from the conclusion drawn 
from a statement of fact. False conclusions drawn from 
the facts of nature are the source of erroneous views 
of nature; and false conclusions drawn from the state- 
ments of Revelation are the basis of religious errors. 

The Legislature of Michigan abolished capital punish- 
ment from a conclusion drawn from the statement that 
"God protected Cain after the murder of his brother 
Abel." He put his mark on Cain, "lest anyone finding 
him should slay him." From this statement they con- 
cluded that God was opposed to capital punishment ; and 
after an incalculable amount of evil and the sacrifice of 
many innocent lives it was seen to be false. No civil 
government was then in existence, where life could be 
taken by process of law ; and it was individual retribution 
or mob violence that was forbidden. But as soon as 
government was established and law published, the crim- 
inals were turned over to the legal authority, and the 
mandate issued, "Whoso sheddeth man's blood, by men 
shall his blood be shed." 

A study of the thirteenth chapter of Romans, where the 
purpose of law is shown to be "a terror to evildoers and 
a praise to them that do well," and the administrator of 
law is made an avenger of wrath upon evildoers "and 
beareth not the sword in vain," will show the basis for 
civil government, and indicate its right even to take life 
for the public good. But, have criminals who do out- 
rageous things any rights which overbalance the instincts 
of manhood? Let the apostle to the Gentiles answer, 
"They which commit such things are worthy of death" 
(Rom. 1. 32). 

We think a careful investigation will show that wher- 
ever the death penalty for murder is not enforced, mur- 
ders will multiply. In these temperance campaigns embar- 
rassing statistics have been presented to the Drys about 
the number of murders in Kansas over Nebraska, a wet 
State. There is only one reason that there were more 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 73 

murders in the dry State than in the wet, and that is that 
there was> no death penalty for any crime in Kansas ; 
and its penitentiaries are populated with murderers who 
came across the State lines to commit their deeds and 
waited their opportunity to entice their victims where it 
was safe to kill them, and where for such deeds they were 
boarded at public expense in as palatial quarters as they 
ever expected to live in, with a guarantee of it for the 
balance of their life, and a possibility that some governor 
might pardon them at any time. Imprisonment has never 
been a deterrent from murder sufficiently strong to influ- 
ence the minds of the class of men that do these things. 

C. T. W. 

CATCH-MY-PAL-MOVEMENT— An Irish total 
Abstinence movement which has had singular success. 

CATHOLIC CHURCH— See Catholic Temperance 
Societies. 

CATHOLIC TEMPERANCE SOCIETIES— The 

Catholic Church has not been generally considered by 
Protestants to be an asset of the temperance movement. 
Everybody remembers what happened to the boy who was 
trying to make plain to his companions that nearly every 
saloon keeper is a Catholic, and adopted the demonstra- 
tion method of sticking his head in the first saloon and 
yelling, "To hell with the pope!" But the Catholic Total 
Abstinence Union is rapidly growing in strength and 
prestige and many Catholics are earnestly working for its 
advancement. On August 4, 5, 1914,'a Catholic Prohibi- 
tion League was organized at Niagara Falls, N. Y. 

Some utterances by leading Catholics against the liquor 
evil are : 

Let pastors do their best to drive the plague of intemperance from 
the fold of Christ by assiduous preaching and exhortation, and to 
shine before all as models of abstinence, that so many calamities 
with which this vice threatens both church and state may, by their 
strenuous endeavors, be averted. — Letter dated Rome, March 2-], 
1887, to Archbishop Ireland. 

As to the right of the State to prohibit, there can be no ques- 
tion, since the right to suppress crime involves the right to suppress 
its chief cause. Suppression of the manufacture and sale of alco- 
holic beverages is the only adequate remedy. — Bishop Spaulding, 
Peoria, 111. 

Archbishop Ireland would wipe out the accursed traffic. 

Would God place in my hand a wand with which to dispel the 
evil of intemperance, I would strike the door of every saloon, of 
every distillery, of every brewery, until the accursed traffic should be 
wiped from the face of the earth. — Catholics and Prohibition Quar- 
terly. 

Cardinal Manning says liquor is the antagonist of the 
Holy Ghost : * 

For thirty years I have been priest and Bishop in London, and 
now approach my eightieth year. I have learned some lessons, and 
the first thing is this. The chief bai; to the working of the Holy 
Spirit of God in the souls of men and women is intoxicating 
drink. I know no antagonist to the Holy Spirit more direct, more 
subtle, more stealthy, more ubiquitous than intoxicating drink. — 
Catholics and Prohibition Quarterly. 

Cardinal Manning, addressing the English lawmakers, 
said : 

It is mere mockery to ask us to put down drunkenness by moral 
and religious means when the Legislature facilitates the multiplica- 
tion of the incitements to intemperance on every hand. You might 
as well call on me, as captain of a sinking ship, and say, "Why 



74 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

don't you pump the water out?" when you are scuttling the ship in 
every direction. 

Father Doyle, well known thruout this country and 
Canada, says, 

Of all the evils that have cursed mankind, crushed woman's 
heart, sent youth to destruction, driven virtue to the haunts of shame, 
and paved the pathway to hell, there is nothing that can compare 
with the evil of intoxicating drink. And should this evil not be 
prohibited? 

Father Mathew, the "temperance apostle," labored for 
twenty years for abstinence, then said, 

The principle of prohibition seems to me to be the only safe and 
certain remedy for the evils of intemperance. 

Archbishop Ireland said. 

We have seen that there is no hope of improving in any shape or 
form the liquor traffic, there is nothing now to be done, hut to wipe 
it out completely. 

Archbishop Keane said : 

If I could cause the earth to open and swallow every saloon in 
the world, I would feel that I was doing humanity a blessing. We 
must set our face against it with the positive determination to 
conquer it. 

Archbishop Spaulding said, 

After all that may be said of the inoperativeness of prohibitory 
legislation, it remains true that nothing else so effectually sup- 
presses drunkenness and the crimes of which it is the source. 

The bishops and archbishops of Canada have in council 
declared outright for prohibition. 

American bishops and archbishops have said in national 
council, "We exhort pastors, and we implore them for the 
love of Jesus Christ to devote all their energies to the 
extirpation of the vice of intemperance." And again: "Let 
priests never cease to cry out boldly against drunkenness 
and whatever leads to it." 

A few years ago Mr. C. C. Copeland, of Illinois, wrote 
the pope of Rome as to whether it was right for him as a 
Catholic to vote for prohibition. He received the answer 
that if in his opinion prohibition was the remedy for the 
evil, it was not only his right but his duty to vote for 
prohibition. 

CELL LIFE — Alcohol is a deadly enemy to the unit 
of animal life. The amoeba, that beautiful unicellular 
animal, is profoundly affected by even small doses of 
alcohol, actually by one drop of alcohol in one thousand 
drops of normal saline solution, the fluid in which it is 
best at home. By alcohol it is irritated, "stimulated," if 
you like, just at first, but quickly numbed, then paralyzed, 
and finally killed. 

The white blood cell is practically an amoeba. Alcohol 
taken into the stomach is rapidly absorbed thru the mucous 
membrane into the blood vessels. There it comes into 
contact with the white corpuscles of the blood, and they 
likewise are irritated, numbed, paralyzed, and even killed. 
Thus these cells, which should be alert, discriminating, 
and efficient, like any well-trained constable, become lazy, 
inert, and altogether inefficient, when any undesirables in 
the shape of bacteria cause "riot in the veins." 

Refs— See Health Defenders of the Body. 

CENTRAL AMERICA— The manufacture of spirits 
is to a large extent a government monopoly in Central 






PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 75 

America. Only San Salvador prohibits minors from en- 
tering saloons or being served with liquors. 

CHAMPAGNE — An effervescent wine containing about 
twelve per cent of alcohol. It gets its name from the prov- 
ince of Champagne, France. 

The effervescent quality of the wine is due to the pres- 
ence of carbonic acid gas. Champagne is made by bottling 
the wine before the second fermentation is completed. 
The gas in the bottle is retained by careful sealing. The 
word "dry," used in qualifying champagne, means the 
absence of any great amount of sugar or acid. 

CHARITY— Mr. W. H. Gibbens, parole officer of the 
Board of Public Welfare in Kansas City, in order to make 
clear the connection of drink with the demands upon 
charity, gives the details of one Tuesday when he started 
out to investigate eleven complaints and when he had 
finished with them he found that the whole eleven were 
caused by drink. 

The first case was that of a woman with four small 
children and a son twenty years old. Her husband came 
home drunk and blacked her eyes and went away. Late 
the same night her oldest son came home drunk and 
threatened to kick her outdoors. Then she complained to 
the board. 

The second case was that of a widow with a son twenty- 
two years old who was fired from his job because he was 
drunk. He came home and threatened to "whip" his 
mother. 

Case No. 3 — A mother and five children, all destitute 
because the husband, a carpenter, has been drunk for two 
months and is loitering on the Kansas side to avoid arrest. 

Case No. 4 — A sick mother and small baby deserted by 
a drunken husband. 

Case No. 5 — A poor woman ; her husband, a brick 
mason, got drunk two weeks ago, quit work and has not 
been heard from since. 

Case No. 6 — A railroad man, drawing $150 a month 
wages, had not brought a dollar home in six weeks, had 
spent it all in saloons. His wife and children were desti- 
tute. 

Case No. 7 — The only son of a widow quit his job be- 
cause of drink. He came home drunk and demanded 
money. There was none in the house. While there his 
married sister came to visit her sick mother. The drunken 
brother forced a signet ring from her finger, lacerating 
the flesh, and went out and pawned it to get money for 
more whisky. 

And so on. "Ninety per cent of all the cases of poverty, 
misery, and abuse that I investigate are caused by booze," 
says Officer Gibbens in his report, and he adds, "Of 
course, I will lose my job if the saloon is abolished, be- 
cause there will be no work for me to do, but I am in 
favor of abolishing it." 

See Arrests for Drunkenness; Child Welfare; Crime; Diseases 
Caused; Health; Juvenile Delinquency; Pauperism; and references 
under Light Drinks. 

CHESTERFIELD, LORD— In speaking against the 
Gin Act before the House of Lords, February 21, 1743, 



76 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

Lord Chesterfield assailed the principle of license in the 
following brilliant indictment : 

"To pretend, my lords, that the design of this bill is to 
prevent or diminish the use of spirits, is to trample upon 
common sense, and to violate the rules of decency as well 
as of reason. For when did any man ever hear that a 
commodity was prohibited by licensing its sale, or that 
to offer and refuse is the same action?" 

It was this broad-minded statesman of two centuries 
ago that pointed out how the license policy would give 
the liquor traffic the tremendous backing of the govern- 
ment, blight the people, and be an obstruction to all tem- 
perance progress : 

"Surely it never before was conceived by any man in- 
trusted with the administration of public affairs, to raise 
taxes by the destruction of the people. For there is no 
doubt but those on whom the inventors of this tax shall 
confer authority will be directed to assist their masters 
in their design to encourage the consumption of that 
liquor from which such large revenues are expected, and 
to multiply without end those licenses which are to pay a 
yearly tribute to the Crown. 

"When I consider, my lords, the tendency of this bill, 
I find it calculated only for the propagation of disease, 
the suppression of industry, and the destruction of man- 
kind. I find it the most fatal engine that ever was pointed 
at a people — an engine by which those that are not killed 
will be disabled, and those who preserve their limbs will 
be deprived of their senses." 

CHILD WELFARE— There are 29,499,136 children 
under fifteen years of age in America. It is a favorite 
argument with the liquor interests to say that prohibition 
deals with the American people as if they were children. 
Xearly 30,000,000 Americans are children, and 60,000,000 
of them are minors, and it is a well established fact that 
the liquor traffic, in spite of every effort of government 
to protect the nation's child life, pursues these millions 
of children and minors with relentless purpose. 

The effect of the liquor traffic upon child welfare is 
imposed thru heredity, nursing, environment, and direct 
temptation. 

It is an astounding fact that government, which will 
not permit brewery slops to be sold to cows because it 
produces "swill milk." does nothing to combat the super- 
stition that the milk of the mother is not harmfully 
affected by beers, ales, and porters. "Such milk is 
deficient in the tissue-building constituent that is so essen- 
tial to building strong vitality," says Dr. Ira S. Wile, one 
of the editors of the Medical Review of Rcvicics. 

Among the booklets circulated at the Brewers' Congress 
in Chicago and now being widely circulated was one, 
entitled, "A Genial Philosopher," which glorifies in con- 
versational form the "food and tonic properties of beer." 

"Have I ever told you," remarks the "philosopher," "how 
my wife started beer-drinking up at our house? She 
and the new baby hadn't been in the best of health. In fact, 
we were all more or less run down. The little woman 
became imbued with the idea that we must have bottled 
beer and drink it with our meals." "And baby, too ?" 
queried Huston. "Well, obviously the boy would partici- 
pate in its benefits," replied Morgan. 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 77 

By its* effect upon the ability of the parent to furnish 
proper housing, clothing, and food the liquor trade is 
doing more than anything else to produce half-made men. 

But the element of direct temptation is a most impor- 
tant feature of the problem. 

The writer holds in his hand an advertisement of the 
Hennepin Brewing Company, the Moorhead (Minn.) 
branch. It is illustrated. The final picture, which is of 
a man, his wife, and a little boy, all drinking beer, has 
under it this verse : 

"And now, dear reader, you see, 
There is a new branch on the Brau family tree, 

If you want to know why, 

This kid is so spry, 
Just order some Brau and you will see." 

An investigation of 259 alcoholized patients at Bellevue 
Hospital, in New York city, showed 6.5 per cent began 
to drink at from one to twelve years of age, 23 per cent 
began to drink from twelve to sixteen years, 39 per cent 
began from sixteen to twenty-one years. Only 31.5 per 
cent began the habit after they were of age. 

An investigation conducted by Mrs. L. A. Rufe, a social 
worker widely known in northwestern Philadelphia, re- 
vealed the fact that out of a total of 18,503 school children 
who were pupils in twenty-three public schools of Phila- 
delphia, 4,438, or nearly one fourth, admitted that they 
drank beer. Mrs. Rufe declares that she has reason to 
believe that the proportion is really much larger. 

Mr. Wayne B. Wheeler, a prominent Ohio attorney and 
superintendent of the Anti-Saloon League of that State, 
has furnished the Methodist Board of Temperance with 
a review of the proofs that the following statement is in 
accordance with the facts : 

State of Ohio, Ross County, ss: 

Personally appeared before me, Wilbur G. Hyde, notary public 
in and for Ross County, one Robert Wallace, who being duly sworn 
according to law, deposes and says: 

That on or about the 14th day of February, in the year 1874, 
he was present in Wirthwein's Hall, Columbus, Ohio, at a meeting 
where representatives of the liquor dealers were present discussing 
their plans. 

At that meeting one of the representatives of the liquor interests 
spoke on matters of interest to the saloon business with substantially 
these words: 

"The success of our business is dependent largely upon the 
creation of appetite for drink. Men who drink liquor, like others, 
will die, and if there is no new appetite created our counters will 
be empty as well as our coffers. Our children will go hungry or 
we must change our business to that of some other more remunera- 
tive. 

"The open field for the creation of appetite is among the boys. 
After men have grown and their habits are formed, they rarely 
ever change in this regard, and I make the suggestion, gentlemen, 
that nickels expended in treats to the boys now will return in 
dollars to your tills after the appetite has been formed." 

Affiant further says that he made a record of the statement in his 
notebook at the time. Further deponent saith not. 

(Signed) Rf H. Wallace. 

Sworn to before me and subscribed in my presence this 16th day 
of December, A. D. 1907. 

Wilbur G. Hyde, 
Notary Public in and for Ross County. 

An attack upon the statement by the liquor interests is 
made on the assertion that no such convention was held 
in Wirthwein Hall. It appears that Wirthwein Hall was 
either not erected or was torn down before this conven- 
tion was held, The explanation is that Mr. Wallace made 



78 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

this affidavit while very ill. When he came to the point 
of naming the hall in which he heard these utterances, he 
stated that he could not recall the name, but when "YVirth- 
wein" was mentioned as being a place where liquor con- 
ventions were usually held, he thought that he recalled 
that such was the proper name. The rest of the affidavit 
was made from notes made at the time when Mr. Wallace 
heard the statement. 

Whether this advice was given or not, and there seems 
strong reason to believe it was, the liquor trade acts upon 
it. In addition to the well-known tendency of the liquor 
trade to promote drinking by women, by families in the 
home, etc., the Board of Temperance has a picture of a 
nursing bottle containing whisky which was distributed 
by a saloon keeper at Troy, Ohio, and which was taken 
from one of the school boys in June, 1904. The bottle 
originally contained about one ounce of whisky. The boys 
had consumed about half of it, and the other half re- 
mained in the bottle when it was taken away from the 
boy by his school teacher. The bottle was contained in 
a small box, which has on it, "Funkhauser. Saloon Keeper, 
South-East Corner Public Square, Troy, Ohio." 

These bottles were circulated among the boys in the 
school, and the one in question was taken from the son 
of a prominent church worker. The bottle is three inches 
in height and one and three fourths inches across. On 
its front face there is a three-cornered star, blown in the 
glass, inclosing the initials "M. O." A rubber tube has a 
turned bone nipple at the upper end and a glass extension 
tube at the lower end, which reacHes to the bottom of the 
bottle so that all the whisky can be sucked out. It is 
manifest from the bottle that it has been turned out by 
some factory in large quantities for the purpose for which 
it has been used. 

More "missionary work" of the same sort was brought 
to light in Cincinnati, Ohio. In February, 1906, a bottle 
of whisky was taken from a small boy on Fourth Street. 

Before Oregon voted for prohibition, a collection was 
made of sixteen queerly shaped bottles, taken from school 
children in Portland, and filled with sweetened wine or 
sweetened whisky. 

A ruler marked "12 inches of good stuff" was taken 
from a primary child by its teacher. The teacher's sus- 
picions were aroused by the "dopey" actions of the child, 
who was made drunk by drinking only one quarter of the 
liquor contained in the long glass funnel inside of the 
hollow ruler. 

A bottle in the shape of a hand was given by a saloon 
keeper to a boy who was peddling papers. One bottle 
was in the form of a child's doll and was taken from a 
little girl. 

Brewers Poison the Children 

The brewers are not only strenuously endeavoring to 
extend the consumption of liquor by children through the 
extension of the bottling trade and the institution of 
places "where a man may take his wife and babies," but 
they are doing everything possible to capture recreation 
centers. An investigation of 241 Chicago dance halls 
showed 190 of them adjoining or controlled by saloons, 
and children buying liquor in 146. Liquor was sold in 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 79 

88 per cent of these places, and many dance halls allow 
five minutes for dancing and twenty minutes for drinking. 
These statements were on display at the Child Welfare 
Exhibit in Chicago in 191 1. 

It is estimated that 3,500 babies die in Chicago each 
year from "preventable" causes, and what proportion of 
these preventable deaths is due to liquor may be judged 
from the fact that Mr George R Sims, who found in 
England an infant mortality of 123,000, and 475,ooo cruelly 
neglected children in a single year, said: "We can leave 
poverty and environment and the housing question out of 
the argument. We have to recognize the dominant fact 
that where children are cruelly neglected there is, in 
ninety per cent of the cases, a history of habitual intem- 
perance in one or both parents." 

The church is faced with the vital necessity of over- 
throwing the liquor traffic to prepare the way for con- 
structive work among certain classes of our young people. 
Of 370,000 young people of school age in Chicago, only 
120,746 attend Sabbath school. The remainder are either 
kept from the Sabbath schools by the saloons, saloon- 
controlled recreation centers, or by the irreligious atmos- 
phere inevitable to saloon conditions. 

Statistics based on an investigation of 5,184 children 
by the Committee of Fifty, in 1899, showed that 45.8 per 
cent of childhood's burdens are caused by abuse or neglect 
traceable to intemperance in parents or guardians. Of 
every dollar given to relieve neglected or destitute chil- 
dren, forty-six cents goes to care for the results of drink. 

The Committee^ on Hygiene and Safety for the De- 
partment of the Seine, in France, attributes a very large 
per cent of congenital debility in children to alcoholism 
in parents, but this properly belongs to Heredity, which 
please see in this connection. 

A great deal is said by the liquor interests in regard to 
the prevalence of child labor in prohibition States. A 
great many of these States are now in a time of transition 
from an agricultural to an industrial social organization. 
Child labor is always a by-product of such a period of 
transition, because of the absence of laws to deal with 
industrial problems and because the interest of the people 
is not yet aroused by a universal prevalence of such prob- 
lems. It may be said, however, that these prohibition 
States so criticized, most of which are in the South, have 
probably done more to deal with the problem of child 
labor since the time when that problem first forced itself 
upon the attention of the people than any other States 
ever did during a similar period. 

Mr. John F. Cunneen, the eminent labor leader, says : 

"Wet orators and writers devote considerable time to 
denouncing child labor conditions in the Southern prohibi- 
tion States. We have no apology for child labor any- 
where. From the way the wets talk some people may get 
the impression that child labor exists only in the Southern 
States which have espoused prohibition. We call atten- 
tion of the wets to the following facts given in United 
States Census of Manufactures for 1910: 

"In Georgia there were employed 6,041 children under 
sixteen years of age, but in wet Pennsylvania there were 
employed 29,107 children under sixteen years of age. In 
dry Mississippi there were employed 1,058 children under 



80 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

sixteen, but in wet Massachusetts there were employed 
21,488 children under sixteen. In wet Maryland there 
were 6,548, in wet Rhode Island 4.625. The wets ought 
to look at the wet States for child labor conditions. 

"The same United States Census report tells us that in 
Maine there were only 1,387 children employed in manu- 
facturing industries who were under sixteen years of age. 
In North Dakota only fifty-seven, Kansas 235, Oklahoma 
only 123. In the eight prohibition States of Georgia, Kan- 
sas, Maine, Mississippi, North Carolina, North Dakota, 
Oklahoma, and Tennessee there were employed 25.044 
children under sixteen years of age in manufacturing 
industries, while in the one wet State of Pennsylvania 
there were employed 29.107 or 4,063 more than in all the 
eight prohibition States." 

In a letter to the Board of Temperance. Mr. Owen R. 
Lovejoy, of the National Child Labor Committee, said, 
"I am sure that a large percentage of child labor is due 
to the intemperance of parents." 

It cannot be denied that the very backbone of the move- 
ment against child labor is found in that element of the 
population which has been consistently opposed to the 
liquor traffic. The old American stock, which is prohibi- 
tion to the heart, has never failed to respond to the bitter 
cry of the children. 

Nathaniel Morton, in his New England Memorial, 
assigned as one of the reasons why the Pilgrims left the 
Old World for the New, this: 

That many of their children, through the extreme necessity tiiat 
was upon them, altlio of the best dispositions and graciously in- 
clined, and willing to bear part of their parents' burdens, were 
oftentimes so oppressed with their heavy labors, that altho their 
spirits were free and willing, yet their bodies bowed under the 
weight of the same and became decrepit in their early youth, and 
the vigor of nature was consumed in the very bud. 

The descendants of the men who landed on Plymouth 
Rock will never be content until "they are dead that seek 
the young child's life," no matter whether the seeker be 
a greed-driven trade in alcoholic liquors or a profit-hungry 
capitalism. 

Dr. Goriatchkine, a Russian physician connected with 
Saint Olga's Hospital, Moscow, has made special study 
of alcoholism among children. He says the seeds of 
drunkenness are frequently sown in the first year of a 
child's life, and that this is too often the fault of physi- 
cians who prescribe various forms of alcohol to stimulate 
the appetite or for other objects. He says further: "The 
utility of alcohol is not demonstrated. In prescribing 
alcohol the habit may be formed, the need of an excitant 
may be felt, and in predisposed children, the issue of alco- 
holic parents, the alcoholic predisposition may often be 
awakened. The administration of alcohol in chronic 
troubles of nutrition to 'give strength' to the child, appears 
to be not only useless but even dangerous on account of 
the need which it creates. And, indeed, there is no known 
authentic case in which alcohol has rendered real service. 
The fact that for the past six years alcohol has been used 
only in cases of extreme urgence at Saint Olga's Hospital 
is a proof of the manner in which one may omit it in 
medicine." 

Refs. — See Advertising of Liquors; Appetite; Charity; Heredity; 
Schools; Women. 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 81 

CHINA-— The use of alcohol in China is not exten- 
sive, but trade methods of the brewers are rapidly fixing 
drinking customs upon that country. They call beer "the 
Jesus poison." There are at the present time two large 
breweries in China, and the outbreak of the war prevented 
the erection of a third. 

The use of opium has been largely wiped out by drastic 
governmental measures, and complete victory over this 
curse has only been prevented by the atrocious bullying 
of Christian nations. 

CHRISTIAN NATION? IS THIS A— Just as truly 
as God raised up the Hebrew people to give the world 
the true religion, and the Grecian to give us art, literature, 
and an adequate language for the expression of gospel 
thought, and the Roman people to teach the nations gov- 
ernment and law, so surely has the American nation a 
mission among the peoples of the earth. We are a free 
country with no king but Jesus, and no state church but 
the religion of the Bible, and no other dependence but 
the God of all. And if ever a nation was blessed with 
providential guidance, ours has been that land. 

When Columbus was two thirds way across the ocean 
the prows of his vessels were pointed for the Delaware 
Bay, but a flock of birds were seen going to the southwest 
and his men persuaded the admiral to change the course 
of his ships and so he landed on a small island of the 
West Indies. 

The secularist closes his eyes to all but a flight of birds, 
but the Christian opens his, and sees the hand of God 
directing that if Spanish misrule is to curse any part of 
this hemisphere, it should be confined to the southern 
islands and that this North American continent should be 
saved to become the base for the greatest continuous 
empire of mankind, and the cradle for a multiplying na- 
tion of English-speaking Protestants. 

John Richard Green, the greatest historian of the Eng- 
lish people, recounts the popularity and power of John 
Wesley's preaching, describes the number of his societies, 
and his marvelous system of church government, and then 
says, "He re-created England; But for the new life created 
by the Wesleyan revival, Pitt could never have come into 
power in the British government, as there would have 
been nothing on which he could stand." 

He then shows that Pitt in one decade, by the sword of 
Wolf, drove the French beyond the Saint Lawrence and 
made this great Protestant English-speaking people pos- 
sible. In the same decade he drove the French out of the 
Indies and secured that empire of three hundred millions 
for Protestant Christianity. He rescued Frederick the 
Great from the French and the Spaniards and so pre- 
served the great German nation. These three greatest 
Protestant nations on earth sprang, through God's provi- 
dence, from the evangelical fervor created by one man 
raised up in the nick of time. 

All the religious convulsions that shook Europe during 
the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries had to have an 
outlet ; and America had been found, and every language 
used in religious controversies abroad established a colony 
here. Every one of the thirteen colonies that formed this 
union had a distinctly religious basis. They came here 



82 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

and worshiped God according to the dictates of their own 
consciences. 

They believed in the individual responsibility of the 
free will. They had few books, but they knew their 
Bibles. This was the lawbook, the book of ethics, of 
etiquette, of profound study, the treasury from which they 
drew the very words, and to find men who knew their 
Bibles from cover to cover by heart was not a difficult 
thing to do in several of the colonies. 

Is it any wonder that they formed the freest, most 
moral, and most prosperous Christian nation of the world? 
They did not write the name of God in the constitution, 
nor organize a state church. But believing that Christ's 
kingdom is not of this world, they took all trammels off 
his religion and gave it free access to all hearts, homes, 
schools, courts, legislatures, and enthroned it in the senti- 
ments of men. And when a Washington takes the oath 
of office, when any witness steps upon the stand, when a 
judge promises to mete out justice, it is upon that Book 
whose teaching has made us, calling upon that God whose 
we are and whom we serve. And not only the weekly 
observance of the Lord's Day, the celebration of all the 
holy days of Christ, the annual observance of Thanksgiv- 
ing, and prayer in time of distress, the sentiment on the 
very dollar with which we pay our debts, "In God we 
trust" are Christian ; but, when our fathers formed the 
federal government, they copied every principle and 
modeled every plan from the ancient government when 
God alone was King and Moses wrote his will in death- 
less enactments, constitutional and statutory, for ancient 
Israel. That analogy is worthy of our patriotic attention. 

A Wonderful Parallel 

Clement says in distinct terms that Plato got the ideas 
of his "Republic" from Moses, and shows the correspond- 
ence between the two. In both God was King and virtue 
is the chief requirement, and that men should be brothers. 
Now we know that the government of Moses was the 
first of its kind ever founded on earth. In others known 
to history, the king's or ruler's mind was the only law ; 
life, death, and property were in his hands alone, and that 
of Egypt, where Moses was born and educated, was 
opposed to it in all its essential forms. And the govern- 
ment of Moses being the first adapted to the natural 
designs of man, all subsequent attempts to form such 
governments were taken from him. 

We might go farther and ask, "Where did our fathers 
get their form of government?" If perfect resemblance 
is an evidence of identity, the histories of the two constitu- 
tions are identical, as the two instruments themselves have 
a perfect resemblance. Both resulted from deliverance 
from oppression. Both set up monumental testimony to 
perpetuate that deliverance in the observance of a national 
holiday (holy day). Both observed it sacredly. They had 
thirteen tribes or states (Joseph had two parts, Ephraim 
and Manasseh) merged in one general government. We 
had thirteen colonies. 

For four hundred and fifty years they had no king, 
and when they rebelled and forced a king, they were told 
it would be their national destruction. "Your king will 
take your daughters for confectionaries, will make your 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 83 

sons run before Tiis chariots, and take your life at bis 
pleasure. "*Now you can only be punished for crime." 
Israel replied: "Nay; but we will have a king over us; 
that we also may be like all the nations" (1 Sam. 8. 19, 
20). 

From these thirteen tribes, seventy representative men 
were chosen, constituting a supreme tribunal (Exod. 18. 
17-27), and the right of appeal was recognized from all 
lesser judges up to this supreme court. 

Their constitution and our own were the only two ever 
submitted to a people for ratification. They voted on and 
adopted it at the fords of the Jordan. 

Theirs and our own were the only two that ever made 
provision for the naturalization of foreigners ; any stran- 
gers could become as one home born. 

And their constitution and our own were the only two 
that ever prohibited a foreigner from holding the chief 
executive office. And our fathers, beginning with the first, 
ended with the last, which bars a foreigner from being 
President of the United States. "Thou mayest not set 
a stranger over thee which is not thy brother." 

In All Essentials, the Same 

In all these essential features we see all the great prin- 
ciples of the Jewish government transferred to our own 
as clearly as we see every line of our mother's features 
transferred by the artist's skill to the polished glass. 
Hence Noah Webster in the preface to his dictionary 
says : "The United States commenced their existence un- 
der circumstances wholly novel and unexampled in the 
history of nations. They commenced with civilization, 
with learning, with science, with arts, and with that best 
gift of God to man, the Christian religion." This is 
historically true. This was the first nation ever made by 
Bible-reading men. And, from the history of our Pilgrim 
Fathers, it is easy to see where their children got the 
principles of their government. 

When you remember that for one hundred and fifty years 
the Bible was the lawbook of the American colonies, and 
recall the deep and inveterate hatred the fathers had for 
despotic rulers, made by birthright instead of merit, and 
consider that from the beginning of organized government 
rulers had been chosen by heredity through certain family 
lines and the individual selected by birthright according 
to the order of birth, and that there is only one great ex- 
ception, and that the Hebrew people, and only one book 
that is exceptional, and that the Bible, you can see where 
our fathers got their idea of selecting rulers by merit 
and not by birthright. The Hebrew Bible ignored the 
universal custom and blazed a trail for itself, for from 
Abel to David, a period of three thousand years, in not 
a single instance where God chose a ruler or the progenitor 
of a race did he take the oldest son; birthright rejects 
merit and destroys progress, and our fathers studied their 
Bible and established a government whose rulers were 
chosen by merit only. 

Some Specific Instances 

Abel was chosen and his older brother, Cain, rejected; 
Shem was preferred before Japheth ; Isaac before Ishmael ; 



84 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

Jacob was chosen before Esau; Judah before his four 
older brothers ; Joseph was advanced ahead of his ten 
older brothers; and Ephraim, his youngest son. was pre- 
ferred before Manasseh. When Joseph brought his two 
sons to his aged and blind father to receive the blessing 
he took Manasseh. the elder, to his father's right hand 
to receive his chief blessing, but the patriarch crossing 
his hands wittingly put his right hand on the head of the 
younger to confer the chief blessing. Joseph, thinking his 
father was making a mistake, objected, and tried to re- 
move his father's right hand to the oldest son. when the 
patriarch said. "I know it. my son. but his younger brother 
is the greater." Moses, the younger, was rhade leader, 
not Aaron ; and when Saul was deposed and the prophet 
Samuel was sent to the house of Jesse to anoint the king, 
in accordance with human custom, he arose to anoint 
Eliab, the oldest, but he was told to stop and informed 
that "man looketh on the outward appearance and God 
looketh on the heart." Six sons were successively brought 
in and refused, but David, the seventh and younges't. was 
chosen. And from this it i-^ easy to see what influenced 
the framers of our constitution to make our form of 
government, especially when we consider that ours was 
the first government that was ever formed by Bible-read- 
ing men. 

While on this question of our national constitution I 
cannot resist the impulse to unburden a private thought. 
By the inconsiderate our constitution has been called 
atheistical because the name of God does not appear in it. 
But such persons forget that no attempt is made in the 
Bible to prove the existence of God. The fool in his heart 
alone denies it. In Christian Conferences, synods, con- 
ventions, and associations, thousands of resolutions are 
passed every year without containing the mention of God's 
name. This does not prove they do not believe in him. 
The framers of our constitution, under an oppression 
resulting from a union of church and state, followed the 
scriptural doctrine : "My kingdom is not of the world." 
and wisely and righteously made the distinction between 
church and state. But to claim that the assembly that 
formed our constitution were unbelievers contradicts all 
the facts of history. 

When the delegates from the thirteen colonies as- 
sembled, three weeks passed without result, and in hope- 
less confusion they were about to break up. when Ben- 
jamin Franklin, of four score years, arose, and said: 
"Mr. President. I perceive that we are not in a condition 
to pursue this business any farther. Our blood is too hot. 
I therefore, move you, sir. that we separate for three 
days, during which time, with a conciliatory spirit, we 
talk' with both parties. If ever we make a constitution, 
it must be the work of a compromise (over an existing 
evil which our fathers did not introduce), and while I 
am on my feet. I move you. sir. and I am astonished that 
it has not been done before, for when we signed the 
Declaration of Independence, we had a chaplain to read 
the Bible and pray ; and I now move that when we meet 
again we have a chaplain to meet with us and invoke the 
blessing of heaven." 

Washington's face beamed with joy as he arose to 
second the motion. After the expiration of three days 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 85 

they met, had prayer together, and without a jar formed 
tha American constitution, the greatest document ever 
conceived >by man. Was that an atheistical assembly ? 
The objector should remember that the Declaration of 
Independence had been adopted by these men while ap- 
pealing to the Supreme Judge of the world for the recti- 
tude of our intentions and "with a firm reliance on the 
protection of Divine Providence," and that the very dollar 
with which he pays his fare at home and abroad proclaims 
to the whole world : "In God we trust" ; and ought to bear 
the same message forever. 

Shall this Book, read at the making and signing of the 
Declaration of Independence and copied into the consti- 
tution of the government, the Book that Washington 
kissed when inaugurated President, and on which all our 
rulers have taken their oaths of office and all witnesses 
and juries have sworn to be true and just, shall this Book 
be excluded from our public schools to gratify foreigners 
or even home-born citizens who owe supreme allegiance 
to a foreign potentate? Never! Not in the name of sect, 
or even in the interest of religion, but in the cause of 
patriotism, consistency, and common honesty we demand 
that the Book that made us shall not now be placed under 
the ban. C. T. W. 

CHURCHES— The Protestant churches which have 
made declarations against the saloon and the liquor traffic, 
to the best of the information available to the Board of 
Temperance of the Methodist Church, are as follows : 

The Methodist Episcopal Church. 

The Baptist Church. 

The Congregational Churches. 

The Presbyterian Church. 

The Disciples of Christ. 

The Free Methodist Church. 

The Methodist Episcopal Church, South. 

Evangelical Association. 

The Evangelical Lutheran Church. 

The Friends Church. 

The Reformed Presbyterian Church. 

The Cumberland Presbyterian Church. 

The Protestant Episcopal Church. 

The Unitarian Church. 

The Seventh Day Adventists. 

The United Evangelical Church. 

The United Norwegian Lutheran Church. 

The Pentecostal Church of the Nazarene. 

The Baptist Young People's Union, the Epworth League, 
and the Christian Endeavor have also spoken strongly. 

The hostility of the church toward the liquor trade has 
increased in direct ratio to the knowledge of the evils 
which inevitably flow from that trade. The Brewers' 
Journal of June 1, 1910, said: 

"Undoubtedly the church and the saloon originated in 
prehistoric times — probably simultaneously. And they 
have been rivals ever since. Man first began to pray 
to his idols. The priest gathered around him under his 
sacred tree or in his sanctified cave those whom he could 
induce to believe in the 'gods' while the preparer of the 
real joys of life required no argument to induce people 
to trade with him. So the saloon man had the advantage 
from the start. And he has ever maintained it, as is 
shown by the expenditures as compared with the income 
of the religious establishment. No wonder that the clergy- 



86 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

man feels sore when he contemplates the national drink 
bill and then looks at fhe rather insignificant figures repre- 
senting the sum of 'offerings,' salary, and appurtenances 
with which he keeps his business going. The struggle of 
the church against the 'worldly' enjoyments of man is a 
losing cause, as its champions fight with spiritual weapon> 
against substantial matters." 

In a thousand local campaigns, in every State prohibi- 
tion fight and in the national movement, it is the churches 
which lead and contribute the necessary funds. Some 
of them, notably the Methodist Church and the Presby- 
ierian Church, conduct their fight through regularly or- 
ganized boards, and all of them contribute heavily to the 
Anti-Saloon League. W. C. T. U., the Prohibition Party, 
and kindred organizations. 

The Federal Council of Churches of Christ in America 
estimate that the churches contribute $2,000,000 yearly 
to the temperance reform, as follows : 

To the Anti-Saloon League $871,771 

To the W. C. T. U 415,833 

Other organizations, State and national, 

which reported receipts 405,5.: 1 

Grand total reported $1,693,125 

To which should* be added at least $300,000 more for 
organizations failing or refusing to report. Mr. William 
H. Anderson, superintendent of the Xew York Anti- 
Saloon League, estimates a total income to that organiza- 
tion of $2,000,000 instead of $871,771. 

The Effect of Prohibition Upon Church Membership 

Great effort is made by the liquor interests to show that 
prohibition is disastrous to church membership, and they 
gleefully contrast wet and dry States. Frequently these 
comparisons seem to substantiate their statements, but the 
explanation is simple. It so happens that the Catholic 
Church is strongest in the wet States where immigrants 
are centered, and this denomination counts its member- 
ship by the household rather than by individual members, 
as Protestant churches do. In the nine States which were 
dry prior to January 1, 1915, the following are the per- 
centages of church members in Protestant and Catholic 
churches, according to the Government Reports on Reli- 
gious Bodies for the census taken in 1906, the latest re- 
ports available : 

DRY STATES 

Percentage of Church Members 

States Protestant Catholic 

Georgia .. 41.2 0.8 

North Carolina 39-8 0.2 

Mississippi 36.7 1.7 

Tennessee 31.2 0.8 

Kansas 22.4 5.8 

West Virginia 24. i 3.7 

Xorth Dakota 21.0 13.2 

Oklahoma 15.5 2.6 

Maine 13.5 15.9 

The figures for the nine wettest States on January- 1, 
1915, in point of church membership, are as follows: 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 87 



56.2 


6.7 


40.0 


1 3- 1 


29.8 


19-5 


27.8 


15.0 


23.8 


8.0 


23-6 


7-6 


20.7 


6-3 


20.1 


18.6 


17-5 


24.8 



WET STATES 
Percentage of Church Members 
States Catholic Protestant 

New Mexico 

Rhode Island 

Connecticut 

New York 

Montana 

Nevada 

Arizona 

New Jersey 

Pennsylvania 

It will be seen then that the church which counts all 
members of the family as members because the father is 
a member, will cause the States in which its following is 
strong to show up very favorably in comparison with a 
State where the dominating churches count only the mem- 
bers who are actually on their rolls. 

Refs. — See Methodist Episcopal Church; Board of Temperance, 
Prohibition, and Public Morals of the Methodist Episcopal Church; 
etc. 

CIDER — This beverage is usually produced by hand 
presses in family orchards. When newly pressed, sweet 
cider is wholesome, but it soon becomes intoxicating. 
When the percentage of alcohol has reached nine the fer- 
ment of acetic acid begins to work, and it soon changes 
to vinegar. 

CITIES — The sensational advance in temperance senti- 
ment in the cities of the country indicated by the closing 
of saloons on Sunday in Chicago, New Orleans, and by 
the much stricter enforcement in other wet strongholds 
is attributable to the same sentiment which is making 
State after State dry. 

The following is an up-to-date list of States which have 
voted dry and the respective dates on which State-wide 
prohibition became, or will become, effective, together 
with a list of the large cities in those States, and a list 
of dry cities of 25,000 or more in the wet States : 



State Population 

Alabama .2,348,273 



Pro. law 
in effect 
July 



Arizona . . 
Arkansas . 



♦CALIFORNIA. 
Colorado 



259,666 Jan. 
,753.033 Jan. 



975.190 Jan. 



1, 1915 



1916 



Georgia 2,875,953 Jan. 1, 1908 



City Population 

Birmingham. . . 174,108 

Mobile 56,536 

Montgomery. . .42,531 

i, 1915 

1, 1916 Little Rock. . . 55,158 

Fort Smith 27,887 

Berkeley 54,879 

Pasadena 43,859 

Denver 253,161 

Pueblo 52,840 

Colorado Spgs . 32,344 

Atlanta 184,873 

Savannah 68,361 

Augusta 49,848 

Macon. 45,415 

1,1916 Boise 31,741 

Rockford 53w6l 

Decatur 38,526 

Elgin 27,844 

Bloomington. . 27,054 

Evanston 28,312 

Indianapolis. . . 265,578 
Fort Wayne. .. 74,352 
Evansville. . . 72,125 
South Bend. . . 67,030 

*WET States with dry cities of 25,000 or more. All figures used 
are United States Census estimates, population of cities on July 1, 
191 5, and States on January 1, 1917. 



Idaho 436, 

♦ILLINOIS 



Jan. 



Indiana 2,826,154 April 2, 1918 



88 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 



State Population 
Indiana (continued) 



Pro. law 
in effect 



Iowa 2,224,771 Jan. 1,1916 



Kansas 1,840,707 Nov. 23, 1880 



♦LOUISIANA 

Maine 774,914 



♦MASSACHUSETTS. 



1851 



Michigan 3.074.060 April 30, 1918 



♦MINNESOTA 

Mississippi 1,964,122 Jan. 1, 1909 

Montana 466,214 Dec. 31, 1918 

Nebraska 1,277,750 May 1,1917 



North Carolina 2,418,559 July 1,1908 



North Dakota 752,260 

Oklahoma 2,245,968 



Oregon 848,866 

♦PENNSYLVANIA.. . . 

South Carolina 1,634.340 

South Dakota 707,740 

Tennessee 2,296,316 



Utah 438,974 

Virginia 2,202,522 



Nov. 2. 
Nov. 16, 



Jan. 

Jan. 

July 
July 



1889 
1907 



1916 
1916 



1917 
1909 



Aug. 1, 191 7 
Nov. 1, 1916 



Washington 1,565.810 Jan. 1, 1916 



West Virginia L399.320 July 1, 1914 



City Population 

Terre Haute.. . 64,806 
East Chicago.. 27,200 
Hammond.... 25,326 

Muncie 25,195 

Des Moines. . . 99,144 

Sioux City 55.588 

Davenport.... 47,127 

Dubuque 39.650 

Cedar Rapids.. 36,583 

Waterloo 34,131 

Council Bluffs. 31,131 

Clinton 27,094 

Kansas City. . . 96,854 

Wichita 67.847 

Topeka 47.914 

Shreveport. . . . 34,068 

Portland 63,014 

Lewiston 27,557 

Bangor 26,360 

Cambridge.. . . 111,669 

Somerville 85,460 

Brockton 65,746 

Maiden 50,067 

Salem 47.778 

Newton 43.085 

Everett 38,307 

Quincy 37.251 

Brookline 31.934 

Waltham 30,129 

Detroit 554.717 

Grand Rapids. 125,759 

Saginaw 54-8i5 

Flint 52.159 

Bay City 47.494 

Kalamazoo. . . . 47,364 

Lansing 39. 005 

Jackson 34.730 

Battle Creek. . 28,801 
Muskegon. ... 25,771 

Duluth 91.913 

Jackson 28,372 

Butte 42,918 

Omaha 135.455 

Lincoln 46,028 

South Omaha.. 26,394 

Charlotte 38,887 

Wilmington . . . 29,384 

Oklahoma City 88,158 

Muskogee 41,263 

Tulsa 28,240 

Portland 272,833 

New Castle. . . 40,351 
Charleston.... 60,427 
Columbia 34,058 



Memphis 

Nashville 

Chattanooga. . 

Knoxville 

Salt Lake City, 

Ogden 

Richmond. . . . 

Norfolk 

Roanoke 

Portsmouth . . . 
Lynchburg. . . . 
Petersburg 

Seattle 

Spokane 

Tacoma 

Everett 

Bellingham. . . . 
Huntington. . . 

Wheeling 

Charleston 



146,113 

115.978 

58,576 

38,300 

113.567 

30,466 

154-674 

88,076 

41.929 

38,610 

32,385 

25,347 

330,834 

142,990 

108,094 

33.767 

31.609 

43.572 

43.097 

28,822 



*WET States with dry cities of 25,000 or more. All figures used 
are United States Census estimates, population of cities on July 1, 
1915, and States on January 1, 1917. 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 89 

The result of "the first Sunday with saloons closed in 
Chicago >vas summarized by the Chicago Herald as fol- 
lows : 

Total saloons in Chicago 7,15-' 

Number of saloons closed 7,146 

Number of saloon employees resting 20,000 

Violations of closing law 28 

Number of saloons found open Sunday 6 

Number technically violators 21 

Saloon keeper found treating luncheon 'guests. . . 1 

Number of arrests for drunkenness Saturday.... 47 

Number of arrests for drunkenness Sunday.... 16 

Usual number of arrests on same two days 243 

Number of suicides None 

Usual number of suicides Two to three 

Number of murders None 

Usual number of murders 20 a month 

Automobile fatalities Four 

Average number 18 a month 

After some weeks of the policy, manufacturers and other 
employers of labor in great numbers testify to its benefits, 
especially upon the reporting of workmen for duty on 
Monday morning. 

Direct Effects of Prohibition 

A striking fact in the experience of Chicago helps us 
see the relation between crime, vice, and drunkenness and 
the open saloon. 

The daily arrests in Chicago are reported to average 
243, but on ' October 10, when Mayor Thompson first 
closed the saloons under the Sunday law, the arrests re- 
ported were but 16. The average for the ensuing w r eek 
was again 243, but the following and subsequent Sundays 
the average is reported as under 30. The mere closing of 
the saloons checks the flow of candidates for the jails as 
regularly as Sunday comes. 

If w 7 e study the police reports from the different sec- 
tions of the country .we find the same facts. 

Some Census Information 

According to the United States Bureau of Census, the 
largest city which has' adopted prohibition independently 
of State or county action in the matter is Cambridge, 
Mass., whose population is estimated at between 110,000 
and 111,000. 

In 124 of the 169 cities in which saloons are licensed 
they are limited as to number, and in 91 as to location; 
and in 28 cities, 16 of which are in Pennsylvania, there 
are no restrictions as to either number or location. In 
some cities the limitation as to number is definitely stated ; 
in others it takes the form of a provision to the effect 
that the number of saloons sTiall not exceed one to ever}* 
250. 500, 750, 1,000, 3.000, or 5,000 inhabitants. The 250- 
inhabitant limit is employed in the five Wisconsin cities 
of Milwaukee, Racine. Superior, Oshkosh, and La Crosse. 

The limitation as to location takes a variety of forms, 
among which the most common is the provision that no 
saloon shall be allowed within a certain distance, usually 
200, 300 or 400 feet, of a church or school. 

Hours of opening range from 4:30 to 8 a. m., and of 
closing from 10 a. m., in Manchester, N. H., to 2 a. m., 
in Atlantic City, San Francisco, and Sacramento. In 
Manchester the saloons are open only four hours each 
day, from 6 a. m., to 10 a. m. On the other hand, there 



go THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

are ten cities — Hoboken, Passaic, and Paterson, N. J.; 
Philadelphia, Wilkes-Barre, Allentown, and York, Pa. ; 
New Orleans, and Milwaukee — in which the bar rooms 
are open during the entire twenty-four hours of the day. 

The licensing of certain saloons to sell malt liquors only 
is practiced in fifteen cities — Boston, New Orleans, five 
cities in Connecticut, and eight in Texas — in which the 
aggregate number of saloons thus licensed is $75. 

Refs. — See various prohibition States by name for effect of pro- 
hibition on large cities. 

CIVIL DAMAGE ACTS— A number of States have 
laws making saloon keepers liable for damages resulting 
from their sale of liquor. So troublesome have been civil 
actions brought under these various laws that the liquor 
dealers have formed an insurance society to write policies 
covering such liability. Especially in Illinois have court 
actions of this nature beeiv numerous. 

In . 1914 the United States Supreme Court approved 
the principle of all of these acts when it ruled the Nebraska 
damage law to be constitutional. The case came to the 
Supreme Court on the appeal of a saloon keeper of 
Nebraska City, Neb., from a judgment of the State courts 
holding him liable in the sum of $5,000 to Mrs. May 
Bulger, because her husband had become an habitual 
drunkard. The decision was considered a severe blow to 
the trade generally. 

There is in Ohio a movement to compel the creation of 
a sinking fund by assessments upon liquor dealers, pro- 
ceeds to be used in guaranteeing damages allowed. 

The Supreme Court of Massachusetts has recently ren- 
dered a decision in which it holds that the employer is 
liable for actions committed by a drunken employee. 

CLARET — A red wine with a slightly acid taste. It 
has a less proportion of alcohol than any other wine. 

CLARK, BILLY JAMES— Born ^ in Northampton, 
Mass., January 4, 1778; died in Glens Falls, N. Y., March 
20, 1867. He was a physician. On April 30, 1808, he 
organized "The Union Temperance Society of Moro and 
Northumberland," which is thought to have been the first 
temperance society in the United States. It started with 
forty-three members. The pledge forbade members to 
drink, except by advice of physicians or at public dinners. 
Intoxication was punished by a fine of fifty cents, and a 
fine of twenty-five cents . was assessed against anyone 
offering liquor to any other person. 

Refs. — See History of the Temperance Reform. 

COCAINE— See Drugs. - 
COFFEE HOUSES— See Substitutes. 

COLLEGES— College students in more than 275 lead- 
ing universities and colleges in 32 States are actively en- 
gaged in studying the liquor problem, preparing for leader- 
ship in its solution, and taking active part in local and 
State prohibition campaigns. 

This situation has been brought about through the work 
of the Intercollegiate Prohibition Association — a student 
civic movement which for sixteen years has been engaged 
in organizing and training students of American colleges 
for duties of practical citizenship, and especially for serv- 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 91 

ice in the prohibition movement. This organization, the 
most extensive of a civic character ever actively engaged 
among the colleges of the United States, has nearly 10,000 
members in its 275 local branches. It reaches and influ- 
ences thru its secretarial and administrative force the 
student life of 300 colleges and 95,000 students each year. 

The work of the Association is educational. Its purpose 
is first to interest students in prohibition, to create in 
them a sense of responsibility for service in efforts to 
banish the liquor traffic and similar anti-social elements in 
our civic life and to place their service after graduation 
as citizens, in their regular professions or business, with 
organized movements which play an important part in the 
national prohibition movement as a whole. Those who a 
few years ago were students are now, as a result of the 
efforts of the I. P. A., found among the State and national 
leaders of all the temperance and prohibition organizations 
of the country. They are making their services count in 
the political, industrial, educational, and practical reform 
fields ; they are doing scientific work, investigating the 
consequences of drink in social life ; they are among the 
writers, speakers, ministers, educators, and business men 
who are to-day making possible the nation-wide prohibi- 
tion movement. 

The work among the colleges is carried on in study 
classes, lecture courses, public speaking contests, and by 
encouraging students to investigate, under the leadership 
of professors, the results of the saloon in their own com- 
munities. The Association publishes textbooks and courses 
of study which are used in these classes in the various 
colleges and universities. 

Systematic courses of instruction on the liquor problem 
have been introduced by the I. P. A. in more than 200 
colleges and universities. 

Its series of public-speaking contests constitute a very 
effective means of encouraging students to study care- 
fully the liquor problem and to obtain training in public 
speaking in preparation for later work. These contests 
extend among the colleges of 30 States. Students enter 
first their own college contest ; then the winner represents 
his college in the State. The winner from a group of 
States enters one of the four interstates held each year, 
and these in turn, once in two years, enter a national 
contest and compete for the highest honors in college 
public speaking open to students in the United States. It 
requires that more than 1,400 strong prohibition orations 
shall be prepared and delivered many times before one 
student has opportunity to secure highest national honors. 

The Training of Actual Work 

Practical experience is obtained by students in local 
and State prohibition campaigns. This was designed 
primarily as "laboratory training," but it is, in fact, most 
practical prohibition service. In nearly all the States in 
which State-wide campaigns have been conducted during 
the past few years the students have been one of the strong 
factors. In the campaign in Michigan, which resulted in 
prohibition victory, nearly 600 students, representing prac- 
tically every college, university, and State normal, took 
part. They went out as deputation teams, speaking on 
street corners, at country schoolhouses, in small towns, 



92 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

and accompanying the more experienced speakers. They 
furnished music for campaign meetings, distributed litera- 
ture, interviewed voters and cooperated in a hundred 
ways, giving their services freely to the leaders of the 
movement in college towns. 

In Ohio, in the fall of 1915, 650 students from 18 col- 
leges took part. During 1917, 3o colleges under the leader- 
ship of a full time I. P. A. secretary are giving practical 
service in the State prohibition amendment campaign. 

In the fall of 1916, students in large numbers shared 
in the campaigns which resulted in prohibition victory in 
Nebraska, South Dakota, and Montana, as well as Michi- 
gan. In two successive campaigns in California they did 
similar work, large numbers giving part of their summer 
vacation for such field work as students are well fitted 
to do. In Minnesota from 25 to 75 college men have en- 
gaged in prohibition work almost every year for twelve 
years. 

On the last four days of December, 1916, there was 
held at Lexington, Kentucky, a national convention of 
student leaders picked from 128 colleges and 25 States. 
It was the greatest student gathering of a civic character 
ever held ; the ablest speakers of the country presented 
the challenge of the prohibition movement to the college 
students of to-day. The reports of the convention ex- 
pressed by the delegates who returned to their own col- 
leges have greatly stirred interest thruout the country 
in the national prohibition movement. 

The Intercollegiate Prohibition Association is associated 
with the temperance movements among the universities 
and colleges of Europe. In these countries, however, 
during the period of the war the college work has not 
been active, while in America it has developed with tre- 
mendous force. _ No other department of the temperance 
movement is doing more vital or more effective work — 
none other can have more far reaching meaning. 

Harry S. Warner. 

COLORADO — Voted dry November 3, 1914, law go- 
ing into effect January 1. 1916. Legislature passed string- 
ent law providing for enforcement. The main provisions 
of the law are as follows : Anti-club law ; anti-advertising 
law ; unlawful to solicit liquor orders ; defining bootleg- 
ging; nuisance law; law regarding common carriers hand- 
ling liquor ; search and seizure ; providing citizen may 
employ counsel to prosecute ; law concerning medicinal 
and sacramental use : severe penalties ; governor given 
special power to enforce ; ouster law for recalcitrant 
officials. In 1916 liquor people initiated proposed amend- 
ment to constitution exempting beer from the law. This 
was defeated on November 7, 1916. by majority of 85.789. 
Denver, where Wets had good majority in 1914, gave 
heavy majority for Drys in 1916. 

The effect of prohibition in Colorado, and especially on 
the city of Denver, could not be better described than it 
is by the Doner Post, which reports "a decrease in all 
arrests, with a most pronounced falling off in arrests for 
drunkenness and its kindred evils, disturbances, and vag- 
rancy. There is a vast increase in bank deposits and in 
the number of individual depositors, and a great gain in 
audiences of places of amusements. Merchants report 
easier collections of both old and new accounts. Land- 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 93 

iords say houses, are renting readily, tenants are there 
with the rent more promptly, and all retailers are well 
satisfied with the increase in trade and promise of a pros- 
perous spring and summer season." 

The only businesses suffering from prohibition in Denver 
at this time are the pawnshops and the collection agencies, 
which have undoubtedly been somewhat affected. The 
first three months of prohibition registered not one murder, 
a decrease of 40 per cent in the number of arrests, and 
a fall of 35 per cent in the number of divorce suits entered. 
The Denver Post quoted above vigorously opposed 
prohibition when it was first up for consideration. Mr. 
H. H. Tammen, proprietor of that paper, now says : "The 
terrible things that I predicted did not come with prohibi- 
tion. It is doing wonders out here. Colorado is happier, 
healthier, wealthier, and wiser." 

The policy has the almost unanimous support of Den- 
ver's business men. 

"I am firmly convinced that prohibition is a great step 
forward for the betterment of our citizens, our business, 
and our government interests," says Mr. M. N. Hatten- 
bach, president of the Denver Retail Merchants' Associa- 
tion. Because of the slanders upon the city by the Wets 
the leading business men signed the following statement : 
"We are firmry convinced that prohibition is a great 
step forward for the moral and commercial betterment 
of our citizens, our government, and our business interests. 
We have come in contact with many business men who 
were formerly opposed to prohibition, but who are its 
staunchest supporters at this time, because business is 
better, bills are collected more promptly, and the benefits 
of prohibition are everywhere evident. Denver has never 
been, as much alive. The banks show tremendous increase 
in deposits and earnings, and this year has shown the 
largest tourist season in our history, proving conclusively 
that tourists are not influenced by the amount of booze 
they can get. 
"(Signed) 
"William E. Sweet, Foster, Causey & Co., Investment 

Bonds. 
"John I. Correa, Secretary, Denver Retail Grocers' 

Association. 
"L. F. Spratlen, President, Anderson Mercantile 

Company. 
"Leon M. Hattenbach, President, Denver Retail Mer- 
chants' Association. 
"Frank N. Briggs, President, Interstate Trust Com- 
pany. 
"Y\ . H. Moore Machinery Company." 

But Few Vacant Houses 

Two years ago there were 2,653 vacant houses, includ- 
ing apartments, in Denrer. To-day Mr. Gallup, of the 
Real Estate Exchange and one of Denver's largest real 
estate operators, says there are not "three hundred vacant 
houses in Denver in fit physical condition for occupancy." 
Transfer companies are moving two families into Denver 
for every one they move out. 

_ Savings deposits in Colorado banks (not including indi- 
vidual checking accounts and certificates of deposit), for 
the first six months of 1915, averaged $17,337,419.20; 



94 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

for the first six months of 1916, $20,604,301.97, an in- 
crease of $3,266,882.77, or approximately 20 per cent. 

In a single month after the State went dry five banks 
in Denver added over 2,200 depositors to their books among 
people who previously were unable to carry a bank ac- 
count. From June 30, 1916, to October 4, 1916, a three 
months' period, bank deposits increased still further $3,2_>4- 

887.94. 

Mr. Gordon Jones, presideat of the United States Bank 
of Denver, summarizes the general results of prohibition 
in the following way : 

Bank clearings increased 26 per cent in nine months. 
P.ank deposits increased 16.4 per cent in nine months. 
Nineteen thousand nine hundred and seventy-eight new savings 
accounts opened. 

Savings deposits increased $3,624,058.83. 

Post Office receipts gained 9.5 per cent. 

Building permits gained 55.67 per cent. 

Delinquent tax list much snorter than for years. 

Ninety-five per cent of the 1916 taxes already collected. 

Business failure decrease 36.33 per cent. 

Retail business gained from 16 to 48 per cent. 

Collections invariably better. 

Family washing business of laundries increased 20 per cent. 

Fifteen hundred new water "taps" during 191 6. 

Electric light business gained $10,000 the first month of prohibition. 

No vacant houses. 

All real estate men have waiting lists. 

Money rents increased 5 to 10 per cent. 

Five hundred and ninety-six new building permits for residences. 

Arrests for drunkenness decreased 60.5 per cent. 

Murders, 33 1-3 per cent less. 

Ceneral arrests, 30.5 per cent less. 

Sunshine Rescue Mission gives 6 to 8 free meals weekly; formerly 

I" a week. 
Three thousand saloon bums either working or have left the city. 

Tourist Business Not Affected 

Tourist sections will be interested in knowing that 
saloons are not needed to draw pleasure-seekers. During 
last summer the railroads brought 175.000 tourists to 
Colorado, and about 125,000 more came by auto. These 
people left $80,000,000 in the State, and Colorado had the 
best tourist season in its history. 

The effect upon crime can be easily summarized in figures. 

A comparative table of the number of convicts received 
per month at the State penitentiary at Canon City from 
all parts of Colorado is as follows for the first six months 
of 1915 and 1916: 

Month 1915 191 6 

January 39 23 

February 32 23 

Marcli 45 2- 

April 31 21 

May 56 16 

June 46 26 

Average 41. 1 23.8 

In Denver there was a decrease of 2 in charges of 
assault to kill, 6 in burglar}-, 1.607 in drunkenness, 14 for 
forger}-, 263 of gambling. 15 of grand larceny, 3 for 
murder, and 2,565 of vagrancy. 

Prohibition and the Banks 

Perhaps the most significant of the figures are those 
regarding savings banks deposits in 191 5 and 1916, as these 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 95 

show the money -accumulated hy the working man whose 
saloon patronage was said to consume his extra funds. 

Denver bank clearings 

For the first nine months of' 1916 $469,961,990.00 

For the similar period of 1915 347,708,996.00 

An increase of 20 per cent, or in actual amount... 122, 252,994. 00 
Total deposits in all the banks and trust companies 

of Denver, December 3, 1915, were 90,730,310.54 

On September 12, 191 6, last call of the controller 

of the currency and State bank commissioner. 105,616,691.76 

An increase of 16.4 per cent, or in actual amount. 14,878,381.22 
Of this amount the savings deposits were: 

On December 31, 1915 $17,814,246.21 

On September 12, 1916 21,438,305.04 

An increase of 20.34 per cent, or in actual amount $3,624,058.33 

Nine months after prohibition went into effect the city 
had 2,000 more men on the payrolls of its industries and 
they were drawing $5,000 a day more. 

A report of the executive secretao^ of the Denver 
Bureau of Charity and Correction says : 

"We have had very much less trouble with unemploy- 
ment this year than last. . . . And prohibition has not 
created an unemployment problem as some people antici- 
pated. Now men are using their wages more for their 
families, and among all of us here in the office we can 
think of only two cases since January 1st in which women 
have complained that their husbands did not bring home 
their money. Last year this was a frequent and bitter 
complaint. The difference in what men spend their wages 
for now is interestingly shown by some figures furnished 
by certain dairies and grocery stores." 

Miss Gertrude Vaile, executive secretary of the Denver 
City Bureau of Charity and Correction, declares, "The 
number of families asking relief from the city office has 
been about 100 a month less than for the corresponding 
months of 1915." 

These are some of the reasons why Denver, which in 
1912, voted wet by 22,000, and in 1915 by 3,500, after a 
single year of trying prohibition, voted dry by 10,000. 
Perhaps the experience of Denver and Colorado's other 
cities also accounts for the fact that the State which 
went dry by only 11,000 in 1916 voted its approval of the 
policy by 85,789. 

Refs. — See Anti-Prohibition; Crime; Insanity; Juvenile Delin- 
quency; Pauperism; Race Suicide; and Savings. 

COMMERCIAL TEMPERANCE LEAGUE— This 

organization was effected in New York in 1886, and at 
one time had a considerable membership. The pledge 
was twofold : One to drink no intoxicating liquors as a 
beverage; second, to try to get ten others to join the 
League. 

COMMITTEE. OF FIFTY— This committee was 
organized in 1893. It was composed of fifty distinguished 
men. The Hon. Seth Low, of Columbia College, New 
York, was the president. The committee conducted a great 
number of valuable investigations of various phases of 
the liquor problem and its figures are freely used in this 
volume. It was, however, an ultraconservative body, 
tainted with prejudice against prohibition, which was not 
at that time popular. 

COMMUNION WINE— It is grossly improper to 



96 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

make use of a decayed product — fermented wine — to 
celebrate the victory of Jesus Christ over death and decay. 
The passover wine used in the celebration of the Hebrew 
rites, of which the communion may be said to be the 
successor, was unfermented, and in the accounts given 
by the three evangelists of the original Supper the drink 
used is spoken of as "the fruit of the vine." During 
Christ's life the preservation of wines from fermentation 
was well understood and widely practiced, and the terms 
used by Paul in the discussion of the Lord's Supper give 
a splendid ground for contending that it was celebrated 
then, as it should be now, with the pure and undefiled 
product. Not even leavened bread was permitted at the 
passover feast. 

COMPARISONS — The expenditures for liquors are so 
enormous that they can hardly be realized without com- 
paring them with other expenditures. The following 
figures are based on census reports and consequently are 
a little old, but are, none the less, effective. 

The American people spend each year : 

For intoxicating liquors $2,290,000,000 

For tobacco 1,200,000,000 

For jewelry and plate 800,000,000 

For automobiles 600,000,000 

For flour 600,000,000 

F"or boots and shoes 550,000,000 

For public education 325,000,000 

For church work 250,000,000 

lor tea and coffee 100,000,000 

For millinery 90,000,000 

For patent medicines 80,000,000 

For chewing gum 13,000,000 

For foreign missions 12,000,000 

The American people, according to Dr. John F. Ander- 
son, president of the American Public Health Society, lose 
$740,000,000 a year by illness — only one third as much as 
the retail cost of the drink traffic. If the incidental costs 
attributed were included, the total would be six times as 
much as the loss by illness. 

The government crop reports indicate that the total 
value of farm products this year will be only five times 
the amount annually spent for liquor. Five years of the 
liquor bill would buy all the real estate in New York and 
Chicago at assessed valuation, would pay the national 
debt nearly ten times over, or meet its interest charges 
about four hundred and twenty times. Ten years of the 
liquor bill would buy every railroad in the country. The 
money spent on drink in 1913 would purchase the annual 
output of coal at the mines twice over, and would pay 
the price of our iron products four times over. It is about 
fifteen times the value of the latest reported annual pro- 
duction of gold and silver combined, is one seventh the 
value of all the gold dug, coined, and consumed in the 
arts in all the world since Columbus discovered America. 
It would pay the expenses of every city in the United 
States having a population of 30,000 or over for four 
years. 

The total government revenue of the fifty leading coun- 
tries of the world at the end of the year 1913 was $11,- 
245,399,000. The direct and indirect loss of America 
because of drink during the three years 1912-13-14 would 
exceed the total peace revenue of these fifty leading coun- 
tries by not less than $4,000,000. 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 97 

America loses a great deal more by fire than any other 
nation. A house burns on an average of every ten 
minutes, and the houses destroyed during a year, if set 
side by side on both sides of the road, would line an un- 
broken avenue of desolation from Chicago to New York. 
But the financial loss from fire, according to a recent 
statement by the head of the New York City Fire Depart- 
ment, is only $2.68 per capita, while the direct loss alone 
because of drink is $23 per capita. 

The national debt per capita is only $10.83 5 the govern- 
ment expenditures per capita only $7.04. The United 
States exports annually goods to the value of $24.66 per 
capita, and receives into the country values to the extent 
of $18.41 per capita. The amount of money in circulation 
in 1913 was $34.64 for every man, woman, and child. Two 
out of three dollars in existence in America pass through 
the hands* of a liquor dealer during the year. 

Two years and eight months of the Boer War cost 
Great Britain $900,000,000. 

During the same time, the liquor traffic was costing the 
United States $5,500,000,000. 

All figures used are pre-war estimates. 

COMPENSATION TO LIQUOR DEALERS— 

If prohibition prevails, shall we compensate those who 
have invested heavily in the manufacture and sale of in- 
toxicants? The eleventh hour claim now being presented 
for them should be fairly met. If the claim is just it 
should be paid; if it is unjust, it should be frankly re- 
jected. If it is mere sand thrown in the^ machinery to 
break down the movement, when civilization is rising up 
to destroy its great destroyer, the claim should be re- 
jected with scorn. A few things must be made clear: 

That prohibition confiscates no property, takes away no 
property rights. When it prevails everywhere, every 
saloon keeper, brewer, distiller, and wholesaler will have 
all the property and all the rights that anyone else has. 
We will not take an inch of his ground or a single build- 
ing or equipment from a building. He will keep all his 
ill-gotten gains. We simply propose to say to him what 
we now say to everyone else, "You shall not use your 
property to debauch mankind." 

When national prohibition is put into the constitution, 
not a single license will be revoked, and not a legal con- 
tract, either written or implied, will be invalidated or 
disregarded. All licenses for the sale of liquor are limited 
in time, generally for a year, and all these licenses, or 
"contracts," will have expired before prohibition will go 
into effect in any case. The State simply refuses to renew 
these licenses or contracts, and by what theory could a 
State be under moral or legal obligation to renew a dis- 
advantageous contract? How could a State be obliged 
to compensate a man for not giving him a new license 
when the old one has expired? The termination of a 
license is the termination of the obligation on the part 
of the State to permit the continuation of the saloon. 

The claim of the liquor men for compensation because 
the disadvantageous license is not renewed has no basis 
either in law or ethics. 

Wh} 7 should not the concessionaires at the San Fran- 
cisco Exposition file claim for compensation because the 
exposition was not continued for the next year and their 



9 8 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

concessions renewed? Because a concessionaire has ex- 
pended money on a booth for a fair, if he proves him- 
self to be a nuisance, under what rule is he entitled to 
compensation when his concession is not renewed for the 
next year? It is true that the government is in partner- 
ship with the liquor traffic ; but the partnership is a limited 
one. and terminates with the expiration of the license 
sealed and given. At the expiration of this license the 
government is not under the slightest obligation to renew 
the old partnership, which has expired and terminated 
as completely as if it had never existed. 

When we outlawed the lottery system and forbade 
Louisiana to advertise her lotteries thru the mails of a 
Christian nation, prohibited child-labor, stopped by the 
Mann Act the white slaver's deadly trade, and still more 
recently by the Harrison bill annihilated the habit-forming 
drug trade, it was never considered right, just, or appro- 
priate to compensate any of these evildoers for the I 
they sustained when they could no longer ply their nefari- 
ous trades. We did not take their property from them, 
but refused to let them use property to injure the whole 
body politic or the people's morals. 

We owed them nothing, for they never had a natural, 
inherent, or constitutional right to debauch the American 
people ; and the liquor traffic belongs in this catagory, 
and has only been tolerated because of our long inertia ; 
and if now we should demand compensation for our I 
there is not enough invested in it of money or of men, if 
they sold their property, their bodies, and their souls, to 
pay a millionth part of the bill they owe to modern civili- 
zation. 

Its Day of Grace Sinned Away 

The liquor traffic has brought this present movement 
upon itself. It has everywhere violated our laws, trampled 
on our rights, corrupted our politics, debauched our L 
latures. and even defiled our courts of justice; and com- 
pensation will therefore never be considered by anyone 
who is not grabbing at the last straw to save the liquor 
traffic from drowning in its own infamy. The reign -of 
King Alcohol has been so oppressive that the world rises 
in its wrath to throw off his yoke. Hence the whimper- 
ing plea of liquor dealers for a money indemnity reminds 
me of the man who killed both his father and his mother, 
and was convicted for it. When asked by the court if he 
had anything to say before sentence was pronounced, he 
remarked. "Judge, you ought to be merciful to me; re- 
member I'm an orphan." 

What the Courts Say 

The decisions of the highest courts for half a century 
are all to the effect that no claim for "compensation" can 
stand even if the license is revoked before its expiration. 

iety has a right to adopt prohibition. Twelve dif- 
ferent times the Supreme Court of the United States has 
used this language: "There is no inherent right in a citi- 
zen thus to sell intoxicating liquors ; it is not a right of 
a citizen of a State or of a citizen of the Unite! Sta 
Similar statements have been made by the Supreme Courts 
of practically all the States. 

In Crowley vs. Christenson {137 U. S. 86) the Supreme 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 99 

Court, speaking of liquor-making and selling said, "As 
it is a business attended with danger to the community, 
it may, as already said, be entirely prohibited." The 
United States Supreme Court, in Beer Company vs. Mass., 
07 U. S. 32, says: "If the public safety or the public morals 
require the discontinuance of any manufacture or traffic, 
the hand of the Legislature cannot be stayed from pro- 
ceeding for its discontinuance by any incidental incon- 
venience which individuals or corporations may suffer." 

The Supreme Court has also repeatedly decided that 
there can be no just claim for compensation either for the 
liquor manufacturer or for the retail dealer. Their trade 
was conducted under a license, which was a permit granted 
to do a thing which, without that license, would be illegal. 
The license was for a year only, subject always to the 
chance that it might not be renewed. The court practically 
held that an investment made under it was the taking of a 
gambler's chance ; in effect, a bet that the license would 
be renewed ! But millions of voters have covered that 
bet, and are ready for a showdown. 

What Is a License? 

It is worth considering what a license to sell liquor is. 
Some people speak of it as though it were a restriction 
put on the liquor traffic. It is a permission extended to 
one to traffic in liquor. Without this permission we would 
be under prohibition now. There is not a saloon which 
could not be suppressed as a common nuisance should our 
license provisions all be repealed. The license is not a 
restriction ; it is not on the other hand a vested right. 
It is acquired with money, but on certain w r ell-known 
conditions. It extends its privilege for one year. 

It may or may not be renewed. Its renewal is not solely 
dependent on good behavior. It can be withdrawn for 
bad conduct, on grounds of lawlessness, or because the 
people change their minds and think the trade unprofitable 
to them. License does not even reach the dignity of a 
contract. 

Prohibition destroys no property. It destroys only 
license. The entire liquor industry rests upon license and 
being deprived of this legal foundation reverts to a nui- 
sance. 

In America a license is not property. It cannot be 
bought, sold, nor bequeathed. It is limited both in privi- 
lege and life. When it expires, the right of the holder 
to traffic in liquors no longer exists. He becomes one 
of the great mass of citizens who are prohibited from 
promoting such trade. 

It has never been contended that the refusal of the 
government to renew an individual license involves the 
duty of compensation. If the government should now 
refuse to renew two hundred thousand licenses, why is 
it any more obligated to compensate than when it refuses 
to renew one license? 

Compensation an Impudent Proposition 

What is the government's relation to the liquor traffic? 
It is beyond doubt a partner in the business, a sharer of 
its profits and of its guilt. The government exercises as 
much control over the manufacture of liquor in this coun- 
try as do the proprietors of breweries and distilleries. 



ioo THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

This partnership exists under a year-by-year agreement. 
The agreement lasts only twelve months, with no guar- 
anty of renewal. The fact that the liquor interests have 
built distilleries, warehouses, breweries, and saloons does 
not entitle them to compensation from the government 
any more than the fact that the government has built 
revenue houses entitles it to compensation from the liquor 
traffic when prohibition goes into effect. 

Under this partnership, one partner under the agree- 
ment has become immensely wealthy, swollen with undue 
profits. 

The other partner has found the partnership a losing 
venture — an agreement that costs him ten times as much 
as he gets out of it. 

Xow, when the losing partner resolves not to renew the 
yearly agreement, the partner who has profited claims that 
the losing partner should pay him the entire value of the 
business establishment! 

It is not so written in the bond. 

The accumulation of property to be used in operating 

a trade which lives only by license is at the risk of the 

licensee. It is his gamble. He has known that the license 

n exists under protest of millions of American 

citizens, but he has taken the chance. 

Much of this property is available for other purposes. 
Under prohibition, a brewery in West Virginia became 
a packing house, one in Washington became a fruit-juice 
factory, one in Flint. Michigan, a church. Saloon build- 
ings are put to shop uses. A very small part of the prop- 
erty devoted to the manufacture and distribution of liquors 
becomes usele* 

The excessive profits of many generations is more than 
ample compensation for this small loss to a trade which 
has imposed upon society sorrow and shame and the loss 
of billions of money. And if ever the liquor men seri- 
ously present their compensation claim, they will meet 
Society in court presenting — 

"Her Counter Claim" 

Does the liquor traffic clamor for justice? It had better 
take care how it utters that prayer, lest God should answer 
it ! What does the law of God say is justice for the ox 
that gored, and for the owner who knowingly kept it? 
Does the liquor traffic ask for justice? Then justice let 
it be ! Justice for broken hearts, for desolated homes, 
for commercial disaster, for the manufacture of paupers, 
lunatics, incapables. and criminals. Justice for myriads 
of little children perishing in hunger and squalor, and 
reared in filth, disease, and moral corruption, to be the 
scourge of society. Does the liquor traffic claim its due 
compensation? What is it? The curse of the righteous 
God. whose uttermost wrath rests upon all systems that 
make traffic of the manhood, which is so precious in his 
sight that he has redeemed it with the blood of his own 
Son. 

A Woman's Argument 

This letter from the Detroit Journal (Michigan) bares 
one woman's heart and reveals a life robbed of all that 
is dear in this world. We reprint it in full : 

Mr. ..Editor: Allow me to say a few words to the readr 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 101 

your independent paber in reference to a clause of a liquor bill that 
has been introduced in the House, asking for compensation for those 
that local option puts out of the liquor business. 1 did not think- 
that the people sent a man to Lansing with cheek enough to intro- 
duce such a bill. Instead of the taxpayers' compensating the bloated 
liquor barons, a bill ought to be introduced confiscating what they 
have accumulated out of the accursed traffic in the past ten years, 
and this money ought to be given back to the criminals, the starv- 
ing wives, and destitute children they have made. 

Twelve years ago I married a mechanic in a town in Salinac 
County. He was bright and intelligent and capable of earning $6oo- 
a year. He got into the habit of going to the barrooms, first for 
company and then for drinks, until I had to take in washing to 
support myself and children. 

After ten years of misery and poverty, two months ago he died 
of delirium tremens. He never was a bad man, but was lured to 
his doom; and I at middle age am left a pauper with two children 
to raise. 

There are a dozen men in this village that will soon follow him 
to their graves. Only for liquor we would have been the happiest 
couple of the country. About the time that I got married a chum of 
mine married a bartender. He afterward got a saloon of his own, 
and eight years ago he purchased a building that he turned into a 
hotel for $1,500. It cost $500 to make the changes. This build- 
ing for liquor purposes - he says is worth $10,000. He has also 
bought a farm, has a racehorse, two bulldogs, and an auto. His 
wife has four silk dresses and a seal skin sacque. In ten years 
he got $300 of my husband's earnings. 

Xow, if local option is carried in the county, he wants com- 
pensation. He no doubt wants about $8,000 on one hotel and a 
pension of about $1,000 per year for not having a business to make 
maniacs, drunkards, suicides, tramps, orphan children, destitute 
wives, and starving widows. 

The first thing that we know hangmen will be wanting compensa- 
tion for lost business in States where capital punishment has been 
abolished. I will send the price of my next day's washing to help 
purchase a coat of arms for the fellow who introduced the bill with 
the compensation clause in it. A representative or a senator who 
would vote for such a measure could not get the votes of three 
honest men in our State. 

(Signed) A Pauper from the Liquor Traffic. 

The following are some of the items of a bill of damages 
which Rev. G. Armstrong, a Wesleyan Methodist preacher 
of England, says that nation might fairly lay against 
the traffic : 

Item 1. — Damages for the deterioration of property in the neigh- 
borhood of the license. 

Item 2. — Compensation to employers for all that they lose on 
Mondays, and at other times thru the absence of tippling workmen 
from their work. 

Item 3. — Compensation to employers for muddle-headed work 
done by boozy workmen. 

Item 4. — The cost of the support of all drink-produced paupers and 
pauper-lunatics. 

Item 5. — The cost of policemen, judges, prisons, and criminal pro- 
cedure, as far as they are due to drink. 

Item 6. — Compensation to families for death and sickness of mem- 
bers of the family caused by drink. 

Item 7. — Damages for all drink-caused accidents, shipwrecks, and 
the like. 

Item 8. — Damages for all skilled workmen whose education has 
been costly to the community, and who have not given the number 
of years' service in return that might have been expected from them, 
in consequence of their premature death thru alcohol. 

If the State allows this traffic, which has acquired such 
swollen wealth by means of an unearned increment, to go 
scot free with what it has got, the trade ought to consider 
that it has been treated with merciful magnanimity. 

CONFISCATION— See Compensation. 

CONGRESS— If the vote on the District of Columbia 
prohibition bill be taken as a criterion, the prohibitionists 
came within one vote of having two thirds in the House 
of Representatives and within three votes of having such 
a majority in the Senate, of the 64th Congress. That 



102 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

Congress enacted prohibition for the District of Columbia, 
prohibition for Alaska, conditional prohibition for Porto 
Rico, and passed a law excluding liquor advertising and 
solicitation from States where it is prohibited by State 
law. It also enacted a law prohibiting all interstate com- 
merce in liquors into States having prohibition laws. 

Refs. — See Alaska: Advertising of Liquors; Bonedry Laws; Dis- 
trict of Columbia; Hobson-Sheppard Bill; Webb-Ken;. :n Law. 

CONGRESSIONAL TEMPERANCE SOCIETY— 

A Congressional Temperance Society was formed on call 
of twenty-five members of Congress February 26, 1833. 
The first president of the society was Lewis Cass, of 
Michigan, who was at that time secretary of war. After 
a subsidence of activity, the society was revived in 1867 
with Schuyler Colfax and Henry Wilson as leaders. 

CONNECTICUT— At the beginning of 1917 there were 
91 dry and 77 wet towns : a gain of 2 towns having been 
made during the year 1916. Submission of State prohibi- 
tion received 65 votes in the Legislature, the first time 
that such a proposition had any support in Connecticut. 
License fees were advanced 60 per cent, and regulation 
of saloons and clubs was greatly increased in strictness. 

CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENT— From the 
beginning of prohibition agitation the final goal in view 
has been an amendment to the federal constitution. 

On December 22. 1914, the House voted 197 to 189 in 
favor of the prohibition national amendment. Ten were 
paired against, five in favor of the bill. Twenty-seven 
others did not vote. There are 139 members in the 65th 
Congress who were not members in 1914. 

There has been a sharp difference of opinion between 
prohibitionists as to whether the amendment advocated 
should merely prohibit the manufacture, etc.. "for sale.*' 
or whether its prohibition should be general making the 
amendment bonedry. In the 64th Congress the measure 
reported to the House of Representatives read: 

Section i. That the sale, manufacture for sale, transportation 
for sale and importation for sale of intoxicating liquors for beverage 
purposes in the L'nited States and all territories subject to the 
jurisdiction thereof, and exportation thereof, are forever prohibited. 

Section 2. That the Congress and the States shall have power 
independently or concurrently to enforce this article by all needful 
legislation. 

The Senate form was as follows : 

The sale, manufacture or transportation of intoxicating liquors 
within, the importation thereof into and exportation thereof from the 
L'nited States and all territories subject to the jurisdiction thereof 
for beverage purposes are hereby prohibited. 

The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by all appro- 
priate legislation. This article shall not be construed to abridge the 
power of the several States to enforce State prohibitory laws. 

The latter form is the amendment finally adopted for 
introduction into the 65th Congress. 

It avails nothing to say that the liquor traffic is already 
contrary to the constitution. The evil exists. The offen- 
sive policy is one of long standing. The spirit of the 
constitution must be put into words. 

Xo inherent rights of the States would be transgressed 
by such action. It is the States themselves that amend 
the constitution by an agreed process. 

The States would lose no police powers. Their right 
to prohibit the traffic would be as ample as it is now. 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 103 

They would only be prohibited from making a trade legal 
which is \iaturally and inherently illegal. 

George Washington said, "The basis of our political 
system is the right of the people to make and to alter 
their constitutions of government." 

It is not drunkenness that is unforgivable, but the 
encouragement of drunkenness ; it is not vice that is un- 
pardonable, but the artificial stimulation of vice for profit. 

"We, the people," are encouraging drunkenness ; are 
stimulating vice for revenue. A constitutional amendment 
will stop it. 

Refs. — See References under Amendment, Constitutional. 

CONSTITUTIONAL PROHIBITION— The placing 
of prohibition in the federal constitution requires its sub- 
mission by a two-thirds vote of the House of Representa- 
tives and the Senate and the subsequent approval of three 
fourths of the State Legislatures. A State may refuse 
to approve the amendment and afterward reverse its 
action, but if it once approves it cannot withdraw that 
approval. There is no limit of time in which a State may 
act favorably, consequently the submission of the amend- 
ment would insure national prohibition at some time. 

The liquor men protest vigorously against the submis- 
sion of the amendment, because of the fact that "the small 
States could force prohibition upon the States of large 
population." 

This is quite true. The principle involved lies at the 
very foundation of our Union, for it was only upon this 
concession that the small States could be induced to ratify 
the constitution. To attack this principle is to attack the 
Union itself. 

Prohibition must be embedded in the constitution of the 
United States because it is an essential principle. Agita- 
tion will cease when prohibition has become the settled 
policy of the nation, when all proved tendency of the gov- 
ernment to transgress against the fundamental rights of 
the people is checked by a provision in our national 
charter making it forever impossible to license an anti- 
social institution. 

Our Fathers! 

We tread in the path of- our fathers. It was thus they 
secured their rights and liberties. The federal constitution 
prohibits the suspension of the writ of habeas corpus, ex- 
post facto laws, unequal taxation, laws abridging the right 
of free speech, and petition. 

But the right of the people to expect consistent hos- 
tility on the part of their government to traffics which 
endanger the public health and welfare has not been 
properly safeguarded. The United States constitution 
says nothing in regard to the attitude the federal govern- 
ment shall maintain toward the liquor traffic. Unchecked 
by constitutional prohibition, Congress has established a 
national partnership with a trade which wastes the na- 
tional resources, contributes heavily to social delinquency, 
and entails a vast burden of poverty and woe. 

Naturally Unconstitutional 

The policy of license is abhorrent to the spirit of the 
common law and is out of harmony with the preamble of 
the constitution. 



io 4 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

The constitution is to "establish justice," but the policy 
of Congress toward the liquor traffic protects fraud and 
fills the treasury with revenue from a trade which cor- 
rupts politics, defies law, and profits by the distress of 
the people. 

The constitution was designed to insure "domestic tran- 
quillity," yet Congress licenses a trade which inevitably 
produces riot, murder, robbery, debauchery, and disorder. 

The constitution "provides for the common defense," 
yet Congressf licenses men to deal in a commodity which 
weakens the bodies and minds of American citizens 
and builds a corrupt interest which imperils the nation 
with its selfish and treasonable activity at every period of 
crisis. 

Does the policy of licensing the liquor traffic "promote 
the general welfare"? Does it secure to our citizens "life, 
liberty, and the pursuit of happiness"? 

The government of the United States is at the present 
time financially interested in the degeneration and death 
of its citizens. It has sold to the liquor traffic, which 
has no inherent rights, the privilege of existence and the 
"right" to do wrong. 

It prohibits the sale of liquor except on the condition 
that a portion of the profits be paid to the government. 

Refs. — See References under Amendment, Constitutional. 

CONSUMPTION OF LIQUORS— The per capita 
consumption of spirituous, vinous, and malt liquors during 
the federal fiscal year ended June 30, 1916, was 19.40 
gallons, the lowest figure since 1902. It is estimated that 
25 per cent of the total population are users of alcoholic 
liquors, so that the per capita consumption by users is 
perhaps 77.60 gallons annually. 

When the 1916 preliminary report of the commissioner 
of Internal revenue was issued, the increase in "with- 
drawals for consumption" of distilled liquors was seized 
with avidity by the liquor interests, who spread over the 
country broadcast the assertion that "hand in hand with 
the spread of prohibition goes an increase in the con- 
sumption of liquor." 

While the consumption of distilled spirits was greater 
in 1916 than in 1915, it was less than in any year between 
1902 and 191 5. The per capita consumption of wine was 
slightly greater than in 191 5, but less than in any other 
year between 1901 and 1915, and the per capita consump- 
tion of beer was less than in any previous year back to 
1902. 

The slight increase over 1915 in the withdrawals for 
consumption of distilled spirits was principally due, ac- 
cording to the commissioner of internal revenue, to "the 
effective enforcement of the internal revenue taxes on 
distilled spirits." It is estimated that through the cam- 
paign of the Treasury Department against undergauging, 
equalizing, and blockading in distilleries the revenue of 
the government has been increased by probably $5,000,000. 

On page no of the report of the commissioner of inter- 
nal revenue for 1916 one secures the information that 123,- 
000,000 gallons — almost half of the total production for 
the year — were withdrawn taxfree for denaturing. 

The European war greatly stimulated the demand for 
alcohol to be used in the manufacture of munitions. 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 105 

The effect of the spread of prohibition upon the con- 
sumption>of liquor can be better understood by consider- 
ing the whole subject over a long term of years. The 
following table shows the per capita consumption of liquor 
since 1904: 

Year ending 

June 30th: Spirits Wines Beers Total 

1904 J -45 -52 I7-9I 19-87 

1905 J -42 .41 18.02 19-85 

1906 1-47 -53 19-54 21.55 

1907 1-58 .65 20.56 22.79 

T908 1-39 -58 20.26 22.22 

1909 1-32 .67 19-07 21.06 

1910 1.42 .65 20.09 22.19 

1911 1.46 .67 20.66 22.79 

1912 1.44 -58 19.96 21.98 

1913 1.50 .56 20.62 22.68 

1914 1-43 -52 20.54 22.68 

1915 1-25 -32 18.24 20.50 

1916 ' 1.35 -46 17-59 19-40 

The significance of these figures cannot be grasped with- 
out an understanding of the rapid and steady increase in 
the per capita consumption of alcoholic liquors up to the 
beginning of the modern prohibition movement in 1907. 
Simply to check such a fast-moving increase is an achieve- 
ment, but to reduce it since 1907 from 22.79 gallons per 
capita to 19.40 gallons per capita, in spite of the tremendous 
war prosperity, which has enormously increased the con- 
sumption of almost all legitimate commodities by a well- 
paid, luxury-seeking people, is a triumph. The figures 
for the federal year 1-916 include only six months of prohi- 
bition in a large number of States which went dry January 
1, 1916. 

To indicate the remarkable tendency toward increase of 
consumption of liquors, checked by the prohibition move- 
ment, the following table showing per capita consumption 
in gallons for decade-years is given : * 

Per Capita Consumption of Liquor in Gallons in United States 

1850 4.08 

i860 6.43 

1870 7.70 

1880 10.09 

1890 15-53 

1900 17-76 

1907 22.79 

1913 22.68 

1916 19.40 

Percentage of Increase 

Increase 1850 to i860 57.5 

Increase i860 to 1870 19-7 

Increase 1870 to 1880 31.0 

Increase 1880 to 1890 '. 53-9 

Increase 1890 to 1900 14.2 

Increase 1900 to 1907 28.0 

Decrease 1907 to 1916 14.8 

It will be noticed that from 1850 to 1907 the consumption 
of liquor advanced by leaps. This advance was not checked 
until 1907, when the veteran prohibition States of Maine, 
North Dakota, and Kansas began to be reenforced by the 
modern era of prohibition victory. 

Since 1907 the decrease has been 14.8 per cent, which 
certainly does not indicate that prohibition has not affected 
the tendency to consumption of liquors. If a dry move- 
ment had not arrested the tendency to increase, and the 



106 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

per capita increase during the nine-year period between 
1907 to 1916 had been as great as during the seven-year 
period from 1900 to 1907, the American people in 1916, 
instead of consuming 19.40 gallons of liquor per capita, 
would have consumed 29.17 gallons per capita, or ten 
gallons more than they did consume. 

In passing, it should be remarked that the federal gov- 
ernment compels the manufacturer, after whisky has been 
in bond eight years, to withdraw and tax pay it. at which 
time it is registered as having been "consumed," although, 
as a matter of fact, it may not have been consumed at all. 

The reader should be cautioned against the attempt to 
create the impression in the public mind that prohibition 
causes people to turn from beer and wine to spirituous 
liquors. The fact that the per capita consumption of 
spirits declined from 1.58 gallons in 1907 to 1.35 gallons 
in 1 916 certainly does not indicate this, for that was the 
period of prohibition development. 

Truth from the "Brewers' Review" 

If you go back to the annual report of the commissioner 
of internal revenue for the year ending June 30. 1013. you 
will find that the increase in the production of beer was 
2,998,219 barrels greater than for the previous year. This 
afforded an excellent opportunity for beer editorials point- 
ing to the fact that prohibition had failed to curtail the 
beer flood, but for some strange reason the editor of the 
Brewers' lecided to speak truth in the family 

circle, and the result was an illuminating study showing 
that the increase in that year had been in license centers. 
The editorial mentioned reads : 

"It has been suggested that this increase of production 
might in part be due to the purchase of beer by the dry 
communities. This would naturally suggest an increase of 
production on the part of the export breweries. But. if 
we compare the production of fermented liquors by States 
during the fiscal year with the corresponding figure for the 
previous year, this surmise is not borne out. Thus we find 
for the State of Mis-ouri. with the large export breweries 
of Saint Louis, an increase of production of about 3 ! ■ 
per cent, and for Wisconsin, embracing the big export 
breweries of Milwaukee, an increase of about 3 per cent, 
whereas the increase for the entire country is about 4u 
per cent. It is thus seen that the States containing the 
principal export breweries fell below the percentage of 
increase for the entire country." 

Mida's Criterion in 1916 received 130 replies from dis- 
tillers to an inquiry as to whether the year's crop of 
whisky should be curtailed. All but 21 voted in favor of 
retrenching. 

A typical reply admits that prohibition greatly decreases 
the consumption of liquor, which fact the liquor publica- 
tions habitually deny. This statement reads: 

"Consumption will decrease in amount within the next 
few years, as — regardless of reports to the contrary — con- 
sumption will be much less in States where much of the 
territory has gone dry. for without saloons in open opera- 
tion people gradually decrease their consumption cf liquors 
as a beverage. Also, the younger generation now going 
out into business and professional life have been educated 
so thoroughly in all the schools and also by the magazines 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 107 

and mov^s against the use of alcoholic liquors that the 
consumption will drop a great amount on this account." 

Mr. Frederic W. Thompson, a director of breweries in 
England and America, in his work on "High License," 
1909, says (page 45) : 

"There are absolutely no grounds for the assumption 
that the consumption of liquor per head in each State is 
the same as that in the United States as a whole ; in fact, 
everything points to very great divergencies indeed. For 
instance, some six or eight of the States [now many more — 
Editor] are under prohibition, more or less rigidly en- 
forced. Temperance advocates, at any rate, cannot object 
to the argument that consumption in a prohibition State 
is but a fraction of what it is in a 'wet' area. The amount 
drunk in the remaining States must, therefore, be greater 
than the published figures. . . . Then, again, nearly one 
third of the inhabitants of the United States live in 'no- 
license' areas included in 'wet' States, and, where these 
areas are large, it is to be presumed that the inhabitants 
consume less than the average. Thus, a State having few 
'dry' areas would, other things being equal, consume more 
per capita than the average." 

The effect upon the trade itself certainly supports the 
supposition that something is preventing the liquor indus- 
try from sharing in the prosperity of the times. The 
practical bankruptcy of such concerns as the Eastern 
Brewing Company of New York, the Tosetti Brewing 
Company of Chicago, the Elgin National Brewing Com- 
pany, the Marine Brewing Company of Michigan, the 
Hammond Brewing Company, the Kentucky Distillers' 
Distributing Company, the Kellerstrass, F. G. Walker, 
Nelson, Progress, Shawhan Distilling Companies, the 
failure of the German National Bank of Pittsburgh, be- 
cause of a slump in brewing securities, the stagnation of 
the securities of the Distillers' Securities Corporation, 
American Malting Company, etc., together with the fact 
that no less than sixty-eight brewing companies are at- 
tempting to popularize the so-called temperance or non- 
alcoholic beers, points to the probability that prohibition 
has done just what it was intended to do. 

Western States Show Same Results 

The Western States of Oregon, Colorado, and Wash- 
ington show definite results. If importation for the month 
of April, 1916, be taken as a basis of statistics, Portland. 
Oregon, used only $281,641 worth of liquor during 1916, 
as compared with $6,563,326 in the year previous. The 
April shipments into Portland indicate that that city in 
1916 spent only 7.5 per cent as much money for whisky 
as it did in 1915, only 1.9 per cent as much for beer, and 
less than 5 per cent for all liquors taken collectively. 

In Denver the registered importations for March, 1916, 
would have supplied the 465 licensed saloons, that were 
closed by prohibition, with only enough liquor for one 
sale every three days. 

The registered importations into King County, contain- 
ing Seattle, Washington, in March, 1916, would have per- 
mitted each one of the saloons, closed by prohibition, to 
do $2.35 worth of business a day and no more. 

The passage of the federal bonedry act in February, 
1917, ends all controversy as to the consumption of liquors 



io8 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

in prohibition States. From the time when this law goes 
into effect, July I, 1917, prohibition States will be entirely 
eliminated from the consideration. 

Refs.— See Cost of the Liquor Traffic; and Kansas. 

CONVICTS — The year 1914 saw a truly remarkable 
temperance movement among convicted criminals. From 
various prisons and penitentiaries in the nation, and from 
many prison publications, the States and nation were called 
upon to prohibit the sale of alcohol, to which from 50 
per cent to 90 per cent of the convicts attribute their down- 
fall. A petition to the Pennsylvania Legislature asking 
for prohibition was signed by 1,008 of the 1,478 prisoners 
in the Eastern penitentiary of that State. The petition 
read as follows: 

To the Senate and House of Representatives of the Commonwealth 
of Pennsylvania, in General Assembly Met: 

Your petitioners, representing the major portion of the inmates of 
the Eastern State Penitentiary, of Pennsylvania, respectfully aver: 

That they believe fully 70 per cent of crime within the State is 
directly attributable to the excessive use of intoxicating liquors, and 

That many of them have a personal knowledge of its debasing 
influence as exemplified in their own lives, and 

That, believing if the sale of intoxicating liquors was prohibited 
by the enactment of laws by your honorable body, that the effect 
would be to reduce crime at least 50 per cent, if not more. They 
therefore 

Respectfully pray that you will favorably consider the introduction 
of any measure having for its object the curtailment of the sale 
of intoxicating liquors, and use the great power with which you are 
clothed to obtain the passage of an act to prohibit the sale of such 
intoxicating liquor anywhere within the bounds of the commonwealth 
of Pennsylvania. 

We further pray that yoa will give due consideration to this peti- 
tion, coming to you as a voluntary deed of a body of earnest men 
and women, acting entirely on their own initiative, without sugges- 
tion from others. 

Twelve hundred convicts in the Joliet (111.) prison were 
preparing a similar petition to the Legislature of that State 
when it was forbidden by the warden. 

The crusade in the Eastern penitentiary of Pennsylvania 
was launched by the Umpire, the prison paper, and was 
taken up by Lend A Hand, in the prison of Salem, Ore.; 
thtNew Era, published in the federal prison at Leaven- 
worth, Kan. ; the Better Citizen, issued at the New Jersey 
Reform School, and similar publications. These papers 
were full of pleas signed by convicts. 

Here, for instance, is a letter to the Umpire from B 
6815: 

An open confession is good for the soul. I myself am willing to 
admit that intoxicating drink caused me to commit crimes which I 
would not have done had I been in my right mind. It is said that 
drunkenness is no excuse in law. Be that as it may. Sufficient to 
say that when I committed my crime my mind was diseased from 
the effect of liquor. I explained this to the judge. I believe he 
realized that I was not responsible for my actions at the time of 
my arrest. I have no patience with the class of persons who swell 
up their chest and say, "I can take a drink and I can leave it 
alone." It sounds good, but as a rule they never leave it alone. In 
conclusion, let us get the good notion to dump the booze into the 
ocean. 

In the same paper is this communication from B 6828 : 

I favor the State prohibition of selling intoxicating drinks, as I 
believe it to be a curse to many. There are many good and honest 
men that are behind bars to-day that would not be there but for 
liquor. 

In the editorial columns is this comment: 

An exchange says that "Out in Everett, Ind., a drunken man 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 109 

clubbed his wife to death with an ax, then slashed her face and 
neck with a razor. Then he sent his oldest son for a rope, intend- 
ing "to hang himself. The State is going to attend to this matter 
for him, however, and then nine little children will be orphans." 

There is not a man who reads this but has a knowledge of just 
such a whisky-inspired crime. There is scarcely a prison in the 
country to-day that does not contain one or more men undergoing 
punishment for just such a brutal offense. 

Under the caption "Eliminate the Cause," the New Era, 
published in the federal penitentiary at Leavenworth, Kan., 
says editorially : 

The city of Chicago has passed an emergency ordinance prohibit- 
ing the purchasing of a revolver, except on a permit signed by the 
chief of police on the signed recommendation of two taxpayers. 

Good! Now when legislation also eliminates that which so often 
causes the lamentable use of firearms — whisky — the lawmakers and 
the public will have made another long stride toward the reduction 
of much crime to a minimum. Wherever society starts at the bottom 
to investigate and eliminate, just that soon will wrongdoing against 
it diminish and the so-called "criminal classes" disappear. 

In another issue of the same weekly we find the follow- 
ing item : 

Recent studies of the vital statistics of this country have revealed 
an alarming increase in the disease of degeneracy as a result of 
alcohol, which makes it necessary to take an inventory of the moral 
and physical stock of the people. Among these unfortunates we 
find: Insane, 200,000; feeble-minded and epileptics, 250,000; deaf 
and dumb, 100,000; blind, 100,000; juvenile delinquents in institu- 
tions, 50,000; • paupers, 100,000; prisoners and criminals, 150,000, 
making a grand total of 950,000, which annually cost taxpayers 
$250,000,000. 

Evidently the editor of the New Era was set thinking 
by these startling figures, for he follows up this economic 
observation with further statistics : 

Careful investigation reveals the startling fact that about 90 per 
cent of all inmates of penitentiaries in this country have been victims 
of John Barleycorn, directly or indirectly. The federal govern- 
ment receives about $375,000,000 annually as a tax on this magnifi- 
cent crime-breeding system, and taxpayers and the nation pay about 
$600,000,000 per annum in an effort to protect themselves against 
crime and criminals. Any mathematician can figure it out for 
himself. 

One of the convicts struck the rotten heart of the whole 
license system when he wrote : 

One of the King's Daughters asked me if I intended to stop 
drinking whisky when I left here, and I told her I didn't know. 
As long as it is being shoved under your nose at every street corner 
in the city, I don't believe any drinking man can safely promise to 
leave it alone. But if the temptation was not at hand, then I for 
one feel that I could safely make the promise. That is the way I 
feel about prohibition. 

If you are still not impressed, read this •communication 
from No. 8780, as published in a recent issue of the New 
Era: 

To-day I am a husband without a wife — a father without a child 
and a man without a home; all having been swallowed up in the 
maelstrom of drink. 

Refs. — See Crime; and Juvenile Delinquency. 

CORRUPTION— See Brewers ; and Lawlessness. 

COST OF LIVING— See High Cost of Living. 

COST OF THE LIQUOR TRAFFIC— The cost of 
the drink traffic to the American people is first to be found 
in the retail expenditure for alcoholic liquors and then in 
the vast consequential cost traceable to drink-caused 
poverty, crime, insanity, inefficiency, and death. 



no THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

For the year ended Tune 30. 1916. the American people 
consumed the following quantities of alcoholic beverages: 

Distilled Spirits 

Domestic 136,2.1; 

Imported . :6,i86 

Total i39,9- ; - 

Wines 

Domestic .i.:.; -9.206 

Imported 5.357,939 

Total -,145 

I Liquors 

Domestic 1,815,68: 

Imported 

Total 1,818,266,448 

Total of Liquor; 2,005,8c - 

The Statistical Department of the Bureau of Foreign 
and Domestic Commerce estimates the retail price of 

Domestic Spirits a? $5 . 00 a gallon 

Imported Spirits as 8.0: 

Domestic Wines as 2.00 " " 

Imported Wines as 4.00 " " 

Domestic Malt Liquors a~ ;o " " 

Imported Malt Liquors as 1 . M 

>ing these figures, we find the retail cost o'f all liquors 
consumed by the American people for the year ended 
June 30. 1916, to be as folio* 

Distilled Spirits 

Domestic $681.2 12.730. 00 

Imported -*3. 00 

Total $710,862,218.00 

Wines 

Domestic S^.^; -.112.00 

Imported 56.00 

Total 105,890,168.00 

Malt Liquors 

Dome- $907,843,066.50 

Imported -,580,315.00 

Total 423,381.50 

Grand Total .50 

The cost is given on the basis of the retail prices sug- 
gested by the Bureau of Domestic and Foreign Commerce 
because these are the rock-bottom figures. We do not 
believe they are the proper figures, because in the 
nature of the case the government statisticians cannot take 
into consideration the universal practice of adulterating 
liquors, thus increasing their price to the consumer. 
Neither can the government take into consideration a large 
amount of beer sold as "small beers." the bottle beer bring- 
ing fancy prices in resorts and disorderly houses and other 
factors affecting the retail cost. 

Dr. Harvey \Y. Wiley, the celebrated food expert, esti- 
mates that 85 per cent of all spirits sold undergoes adulter- 
ation. 

There is even- reason to believe that this practice of 
adulteration very nearly, if not quite, doubles the amount 
of liquor which is tax-paid, so that the consumer pays 
for twice the quantity- registered by the government as 
having been "'consumed/' This, if taken into consideration, 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS in 

would increase the estimate of retail cost by $710,862,218, 
bringing fche total figures to $2,438,037,985.50, and this does 
not take into consideration the other factors mentioned 
above, other than adulteration. 

The American Grocer estimates that one fourth of the 
population of the United States uses liquors. If this be 
true — and it probably is true — the drinkers of the country 
pay, approximately, more than $100 each per year for their 
liquors. 

And all this money is lost. The money spent at retail 
for drink did not return anything of value to the man 
who spent it. That is a characteristic that the transaction 
has in common with every other illegitimate transaction. 
It is the only condemnation that can be brought to bear 
upon the get-rich-quick man, the gambler, the thief. Cer- 
tainly, the money did not go out of circulation ; certainly, 
it was respent, in a large part, for legitimate commodities ; 
but that does not protect the transaction from its stigma. 
For the same thing is true of the money which the high- 
wayman acquires by his nefarious conduct ; the same thing 
is true of the money which the prostitute acquires, by 
debasing her body and spreading disease in the community. 
The expenditure of this vast sum did not register the 
creation or exchange of value. 

Long ago, Adam Smith said : "All the labor expended 
producing strong drink is utterly unproductive ; it adds 
nothing to the wealth of the community. A wise man 
works and earns wages, and spends his wages so that he 
may work again. Employers, taken all around, do not pay 
more wages to total abstainers, but the latter contribute 
more to their own and fellow workers' wages fund than 
do the drinkers." 

Every bit of material used in the manufacture of liquor 
was destroyed, so far as its value to the world is con- 
cerned. Every dollar of wages paid represented waste of 
valuable time which should have contributed to the world's 
wealth. Every cent paid for liquor over the bar repre- 
sented loss. 

No trade can be accounted of value to the nation if it 
merely produces or supplies consumption. It must also 
contribute to the conservation of products and energies, 
making its output reproduce all of the material and labor 
it represents and add something to the nation's reserve of 
wealth. 

The consequential or indirect cost of the liquor traffic 
cannot be accurately estimated, of course, but it may be 
asserted with the greatest confidence that this is as great 
as the direct retail cost. 

The Massachusetts State Bureau of Statistics of Labor 
reported to the Legislature of that State — 

That 75 per cent of the adult paupers in the State of 
Massachusetts were addicted to the use of liquor. 

That 40 per cent attributed their pauperism to their own 
intemperate habits. 

The report on crime says (pages 408 and 409) : 

That 96.44 per cent of all the adult criminals were 
addicted to the use of liquor. 

That with 84.41 per cent of all criminals, the intemperate 
habits of the offender led to a condition which induced the 
:rime. 

The report on the insane says (pages 411 and 412) : 



ii2 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

That 51.44 per cent of all 'the adults were addicted to the 
use of liquor. 

That with 30 per cent the intemperate habits of the 
person led to insanity. 

Upon this unquestioned basis let us consider the expense 
to the State as the direct result of the license for the sale 
of intoxicating drink, as taken from the State auditor's 
report of 1905 : 

Expenses of paupers, $899,269; 40 per cent of which 
would be $359,707. 

Expenses of criminals, $891,998; 85 per cent of which 
would be $749,278. 

Expenses of insane, $1,606,207; 30 per cent of which 
would be $481,862. 

The State paid judges and district attorneys $282,855; 
51 per cent of which would be $144,256. 

Value of buildings for paupers, criminals, and insane, 
$ I 5>535>9 2 6; interest at 2> X A P er cent would be $543,757; 
51 per cent of which would be $277,316. 

Judge Murray, chairman of the commission to investi- 
gate drunkenness in that State in 1914, made the following 
statement in the report : 

"It is impossible to estimate in dollars the yearly cost 
of drunkenness to the commonwealth. The expenditure 
for penal treatment is but a small fraction of the total 
cost, yet the expense arising from 63.4 per cent of all 
arrests, and 67.6 per cent of all commitments to prison 
made during the year, together with a considerable per- 
centage of the cost of probation, trial, and transportation 
of prisoners, is due to public drunkenness. Moreover, the 
intemperate use of alcohol is directly responsible for many 
other criminal offenses which are brought into the courts. 
Massachusetts prison statistics show that 96 per cent of 
all criminals in our prisons in 1912 were intemperate by 
habit." 

Broadly, the problem of indirect cost of the drink indus- 
try in America is a problem of decreased efficiency to 
moderate drinkers, the loss of efficiency of drunkards, the 
loss of the time of a large portion of paupers and 
prisoners, feeble-minded, and insane ; the loss of the time 
of the makers, handlers, and sellers; the destruction of 
grain and other products in making liquors; the loss of 
interest on properties devoted to this destructive business ; 
part of the interests on property used as alms houses, 
asylums, prisons, jails, and other institutions; the loss of 
the time of many police officers, etc. ; the premature 
deaths and preventable illnesses due to drink, etc. 

This is the price the American people pay for continuing 
a foolish governmental policy, maintaining a corrupt, high- 
handed, and oppressive trade, submitting to the overriding 
of State authority under the protection of the federal 
government, and constant, unbearable insolence from the 
invading horde of conscienceless men who are not Ameri- 
cans by birth or in spirit, and who hate American ideals. 

It should be noted that this cost does not fall altogether 
upon drinkers or principally upon drinkers ; it falls upon 
all tax payers and upon all consumers of the necessities of 
life. For the men who consume without producing are 
a burden upon those who produce as well as consume. 

Refs. — See Comparisons; Consumption of Liquor. For conse- 
quential cost see such subjects as Crime; Insanity; Pauperism, etc. 






PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 113 

COUNTIES— The table below gives the total number 

of counties in each State together with the number of 

dry counties. All counties in States having prohibition 

laws in effect February 1, 1917, are listed in the dry 
column. In addition, laws have been approved but were 
not in force in the States of Montana, Nebraska, South 

Dakota, Michigan, Utah, New Hampshire, and Indiana, 

the counties listed in the dry column for those States 

being only those dry before the enactment of the pro- 
hibitory law. 

Total Number 

of Counties Dry Counties 

Alabama 67 67 

Arizona 14 14 

Arkansas 75 75 

California 58 2 

Colorado 63 63 

Connecticut 8 

Delaware 3 2 

Florida 52 44 

Georgia 152 152 

Idaho 37 2,7 

Illinois 102 52 

Indiana 92 34 

Iowa 99 99 

Kansas 105 105 

Kentucky 120 106 

Louisiana 63 35 

Maine 16 16 

Maryland 23 17 

Massachusetts 14 * 

Michigan 83 45 

Minnesota 86 45 

Mississippi 80 80 

Missouri 114 85 

Montana . , 41 1 

Nebraska 93 32 

Nevada . 16 

New Hampshire 10 3 

New Jersey 21 

New Mexico 26 1 

New York 62 4 

North Carolina 100 100 

North Dakota 52 52 

Ohio 88 14 

Oklahoma 77 77 

Oregon 35 35 

Pennsylvania 67 11 

Rhode Island : 5 

South Carolina 44 44 

South Dakota 68 30 

Tennessee 96 96 

Texas 252 187 

Utah 28 20 

Vermont 14 7 

Virginia 100 100 

Washington 39 39 

West Virginia 55 55 

Wisconsin 71 2 

Wyoming 21 1 

2,997 2,086 
*Massachusetts votes by municipalities. 

(D. Stewart Patterson.) 



COURTS — The "increasing hostility of the courts to the 
liquor traffic was recently noted by Midas Criterion, a 
leading liquor organ, in the following words : "The trend 
of the courts of this country seems of late years to be 
all in the direction of the curtailing of personal liberty, 
so that the only alternative that suggests itself is to leave 
society as far behind as possible and get back to nature." 

The judgment of the courts on various points relative 
to the liquor traffic is shown by the following decisions, 



ii 4 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

which are only a few selected from a great number that 
might be quoted : 

i. The Courts on the Merits of the Liquor Business 

If a loss of revenue should accrue to the United States 
from a diminished consumption of ardent spirits, she will 
be a gainer a thousandfold in the health, wealth, and 
happiness of the peopk. — The United States Supreme 
rt in the ease of 5 Hoieard. 632. 
We cannot shut out of view the fact, within the knowl- 
edge of all. that the public health, the public morals, and 
the public safety, may be endangered by the general use 
of intoxicating drinks ; nor the fact established by statistics 
accessible to everyone, that the idleness, disorder, pauper- 
ism, and crime existing in the country, are. in some degree 
at least, traceable to this evil. — The Supreme Court of the 
d States, in the ease of Mugler zs. Kansas, 123 V. S. 
662. 

That drunkenness is an evil, both to the individual and 
to the State, will probably be admitted. That its legitimate 
consequences are disease, and destruction of mind and 
body, will also be granted. That it produces from four 
fifths to nine tenths of all the crime committed is the 
united testimony of those judges, prison-keepers, sheriffs. 
and others engaged in the administration of the criminal 
law, who have investigated the subject. That taxation, 
to meet the expenses of pauperism and crime, falls upon 
and is borne by the people, follows as a matter of course. 
That its tendency is to destroy the peace, safety, and well- 
being of the people, to secure which the first article in 
the Bill of Rights declares all free governments are in- 
stituted, is too obvious to be denied. — The Supr. 
of the State of Indiana in the ease of Beebe is. the State, 
6th Indiar 

Probably no greater source of crime and sorrow has ever 
• 1 than the social drinking saloons. Social drinking 
is the evil of evils. It has probably caused more drunk- 
enness and has made more drunkards than all other causes 
combined ; and drunkenness is a pernicious source of all 
kinds of crime and sorrow. It is a Pandora's box. send- 
ing forth innumerable ills a: liame and disgrace, 
indigence, poverty, and want: social happiness destroyed; 
domestic broils and bickerings engendered : socia'. 

red; homes made d ottered; heart- 

rending parting- : sin. crime, and untold : not 

even hope left, but everything lost : an everlasting fare- 
well to all true happiness and to all the nobler aspirations 
right fully belonging to even,- true and virtuous human 
being. — The Supreme Court of the State ex ret. vs. C 
28th Kansas 7 
It [a prohibitory law] seeks to promote the general wel- 
fare by prohibiting an excessive vice, which is doing more 
to disqualify men for self-government than all other 
sources combined. The use of intoxicating liquors as a 
drink is the cause of more want, pauperism, suffering, 
crime, and public expense than any other cause, and per- 
haps it should be said, than all other causes combined — 
Supreme Court of the State of Iowa, Santo zs. State, 
2 Iowa 165. 

The train of evils which marks the progress of intem- 
perance is too obvious to require comment. It brings with 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 115 

it degradation oftharacter, impairs the moral and physical 
energies, % wastes the health, increases the number of 
paupers and criminals, undermines the morals, and sinks 
its victims to the lowest depths of vice and profligacy. — 
Thurlow vs. Commonwealth, 5 Howard, 304. 

It is still the prolific source of disease, misery, pauper- 
ism, vice, and crime. Its power to weaken, corrupt, de- 
bauch, and slay human character and human life is not 
destroyed or impaired because it may be susceptible of 
some innocent uses, or may be used with propriety on 
some occasions. The health, morals, peace, and safety 
of the community at large are still threatened. — Supreme 
Court of Kansas in State vs. Durien, So Pac. 987. 

There is no statistical or economical proposition better 
established, nor one to which a more general assent is 
given by reading and intelligent minds, than this : that 
the use of intoxicating liquors as a drink is the cause of 
more want, pauperism, suffering, crime, and public ex- 
pense than any other cause — and perhaps it should be 
said than all other causes combined. Even those who are 
opposed to restriction oftentimes admit this truth. Every 
State applies the most stringent legal power to lotteries, 
gambling, keeping gambling houses and. implements, and 
to debauchery and obscenity, and no one questions the 
right and justness of it; and yet how small is the weight 
of woe produced by all these united, when compared with 
that which is created by the use of intoxicating drinks 
alone. — Supreme Court of Iowa in Santo vs. State, 2 
Iowa 164. 

The evils that result from the use of intoxicating liquors 
generally occur at the place where they are consumed, 
and the tendency to crime and pauperism follows in that 
place, and it can readily be seen why a Legislature would 
make a discrimination between the burden on a business 
which naturally breeds disorder, and which casts upon 
the general taxpayer an additional burden in the cost of 
prosecutions and increased police force and a business 
which exports the intoxicating liquors to other States — 
Supreme Court of Missouri in State vs. Bixam, 62 S. W. 
828. 

By the general concurrence of opinion of every civilized 
and Christian community, there are few sources of crime 
and misery to society equal to the dramshop, where in- 
toxicating liquors, in small quantities, to be drunk at the 
time, are sold indiscriminately to all parties applying. The 
statistics of every State show a greater amount of crime 
and misery attributable to the use of ardent spirits ob- 
tained at these retail liquor saloons than to any other 
source. — Supreme Court of the United States in Crowley 
vs. Christensen, 137 U. S. 86. 

2. Courts on Right to Sell 

The licensed saloon keeper does not sell liquor by rea- 
son of an inalienable right, inherent in citizenship, but 
because the government has delegated to him the exercise 
of such rights. — Supreme Court of South Carolina, in State 
vs. Aiken, 42 S. C. 231. 

No one possesses an inalienable or constitutional right 
to keep a saloon for the sale of intoxicating liquor ; to 
keep a saloon for the sale of intoxicating liquor is not a 
natural right to pursue an ordinary calling; there is no 



n6 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

inherent right in a citizen thus to sell intoxicating liquor 
by retail : it is not a privilege of a citizen of the State 
or of the United States. — The uri of Indiana, 

quoting from Sherlo.ck is. Stuart, 06 Mich, 193, and 
Crowley vs. Christcnsen, 137 Un. S. 86. 

The possession and enjoyment of all rights are subject 
to such reasonable conditions as may be deemed by the 
governing authority of the country essential to the 52 
health, peace, good order, and morals of the community. 
Even liberty itself, the greatest of all rights, is not un- 
restricted license to act according to one's own will. It 
is only freedom from restraint under conditions essential 
to the equal enjoyment of the same right by others. It 
is. then, liberty regulated by law. There is no inherent 
right in a citizen to sell intoxicating liquors by retail. It 
is not a privilege of a citizen of the State or of a citizen 
of the United States. It is urged that as the liquors are 
used as a beverage, and the injury following them, if 
taken in excess, is voluntarily inflicted, and is confined 
to the party offending, their sale should be without re- 
strictions, the contention being that what a man shall 
drink, equally with what he shall eat. is not properly 
matter for legislation. There is in this position an assump- 
tion of fact which does not exist, that, when the liquors 
are taken in excess, the injuries are confined to the party 
offending. The injury, it is true, first falls upon him in 
his health, which the habit undermines; in his morals, 
which it weakens, and in the self-abasement which it 
creates. But, as it leads to neglect of business and waste 
of property, and general demoralization, it affects those 
who are immediately connected with and dependent upon 
him. — Crowley us. Christcnsen. 137 U. S. 86; 11 Sup. Ct. 13. 

3. Courts on Meaning of License 

The privilege of keeping a saloon is a derivative right, 
springing alone from the provisions of the license statute. 
— Supreme Court of Indiana. 

A license is a permission, granted by some competent' 
authority, to do an act which, without -such permission, 
would be illegal. — Supreme Court of Ohio (in two differ- 
ent saloon license cas 

The result of the definitions which have been given of 
a license, as implied in its etymology, is in conformity 
with the sense in which the word is ordinarily used, and 
may be regarded as strictly accurate in all respects. That 
is permitted that cannot be done without permission : and 
y a person is permitted — licensed — to do what he 
may lawfully do without permission, is a misuse of words. 
— Supreme Court of Ohio, in Adler is. U'hiibeck, 9 N. E., 

:■■ 

In Plender vs. State. 10 X. \\ .. 481. the Supreme Court 
: Nebraska held that the object of a license is to grant 
permission to do an act which, without the permission, 
would be illegal, adding : "So we say that the prohibition 
of the traffic is absolute, except upon certain specified 
conditions, and one of these conditions is the provision 
For its legalization by the procurement of a license." 

Judge Cooley. speaking for the Supreme Court of Michi- 
gan (see Youngblood w& Sexton, 20 Am. Rep.. : _ 
said : "The popular understanding of the word 'license' 
undoubtedly is a permission to do something which, with- 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 117 

out the license, would not be allowable. This we are to 
suppose \vas the sense in which it was made use of in 
the constitution. But this is also the legal meaning." 

4. Courts on Law 

No Legislature can bargain away the public health or 
the public morals. The people themselves cannot do it, 
much less their servants. — Stone vs. Miss., U. S. 819. 

If the public safety or the public morals require the 
discontinuance of any manufacture or traffic, the hand of 
the Legislature cannot be stayed from providing for its 
discontinuance by any incidental inconvenience which in- 
dividuals or corporations may suffer. All rights are held 
subject to the police power of the •State. — Beer Co. vs. 
Mass., 97 U. S. 32. 

And if any State deems the retail and internal traffic 
in ardent spirits injurious to its citizens, and calculated 
to produce idleness, vice, or debauchery, I see nothing in 
the constitution of the United States to prevent it from 
regulating and restraining the traffic, or from prohibiting 
it altogether, if it thinks proper. — Chief Justice Taney, in 
License Cases, U. S. 5 Howard. 504. 

The liquor interests claim that they and their boozing 
patrons enjoy, under the law, a very peculiar sort of 
"personal liberty" — liberty to manufacture and sell intoxi- 
cating liquors and to drink the same without stint or limit. 
The United States Supreme Court has decided to the 
contrary. "No one may rightfully do that which the law- 
making power, upon reasonable grounds, declares to be 
prejudicial to the general welfare." — Mugler vs. Kansas, 
124 U. S. 625; 6 Sup. Ct.Rep. 273. 

The right to selL intoxicating liquors is not a natural, 
inherent, or inalienable right, or a property or personal 
right, and may therefore be restricted both in the number 
of licenses and the manner of their exercise. — State ex rel. 
Ferguson vs. Board of Comr's of Morgan County et ah, 
101 N. E., 813. 

Experience has demonstrated that the unrestrained traffic 
in spirituous liquors is dangerous to the peace and wel- 
fare of society, and, therefore, it has long been settled 
that the lawmaking power may throw such restraints 
around that traffic as in the judgment of that department 
of the government may be necessary to secure the peace 
and welfare of society. — Supreme Court of South Carolina 
in State vs. Turner, 18 S. C. 106. 

5. Courts on Property 

The acknowledged police power of a State extends to 
the destruction of property. A nuisance may be abated — 
everything prejudicial to the health or morals of a city 
may be removed. — Mugler vs. State of Kansas, 124 U. S. 
625; 6 Sup. Ct. Rep. 273. 

Nor can it be said that government interferes with or 
impairs anyone's constitutional rights of liberty or of 
property, when it determines that the manufacture and 
sale of intoxicating drinks, for general or individual use, 
as a beverage, are, or may become, hurtful to society, and 
constitute, therefore, a business in which no one may 
lawfully engage. — Mugler vs. Kansas, 124 U. S. 62$; 6 Sup. 
Ct. Rep. 273. 



u8 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

It is not sufficient to say that liquors are property, and 
their sale is as much secured as that of any other property. 
Their sale for use as a common beverage and tippling is 
hurtful and injurious to the public morals, good order, 
and well-being of society. . . . When we defend the sale 
of liquors for the purpose of tippling we surely draw our 
arguments from our appetites, and not our reason, observa- 
tion, and experience. We may carefully protect the 
public morals, and the profligate from the evils of gaming, 
horse-racing, cock-fighting ; from the obscenity of prints 
and pictures; from horses and exhibitions of mounte- 
banks and rope-dancers; from the offensive smell of useful 
trades afid hogpens; from the manufacture and exhibition 
of fireworks and squibs; from rogues, idlers, vagabonds, 
and vagrants, and from dangers of pestilence, contagion, 
and gunpowder, yet according to the doctrine contended 
for, this right to vend a slow and sure poison as a com- 
mon beverage must remain intact and not amenable to 
police regulations for its suppression, altho all the other 
evils together will not destroy a tithe of the number of 
human lives, nor produce more moral degradation, or 
suffering, wretchedness, and miser}' in the social relations 
of society ; or pauperism, vagrancy, and crime in the 
political community: or pecuniary destitution of in- 
dividuals and families, than will the constitutionally pro- 
tected right of destroying our neighbors and fellows for 
tlic selfish end»of our own individual private gain. I am 
utterly incapable of so regarding it as above all the 
claims and interests of society, the peace and welfare of 
families, and especially above the police powers of govern- 
ment ; and shall never be brought to acknowledge the 
sacredness and inviolability of its rights, until I shall be 
able to forget all that I have seen, observed, known, and 
experienced of its destructiveness of all that is estimable 
upon earth. Viewing the great and irreparable mischief 
growing out of this practice, I am not prepared to say that 
another nuisance may not be added to the list; and that 
under the police powers society may find protection from 
it> blighting curse. — Supreme Court of Illinois, in the 
case of Goddard vs. President, 13 III. 5S9. 

The commodity in controversy is intoxicating liquor. 
The article is one whose moderate use, even, is taken into 
account by actuaries of insurance companies, and which 
bars employment in classes of service involving prudent 
and careful conduct — an article conceded to be fraught 
with such contagious peril to society, that it occupies a 
different status before the courts and the Legislatures from 
other kinds of property, and places traffic in it upon a 
different plane from other kinds of business. — Supreme 
Court of Kansas in State vs. Durien, So Pac. 087. 

We do not suppose there is a more potent factor in 
keeping up the necessit\* for asylums, penitentiaries, and 
jails, and in producing pauperism and immorality thruout 
the entire country, than liquor, and yet it is argued that 
it is to be placed on the same footing with the bread- 
stuffs and other ordinary commodities of life. — Supreme 
Court of South Carolina in State ex rel. George vs. Aiken, 
26 L. R. A. 353. 

The power which the States unquestionably have of 
prohibiting such use by individuals of their property as 
will be prejudicial to the health, the morals, or the safety 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 119 

of the public, is "not, and consistently with the existence 
and -safety of organized society cannot be, burdened with 
the conditions that the State must compensate such in- 
dividual owners for pecuniary losses they sustain by rea- 
son of their not being permitted by a noxious use of their 
property, to inflict injury upon the community. It is 
true that when the defendants in these cases purchased 
or erected their breweries, the laws of the State did not 
forbid the manufacture of intoxicating liquors. But the 
State did not thereby give assurance, or come under any 
obligation, that its legislation upon that subject would 
remain unchanged. — United States Supreme Court in the 
cases of Mugler vs. Kansas, and Ziebold and Hegelin vs. 
Kansas, United States Supreme Court, Vol. 123, page 623. 

There can be no vested right or an unqualified irrevo- 
cable privilege in traffic in liquors ; and the State may close 
all possible avenues "thru which its prohibitory laws may 
be evaded or violated. — Ex parte Woodward^ 61 So. 295. 

Licenses to sell liquor are not contracts, and create no 
vested rights. They are merely permits to do what would 
otherwise be an offense against the law, and the license of 
plaintiff in error stated on its face that it was subject 
to all the laws of the State and ordinances of the village 
which then were or might be thereafter in force. Counsel 
admits that the license is not property; the liquor law 
may be changed and the license ended, altho paid for, 
and that in such a case, a dramshop keeper has no vested 
rights to continue the business by virtue of his license ; 
but, he contends that he has a vested right in the property 
which cannot be used for anything else. To say that a 
dramshop keeper has a right to continue the use of his 
bar fixtures for the sale of liquor because he can put them 
to no other use would authorize him to continue the 
business, and be equivalent to holding that the law could 
not be changed so as to deprive him of his license, or the 
right to continue the business, and that clearly is not the 
law.— The People vs. McBride, 234 111, page 178. 

Judge Artman's Decision 

One of the most notable decisions in the annals of 
American law is that of Judge Samuel R. Artman, of the 
Boone (Indiana) Circuit Court, rendered at Lebanon, 
Indiana, February 13, 1907. This decision was to the effect 
that the State of Indiana had no right to authorize the 
licensing of a saloon and that the statute providing for 
so doing was unconstitutional. The case was never ap- 
pealed and the decision stands unrevoked and unim- 
peached to this day. This decision awakened very wide- 
spread interest at the time and provoked a very wide 
discussion. It is estimated that more than a million copies 
of the opinion were printed and circulated in answer to 
repeated demands for it. It was ordered printed as a 
public document by the United States Senate and was so 
printed as "Senate Document, No. 384." (For full text 
of this famous decision and complete elaboration of the 
principles involved, see Judge Artman's book "The 
Legalized Outlaw." See also article, "Artman, Samuel 
R."). E. D. S. 

See Compensation; Crime; and Juvenile Delinquency. 

CRIME — The Committee of Fifty found that 49.9 per 



120 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

cent of crime in more than 12,000 cases investigated was 
due to the consumption of alcoholic liquors. 

Court officials at various times have testified that as 
high as 90 per cent of the cases brought into court seem 
to have some alcohol connection, and officials of peni- 
tentiaries give similar testimony. 

The late Lord Alverstone, Chief Justice of England, 
so testified, and other jurists and courts, including the 
United States Supreme Court, have made statements at- 
tributing the large majority of all crimes to alcoholic 
liquor-drinking. The Greensburg (Pa.) Record tells of 
eleven murder cases in Westmoreland County, that State, 
in 1916. eight of which were due to drink. 

In Allegheny County. Pennsylvania, during 44 years. 
156,230 prisoners were committed to the workhouse. 
Ninety-one per cent of them were drinkers. 

A comparison of the crime cost in Green County (dry). 
and Elk County (wet), Pennsylvania, showed an expense 
per voter of 47 cents for Green County and $1.84 for Elk 
County. The population of Green County is 28,832 and 
Elk County 35.871. 

Of 269 murderers committed to Wisconsin State peni- 
tentiary at Waupun in recent years, nearly half were under 
the influence of alcohol when the crime was committed, 
and 27.9 had been arrested before for drunkenness, ac- 
cording to a report made by Dr. Rock Sleyster, superin- 
tendent of the Wisconsin State Hospital for the Criminal 
Insane, and formerly physician in charge of the Wisconsin 
State Prison hospital. Alcohol was used to excess by 
41.5 per cent of these 269 murderers, while only 12.6 per 
cent were abstainers. 

The National Temperance Quarterly of London says 
that since 1887 it has been the practice in Sweden to 
make careful inquiry and report as to how many prisoners 
were intoxicated at the moment of commission of crime 
and how many were addicted to drink before the crime. 
Between 1887 and 1905. of the men prisoners. 71.9 per cent 
were either intoxicated when the crime was committed 
or were habitual drinkers. 

The influence of alcohol was proved as follows : In 86.5 
per cent of the cases of breaches of regulations and public 
order, in 85.2 per cent of assassinations, murders, and 
other acts of violence; in 82.3 per cent of cases of robbery 
with violence, in 71.2 per cent of breaches of military law. 
in 68.3 per cent of thefts and larcenies, and in 66.9 per 
cent of sexual crimes. Swindling, on the other hand, 
showed 38.8 per cent; perjury. 34.6; and libel. 33 per cent 
of the cases committed under the influence of alcohol. 

Judge William M. Gemmill. of the Chicago Municipal 
Court, impressed by' the part drink plays in ruining lives, 
recently delivered the following philippic: 

"Booze is the mother of crime. It gives life and 
sustenance to slums, dives, brothels, gambling dens, and 
'pay-off joints.' It nerves to his deed the homicide, the 
stick-up man. the burglar, the thief, and the thug. It 
fires the brain of the prostitute and the panderer. It feeds 
and inflames the passions of the weak-minded and the 
degenerate. 

"I have tried an army of 50.000 human derelicts, most 
of whom were booze-soaked. With faces red and bloated, 
with eyes dull and languid, with bodies weak and wasted. 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 121 

with clothing foul and ragged, this vast army is forever 
marching with unsteady step to the graves of the drunk- 
ard and the pauper or to the prison and workhouse. 

"I have looked into the tear-stained faces of a still larger 
army of fathers and mothers, brothers and sisters, wives 
and husbands, as they have pleaded for the miserable 
wrecks that booze has made. I have seen with this army 
ten thousand pale-faced, hollow-cheeked, ragged, hungry, 
and starving children, cursed by booze. 

"I have observed that every bandit crew that goes forth 
to murder starts from a saloon ; that every panderer has 
his rendezvous in a grogshop ; that every den of thieves 
makes its victims drunk before it robs them ; that every 
house of prostitution has its bar or is in partnership with 
booze ; that every gambling den either is in a saloon or 
sustains a close relationship with one ; that the pick- 
pocket 'trust' is housed in a saloon ; that the 'pay-off 
joint' for the crook and the crooked policeman is in 
a saloon ; that the professional bondsmen and character 
witnesses for thieves and hold-up men are saloonkeepers 
or bartenders. 

"Booze has caused 200,000 divorces in the United States 
in the last twenty years and adds 25,000 more to this 
number every year. It divides more>homes, fills more jails, 
and empties more churches than all other influences com- 
bined. 

"Judges, legislators, mayors, governors, and even Presi- 
dents, sit dumb or quail in the presence of this monster, 
which enters millions of homes and leaves them desolate. 

"I have witnessed daily its ravages after it had spent 
its wild fury upon the helpless bodies of women and 
children, or after it had reaped for a night, in the public 
dance, its harvest of virtue, now dead forever. I have 
observed that the last man to be employed and the first 
to be discharged is a victim of booze. 

"Booze never built a park, a playground, a school or a 
church, but is the enemy of them all. 

"War may be hell, but where it slays its thousands, booze 
destroys its tens of thousands." 

The growth of crime is alarming. In Missouri, since 
1904, the number of men in confinement has increased 65 
per cent, and there is a similar state of affairs in Illinois. 
In 1891 the appropriations for penal and reformatory in- 
stitutions in the latter State amounted to only $574,100, 
but in 191 1 the sum of $2,092,100 was required. The cost 
of crime in that State had increased during the period 
eight times faster than the population. 

The Effect of Prohibition Upon Crime 

If we compare the three wettest States in 1910 (Penn- 
sylvania. Montana, and Nevada) with three representative 
prohibition States (Maine, Kansas, and North Dakota), 
we find some very interesting facts in regard to the effect 
of prohibition upon crime. This is the result : 

Prisoners per 100,000 Population 

Maine 98 Pennsylvania 106 

Kansas 90 Montana 256 

North Dakota 63 Nevada 356 

Rate of Commitment to Prison 

Maine 707 Pennsylvania 699 

Kansas 200 Montana 1 ,069 

North Dakota 163 Nevada 1,127 



122 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

All figures are on the basis of the last census returns 
(1910). 

It is also most interesting to compare the statistics 
from Kansas and North Dakota with the other States in 
their respective geographical divisions and with the United 
States as a whole. This comparison shows : 

Prison Rates, 1910 

United States 121. 4 

Minnesota 77-7 

Missouri 107.1 

South Dakota 47-8 

Kansas 911 

West North Central Division 80.2 

Iowa 60.9 

Xorth Dakota 63 . 6 

Nebraska ' 55.1 

Rate of Commitment to Prison 

United States 520 

Minnesota 499 

Missouri 481 

South Dakota 273 

Kansas 200 

West North Central Division 465 

(Average of license states) 

Iowa 585 

Xorth Dakota 163 

Nebraska 482 

During 1910 there were actually committed to prison 
in the United States 493,934 men and women. If the rate 
for the entire United States had been the same as the 
average for the prohibition States, the number would have 
been only 283,274. If the rate for the United States had 
been the same as in Kansas, there would have been only 
194,981 commitments; and if the rate thrnout the United 
States had been the same as in the prohibition State of 
North Carolina, there would have been only 114,045 com- 
mitments. 

Just to give an instance which shows the need of 
vigilance in dealing with liquor statistics: The liquor 
people very often compare the number of Kansas life 
prisoners with the number of life prisoners in license 
States. The simple explanation is that Kansas does not 
have capital punishment, therefore, it does not remove 
its worst offenders from the statistical column by death. 

They also try to confuse the public by implying that all 
drink crimes are drunkenness crimes, but the victim of a 
single intoxication ma}' commit a drink crime, and in the 
words of Dr. William J. Healey, writing in the Individual 
Delinquent, "Many of the troublesome drinkers who cost 
society dear are primarily inferiors, and alcohol just turns 
the balance against maintaining themselves to be non- 
criminalistic citizens." 

The annual report of the manager of the Allegheny 
County (Pennsylvania) workhouse declares that of the 
3,798 prisoners received, 3,472 were addicted to the use of 
liquors. In part, the report says : 

Most of the men are alcoholics, presenting, as they do, a wealth of 
ailments directly referable to their excessive vise of alcohol. Some 
of these are border line delirium tremens cases, while others present 
marked arterio sclerosis and cirrhosis of the liver. We mention these 
to emphasize the lower physical resistance these men have to the 
common infectious diseases, such as pneumonia and tuberculosis. 

It is indeed amazing to note the rapid progress of these diseases 
upon this class of patients. This also accounts for the seriousness 
of the ordinary infections, such as infected fingers, scalps, etc. The 
mentality of the men comes below ftar. 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 123 

A study of prohibition in any locality where it is well 
enforced % never fails to show a startling effect upon the 
crime rate. In January, 1913, when Little Rock, Ark., 
had licensed saloons, 15 days showed 278 cases in the 
police court, of which 86 were drunks. In the correspond- 
ing days of 1914, when the town was temporarily dry under 
the Going Law, the number of cases in the police court 
was 138, only 5 of which were drunks. 

Lima and Findlay, Ohio, are county seat towns of ad- 
joining counties. Lima is wet, Findlay is dry; Lima has 
double the population of Findlay. In 1912 there were 
2.101 arrests in wet Lima, while in dry Findlay the number 
was 182. 

During the year ending June 30, 1913, 22,994 prisoners 
were confined in the county jails in Ohio. Of these 
3.528 were in the jails of 44 dry counties and 19,466 in 
the jails of the 42 wet counties. Vinton, dry, and Clark, 
wet. not included. On the basis of the 1910 census there 
was one person in jail in dry counties to each 366 of the 
population, but in the wet counties there was a person 
in jail for each 178 of population. The number of jail 
prisoners was more than twice as great, according to 
population, in wet counties as in dry counties. 

According to the report of the State Board of Charities 
and Corrections, of Virginia, one person in each 118 of 
the population was sent to jail during 1912. Taking all 
the wet territory of the State there was one jail commit- 
ment to each 56 of the population. In the dry territory 
for the same period there was one jail commitment to each 
527 of the population. Virginia has since voted "dry." 

These are simply instances taken at random and might 
be multiplied indefinitely. 

There is, however, another illustration of the effect 
of drink upon crime which is striking in the extreme. In 
May, 1906, the city of San Francisco was just beginning 
to recover from the demoralization brought about by 
the earthquake of the previous month. On May 5 the 
following editorial appeared in the Daily Chronicle: 

A CITY WITHOUT CRIME 

THE SALUTARY EFFECT OF CLOSING THE SALOON 

San Francisco for the past fortnight has been absolutely free 
from disorder and virtually free from crimes of violence. There 
have been no street brawls. No drunken brute has beaten his wife. 
No gamblers have murdered each other in low resorts. Except for 
some dealings with sneak thieves the occupation of the police courts 
is gone. It .is a most impressive object lesson of the value to 
society of the restriction of the liquor traffic. We are promised a 
continuation of this peaceful condition for a considerable time to 
come, save only as drunken men may drift over from Oakland, where 
the authorities have been so reckless as to allow saloons to open. 
We may be compelled to renew quarantine against Oakland. This 
absolute demonstration tliat the saloons are responsible for all 
crimes of violence makes it imperative that whenever they shall be 
allowed to reopen in this city, their license fees will be fixed at a 
rate which will support the police department. There must be 
increased taxation. The public generally will protest against being 
taxed for the control or suppression of those forms of crime for 
which the saloons are now proved to be solely responsible. The 
public will look to the board of supervisors to place the cost of deal- 
ing with crime on the occupation which is responsible for all of it. 

During Christmas week, 1915, the Board of Temperance 
of the Methodist Church made a compilation of all ac- 
counts of drink crimes, the 17,000 pastors of the Methodist 
Church supplying information. 



124 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

The record as completed is as follows : 

Murders no 

Suicides 24 

Wounded 1 69 

Dead by accident or exposure 39 

Wounded by accident 19 

Rape (including 2 children) 3 

Child victims of drink 25 

Miscellaneous 554 

Who can estimate the cost, even in money, of these 
destroyed lives? Probably $1,000,000 would not pay even 
the court costs of John Barleycorn's merry-making for 
this one week. 

Refs. — See Courts; and Juvenile Delinquency. For effect of 
prohibition on Crime see various prohibition States by name. 

CRUSADE — The "Women's Crusade" began in Ohio 
in December, 1873, and rapidly spread to other States. 
Bands of women visited the saloons, praying for the 
saloon keepers and entreating them to close up. Scores 
of saloons were closed. 

DANIELS, JOSEPHUS- See Navy. 

DEATHS FROM DRINK— See Mortality from Alco- 
hol. 

DELAWARE — Of the three counties, the two lower 
and a portion of rural Xew Castle County are wholly 
dry. The 1917 Legislature was controlled by the drys and 
was expected to pass a law prohibiting liquor shipments 
into dry territory, to submit the question of prohibition 
to the voters of rural Xew Castle County and possibly 
in Wilmington also. A diy governor and United States 
senator were elected on November 7. 1916. The question 
of a constitutional amendment for State prohibition will 
be an issue in the 1917 legislative campaign. 

DELIRIUM TREMENS— Delirium tremens is a 

nervous disorder, the technical name of which might 

properly be translated "drinker's mania." (See Alco- 
holism.) 

DEMOCRATIC PARTY— Broadly speaking, the 
Democratic Party in the Xortli has been opposed to pro- 
hibition, while in the South it has been overwhelmingly 
for it. There is a strong tendency among Northern Demo- 
crats to espouse the policy. (See the Congressional vote 
on the Hobson-Sheppard Bill. District of Columbia pro- 
hibition, and the anti-advertising-bonedrv amendment to 
the Post Office Bill.) 

Refs. — Bryan, William Jennings; Congress; District of Columbia; 
Farties; Political Action; and Wilson, Woodrow. 

DENATURED ALCOHOL— Under federal law. alco- 
hol which is to be denatured so that it cannot be drunk, 
but is none the less valuable for industrial purposes, is 
released tax-free. 

Undoubtedly the true sphere of alcohol is to be found 
in industry. 

The bubble of prosperity in America is badly in need of 
more "gas." And "gas," true to its nature, is going up, 
up, up. It will undoubtedly continue to go up until it has 
reached a price atmosphere sufficiently rare effectually to 
stop the pursuit of the four-cylinder pocketbook. 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 125 

Crude oil will yield from 8 to 10 per cent of gasoline, 
or, rather* some of it will. The oil found in some sections 
of the United States yields no gasoline at all. The 
petroleum supply of America is being exhausted at the 
rate of 265,000,000 barrels annually, and the available sup- 
ply is never estimated higher than 23,000,000,000 barrels. 
Exhaustion will undoubtedly proceed much more rapidly, 
as the demand has increased 200 per cent in the past five 
years. 

It will increase faster. On January 1, 1916, there were 
in use in the United States about 2,235,000 automobiles 
and the number will be 3,000,000 within a year. This will 
increase the consumption of gasoline from 21,000,000 bar- 
rels (the 191 5 figures) to 27,000,000. Other factors may 
make the 1916 home consumption of gasoline 30,000,000 
barrels. Motor boats and stationary engines which use 
that fuel are increasing rapidly. 

Professor Magruder, of the Ohio State University, two 
years ago, said that if all the gasoline engines in the 
country were run at their rated horsepower ten hours a 
day, the known gasoline supply would last about thirty 
days. What would he say now? 

So, while our old friend, the octopus, undoubtedly de- 
serves a little abuse on the score of gasoline prices and 
the war god deserves still more, there is a legitimate 
reason behind gasoline's rocketlike conduct. 

It must be remembered that gasoline has become about 
as necessary to the average man as butter. Uncle Hiram 
in the country would not know how to do without a 
good power fuel, and the city man, even if he has never 
been in an automobile himself and never expects to be, 
would fiod comfort distinctly affected if the use of in- 
dustrial motor driven vehicles became impracticable. From 
the standpoint of the manufacturer, gasoline, or a satis- 
factory substitute at a low price, is the only salvation for 
hundreds of millions of invested capital. 

What Shall It Be? 

Face the fact, then, that the sources of gasoline are not 
only exhaustible but are rapidly being exhausted. There 
will be a substitute because there must be a substitute. 
Possibly it will be Professor Enricht's green wonder-fluid. 
Also possibly not. No dependence need be put in fantastic 
mediums of relief. Is there a certain substitute, one that 
may be made satisfactory, cheap, and available in un- 
limited quantities? 

Alcohol is such a substitute. In engines adapted to its 
use it is not only as satisfactory as gasoline but is pro- 
ductive of more power and greater speed, is cleaner, 
sweeter, safer, and its source is as inexhaustible as the 
sunlight and the air. 

This is substantially the opinion of such manufacturers 
as the Gramm Motor Truck Company ; the Hudson Motor 
Car Company; the Velie Motor Vehicle Company; the 
National Motor Vehicle Company; the Stanley Motor Car- 
riage Company ; the Moon Motor Car Company ; the York 
Motor Car Company ; the Lamb Engine Company ; the 
Chadwick Engineering Works ; the F. B. Stearns Com- 
pany ; the General Motors Company; the Mercury Manu- 
facturing Company; the Reo Motor Car Company; Ap- 



126 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

person Brothers; the United Fuel and Supply Company; 
the Stover Engine Works ; South Bend Motor Car Works, 
and a long list of engineers, university investigators, and 
government department experts. 

Germany's Machine Runs on Industrial Alcohol 

At the present moment nearly every motor in German}' 
is exploding gasoline. His Majesty, King Alcohol, is not 
only doing a hefty share in firing the great forty-two 
centimeter guns but he is bringing up the ammunition. 
Possibly we may be pardoned for stopping long enough 
to remark that wherever there is alcohol, bloodshed is 
probable, 

Germany has never had a native supply of petroleum, 
and many years ago she foresaw the predicament which 
would result if war cut off her imports and no domestic 
substitute had been developed. In 1887, a law to encourage 
the manufacture of denatured alcohol for industrial pur- 
poses was enacted. This law was expected to result in 
the stimulation of agriculture and the industrial arts and 
to put in process of realization the creation of a gasoline 
substitute. The expectation was realized. Vast, sandy 
plains began to yield immense crops of a peculiar giant 
potato, rich in alcohol possibilities. Because of the nature 
of the law the farmer was prompted to make considerable 
use of his alcohol production on the farm itself. It was 
found to offer an excellent source of light and heat as 
well as power for washing, ironing, chopping feed, pump- 
ing water, and running light farm machinery of various 
kinds. In 1914 it deserted these peaceful pursuits for the 
roads leading to the war fronts. 

One of the disadvantages of alcohol, practically the 
only disadvantage, is its disposition to require an absolutely 
fair chance. It will run any gasoline engine but will dig 
into your pocket while doing it. Give it an engine adapted 
to the fuel, an engine affording a compression of 200 
pounds to the square inch instead of 70, and it will respond 
with beautiful service. Theoretically, the thermal value of 
alcohol is only about 3/5 that of gasoline. (A British 
thermal unit is the heat necessary to raise one pound of 
water one degree on the Fahrenheit thermometer.) But 
the proportion of the energy produced by the explosion 
of alcohol which can be utilized is about twice as great 
as the proportion which can be utilized when gasoline 
is burned. The Iron Age says : "Correspondingly well 
designed alcohol and gasoline engines, when running under 
the most advantageous conditions for each, will consume 
equal volumes of the fuel for which they are designed. 
This statement is made on the results of many tests com 
ducted under the most favorable practical conditions that 
could be obtained for the size and type of engines and 
fuel used. An average of the minimum fuel consumption 
values thus obtained gives a like figure of 8/10 of a pint 
per hour per brake horse-power for gasoline and alcohol." 

When the Ways and Means committee of the House 
of Representatives was considering the present law cover- 
ing the manufacture of denatured alcohol, Air. L. B. 
Goebbels, of the Otto Gas Engine Works, testified as fol- 
lows : "Out of an engine of a given size, we got 20 per 
cent more power from alcohol than from gasoline. This 
was due to the fact that, while alcohol does not have the 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 127 

same heating valtM per volume as gasoline, the proportion 
being aboy^t 1 to 1.6 in favor of gasoline, it is possible 
to get a higher efficiency from alcohol because it can be 
compressed to a much higher degree without danger of 
spontaneous combustion." 

If the thermal efficiency of gasoline and alcohol were 
the same, alcohol at 30 cents and gasoline at 25 cents 
would yield 270,000 and 400,000 heat units to the dollar, 
respectively. But as the thermal efficiency of alcohol is 
greater, 30 cent alcohol, if used in an engine properly 
adapted, can be considered on a practical parity with 25 
cent gasoline. Incidentally, there is no excuse for alcohol's 
being 30 cents a gallon. At 20 cents, which should be the 
maximum price, it would cost about 1.67 cents per horse- 
power hour while gasoline at 25 cents costs about 2.38. 

Alcohol, The Coming Cheap Fuel 

Why is alcohol not selling at 20 cents to-day? There 
are several very well understood reasons. 

In the first place, the present denatured alcohol law 
might possibly be amended to advantage. There proba- 
bly can be found a way by which the volume of production 
of alcohol for industrial purposes will be greatly in- 
creased by the small farmer, producing in small quantities. 
At present, the bond required, the fixing of the minimum 
daily output at 100 gallons, and similar requirements close 
the door of opportunity to the farmer. Perhaps a 
further loosening of the law cannot be attempted with 
safety. Probably close study and the experience of 
revenue officials will provide a way. 

Another thing : the price of alcohol is dependent largely 
upon the quantity thrown upon the market, upon the 
number of engines adapted to its use, upon its universal 
availability thruout the country. Engines for its use are 
not designed because the fuel cannot be produced at any 
station by the automobil.'st, and vice versa. The same 
thing will be true of the substitution of any other com- 
modity for gasoline. Rising oil prices will hammer up 
the output of alcohol and the swelling output will press 
down the price. Cheapening alcohol will encourage the 
engineers to perfect an alcohol engine. The increasing 
number of alcohol motors will prompt the keeping of 
alcohol by supply stations. As people become better ac- 
quainted with the advantages of alcohol — its cleanliness, 
absence of unpleasant odor, its greater potentialities of 
power and speed, its greater safety, its lack of noise, its 
cheapness, permanently assured by the inexhaustible sources 
of supply — popular demand will become a factor. It is 
an evolution in prospect. 

What It Means to the Farmer 

For the farmer it offers much. Alcohol can be pro- 
duced from almost any farm product — corn, potatoes, 
beets, even from cornstalks, sorghum seed, and sawdust. 
Refuse from evaporated fruits and other inferior materials 
may be used. It is, to a considerable extent, a question of 
saving what is now wasted. And it is an industry which 
will gather strength with the certainty that gasoline sources 
are exhaustible and alcohol sources are inexhaustible. 

There is another interesting fact for the farmer. In 



128 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

the manufacture of alcohol all the substances used are 
derived from the sun and air. The nitrogenous compounds 
drawn from the soil may be immediately returned as 
fertilizer. Alcohol can be made the direct agent by which 
the sun's energy is transmitted to the engine. From the 
earth nothing is taken and even the air receives again its 
contribution when the alcohol is exploded. 

A number of the larger distillers of Kentucky have 
recently equipped their plants for making alcohol. Im- 
mense quantities are being sold for the manufacture of 
explosives, and the resultant larger figures will undoubtedly 
be used as an anti-prohibition argument shortly. Every 
time a 42 centimeter gun is fired, a barrel of alcohol is 
burned. 

Will the distillers see their opportunity to "get from 
under" a crumbling trade and build a great new industry, 
not only useful but respectable as well? The idea of 
explosion as a motor force was first expressed by the 
Abbe Hautefeuille in 1680. The first gas motor, really 
practical, made its appearance in i860. Very probably a 
gasoline substitute will be in general use by 1920. Curi- 
ously enough that is the year when national prohibition 
will be in force or definitely in sight. 

Denatured alcohol is alcohol to which has been added 
matter rendering it unfit for beverage purposes. The added 
matter varies according to the purpose to which the 
resulting mixture is to be put. It is essential to a large 
number of industries, in some of which the United States 
might easily gain the leadership by increasing alcohol 
production. 

It is used in the manufacture of finish; varnishes, polishes, or 
lacquers; stains, paints, enamels, etc; felt and other hats; cellu- 
loid, xylonite, and similar substances; linoleum and similar sub- 
stances; smokeless powders, fulminates, and other explosives; soap; 
electric lamp filaments; electric cables; incandescent mantles; ether; 
chloroform; ethyl chloride and bromide; solid medicinal extracts; 
alkaloids and fine chemicals; embrocations, liniments, and lotions; 
surgical dressings; capsules and other medicinal appliances; hair 
washes; cattle medicines; plant washes, insecticides, and sheep dips; 
aniline and other dyes (solids; solutions); fireworks and matches; 
photographic plates and papers, and is useful for other photographic 
purposes; steel pens; silk, crape, and embroidery; artificial flowers, 
etc.; rubber; artificial silk; ships' compasses, spirit levels, etc.; inks; 
collodion; disinfectants; and hop extracts. 

Still other uses are dyeing and cleaning operations in laundries 
and dye works; textile printing; preservation of specimens in 
museums and hospitals; educational and scientific purposes in colleges 
and schools; analytical and scientific purposes in the laboratories of 
analysts, works, chemists, etc.; for hospitals, asylums, and infirm- 
aries; electrotyping and printing; for admiralty dockyards and war 
office arsenals and workshops, chiefly for varnishes and polishes. 

The Board of Temperance of the Methodist Church 
after making a very thorough investigation of the subject 
from a lay standpoint conducted quite an extensive cor- 
respondence with manufacturers of motor vehicles. It 
offers below some extracts from their letters. 
From the Chalmers Motor Company : 

In Germany they use benzol mixed with commercial alcohol made 
from potatoes. This practice has been fostered by the government 
and is common for stationary engine work. The German govern- 
ment encourages the small farmer to raise alcohol potatoes by a 
system of taxation which prevents the business from falling into 
the hands of a monopoly. The taxation is $10 per 20 gallons if 
one makes alcohol from potatoes which he does not raise himself 
and $1.00 per 20 gallons, if he makes alcohol from potatoes raised 
on his own ground. In order to raise alcohol potatoes, the farmer 
must get a permit from the government which sets aside so many 
acres of his land for that purpose and gives him the privilege of 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 129 

buying not to exceed* 10 per cent of the estimated crop in excess 
of what lie can raise. This protects him against a short year. The 
alcohol potato that is grown in Germany weighs from five to seven 
pounds and has a purple meat absolutely unfit for food. 

We have not made any very thorough tests in connection with 
alcohol as a fuel, owing to its high first cost, but it should be pro- 
duced from five to seven cents a gallon. Consequently, mile for 
mile, it should be much cheaper for automobile fuel than gasoline. 

The government should supervise the production of alcohol as 
they do in Germany. This would enable us to mix it with kerosene 
and thereby use up some of the lower grades of distillate of petro- 
leum. By C. C. Hinklcy, Chief Engineer. 

From the Thomas B. Jeffery Company : 

Tests with our 3 3/4 5 1/5, four cylinder motor, equipped with 
the Master carburetor and having all the air heated by a stove on 
the exhaust manifold, showed the power of the motor about the 
same with the alcohol as with 58 ° gasoline. We concluded that 
alcohol would be quite satisfactory for operating a truck. A blend 
of .alcohol and some of the more volatile ethers might be made 
which would equal gasoline in its performance. By G. W. Smith. 

From Washington University : 

Our observations on a number of competitive tests with these 
fuels, with a 14 h. p. Otto engine in our laboratory are: (1) the 
engine developed the same power with denatured alcohol as the 
gasoline and in some cases more power was developed with the 
former, the type of ^engine influencing the results; (2) for the 
same power the engine will consume about 1 Y2 pounds of alco- 
hol to 1 pound of gasoline; these are average figures; (3) a little 
more difficulty is experienced in starting the engine on alcohol due 
to the difficulty in getting the proper ratio of air to fuel on starting. 
By Professor F. A. Bergcr. 

From Moon Motor Car Company: 

Alcohol is a most excellent substitute for gasoline. There is 
no question but that alcohol or a . similar distillate will take the 
place of gasoline not only for automobiles but for most com- 
mercial motors. It seems to be a well-known fact that the entire 
German army has been using practically nothing but alcohol in 
their war transports, motor cars, etc., for the last year. The 
amount of refuse that is wasted on the American farm that could 
be turned into useful fuel is almost beyond estimation. By S. 
McDonald, Vice-president. 

There is no objection to the use of alcohol except the high cost. 
It can be made a satisfactory substitute for gasoline, and is much 
cleaner. — Reo Motor Car Company. 

It is a good practical fuel. — Mason Motor Service Company. 

At 200-pounds compression, the quantity of alcohol needed per 
brake horse power is only 1]/% the quantity of gasoline. If the 
present motor were adapted to alcohol, the price would take a sudden 
drop due to the large demand. The present high price of industrial 
alcohol is due to the small output. — United Fuel and Supply Com- 
pany. 

Denatured alcohol is a good substitute for gasoline and can be 
made to yield more mileage per gallon and more power and speed. — 
South Bend Motor Car Works. 

It is easy to adapt the engine to the use of alcohol. The supply" 
of crude oil does not warrant indefinite use of gasoline. — Gramm 
Motor Truck Company. 

Should gasoline continue to rise, the increased volume of alcohol 
production would undoubtedly decrease the price. — Velie Motor 
Vehicle Company. 

In properly designed motors, alcohol can be made a satisfactory 
substitute for gasoline. — National Motor Vehicle Company. 

There is no doubt that a satisfactory substitute for gasoline can 
be found in denatured alcohol. — Stanley Motor Carriage Company. 

I have talked to people who have tested alcohol and they say it is 
superior to gasoline. — W. F. Grove, Mgr. York Motor Car Company. 

If higher compression is vfsed and the starting proposition is 
arranged for, alcohol is entirely satisfactory. It seems to be gen- 
erally understood that if manufactured in large quantities or on a 
scale similar to the production of gasoline, alcohol would be con- 
siderably cheaper. — Lamb Engine Company. 

Prior to the present war they were producing alcohol in northern 
Germany for about 10 cents a gallon. — /. F. Reno, Moline Auto- 
mobile Company. 

If engines are designed with a high compression, a gallon of 



130 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

alcohol will give as much power as a gallon of gasoline in a gas- 
oline engine. — /. T. Nichols, Chief Engineer, Chaduick Engineering 
Works. 

We believe that now there will be a lot of development along 
this line. The use of denatured alcohol is practically possible. — 
F. B. Stearns Company. 

With proper carburetion devices, I think It probable that vehicles 
could be operated for less money with alcohol than with gasoline 
at present prices. — General Motors Truck Company. 

While gasoline contains more heat units pound for pound than 
alcohol, for some reason the pressure is not as great as it should 
be when the gasoline is exploded, while the explosive force of 
alcohol is very nearly what it should be theoretically; therefore, 
pound for pound, alcohol and gasoline are about equal. — Mercury 
Manufacturing Company. 

DENMARK — The Danish temperance moverr\ent is 
fast ripening into national prohibition. In 1903 the gov- 
ernment appointed a commission to recommend reforms, 
but their recommendations were not accepted. In 1908 
445-396 adults, more than half of the adult population, 
signed a local option petition, and when the law failed 
to pass the people began to hold voluntary votings with 
the purpose of inducing the magistrates to end the sale 
of liquors. The latter have usually respected these un- 
official mandates. Between January, 1907, and April. 1913, 
there were 196 such votings. In 172 of them the prohibi- 
tionists showed a majority, and the aggregate number of 
voters favoring prohibition was three times as great as 
those opposed. Such national organizations as that of 
the farm laborers, the farmers, etc., have approved national 
prohibition by a practically unanimous vote. A majority 
of the national Parliament are said to be known abstainers 
and prohibitionists. It is only a matter of time until Den- 
mark will be a prohibition country. 

The dependencies of Denmark include the Faroe Is- 
lands, Greenland, and Iceland. The Faroes, by parish 
vote, abolished the liquor traffic in 1907. the vote for 
prohibition being 1.541 to sixty-four against. Greenland 
prohibits the importation of any kind of intoxicating 
liquor. Iceland in 1909 passed a prohibition law prohibit- 
ing the importation January 1. 1912, and all sale in 1915. 
In signing this law the king said: "Few. if any, of my 
actions since I became king have given me more satis- 
faction than that of signing the prohibition law for Ice- 
land, and if the Parliament of Denmark will pass a similar 
law I shall be more willing yet to approve." 

DENVER— See Colorado. 

DIPSOMANIA — The inability to control the appetite 
for liquor. 

Rets. — See Alcoholism. 

DIRECT VETO— An English term for option. 

DISEASES CAUSED— Sir Victor Horsley. in his 
"Alcohol in the Human Body." presents the following tabu- 
lations of the diseases caused wholly or in part by the 
use of alcohol: 

DISEASES CAUSED 

Table i. Diseases Due to Alcohol Alone 
Acute Alcoholic Poisoning. 
Acute Mania (mania e potu). 
Delirium Tremens. 
Chronic Alcoholic Insanity. 
Alcoholic Epilepsy. 

Alcoholic Neuritis (Inflammation of the Nerve Sheaths). 
Alcoholic Paralysis. 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 131 

Table 2. Diseases Of Which Alcohol is Frequently a Determining 
or Frequently a Contributing Cause 

Throat Pharyngitis (Catarrhal or Granular Sore Throat). 

Stomach Gastric Catarrh and Chronic Dyspepsia. 

Dilatation of Stomach. 

Liver. . . . Congestion of Liver. 

Hypertrophic Cirrhosis. 
Cirrhosis of Liver. 
Fatty Liver. 

Kidney.' Albuminuria. 

Chronic Bright's Disease. 
Faulty Metabolism.. . .Gout. 
Altered Tissue Glycosuria. 

Change Obesity. 

Skin Congestion and Overgrowth of the Skin and its 

Glands. Inflammation of the Skin. 
Functional Disorders of the Ovaries and Breasts leading to — 
(.1) Sterility. 

(2) Inability on the part of mothers to suckle their 
infants at the breast. 

Heart Dilatation of Heart. 

Fatty Heart. 

Blood-Vessels Arterio-sclerosis (degeneration and fibroid change 

in the vessels). 
Lungs Increased Susceptibility to inflammatory and in- 
fectious diseases, i.e., Inflammation of the Lungs, 
Consumption, Bronchial Catarrh, etc. 

Eyes Increased susceptibility to inflammatory diseases 

of the eye. 

Nervous System Inflammation and degeneration of nerve structures, 

including the optic nerve. 
Epilepsy. 
Melancholia. 
Dementia. 
Imbecility. 
Hysteria. 
Idiocy. 
Sunstroke. 
Infectious Diseases e.g., Erysipelas, Blood-Poisoning of various types, 

generally Tubercle, Syphilis, Diphtheria, Cholera, etc. 

Industrial Diseases.. . .e.g., Lead Poisoning. 

The number of cases of alcoholism and of liver cirrhosis 
due to alcoholism for the United States registration area, 
covering about half of the country, period from 1900 to 
1908, totaled 33,139 as compared with 22,211 deaths from 
typhoid and 2,214 from smallpox. The experience of the 
Sick Benefit Societies of Australia as reported by Mr. 
H. Dillon Gouge, Public Actuary, showed that among the 
members, the abstainers averaged about only one half as 
much sickness, that they recovered in an average of four 
weeks less time and only half as many of them died among 
the sick members and less than half among the membership 
as a whole. 

Special attention is called to the article on Health De- 
partments. 

See Alcohol. Effects of; Brain; Doctors on Drink; Health; and 
Health Defenders of the Body. 

DISTILLATION— In order to produce liquors in 
which the proportion of alcohol is more than 13.5 per 
cent, it is necessary to place fermented liquor in a still 
and heat it. Alcohol boils at 170 degrees and water at 
212 degrees, hence the alcohol becomes vapor first and 
passes through the still which is kept cool. The cold tube 
condenses the vapor and it falls into the receiver in the 
form of a liquid. This is simply a process of separating 
the alcohol from the fermented liquor. 

DISTILLED LIQUORS— See Alcoholic Beverages; 
Distillation. 

DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA— A prohibition bill for 
the District of Columbia passed the Senate of the United 



132 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

States by a vote of 55. to 32 on January 9, 1917. On 
February 25 the bill passed the House by 273 to 137. It 
is not a bonedry bill, but will probably be made so at 
the next session. Previous to enactment of prohibition 
to go into effect November I, 1917, the liquor traffic 
operated under the Jones-Works excise law, enacted in 
1913. For the last license year there were, in the District, 
259 barrooms and 85 wholesale licenses, including hotels 
and clubs. The number in 1893 was 1,100. 

A strenuous effort was made to put the unusual pro- 
vision of a referendum on the District of Columbia prohi- 
bition bill, but this effort failed. In the House the fight 
was dramatic in the extreme. The bill was held up in 
committee for fourteen months, although the chairman was 
favorable to it ; then it was reported out under the com- 
pulsion of the Rules Committee with forty amendments, 
and as there were only «ix days remaining of the session, 
any amendment would have killed it. The Rules Com- 
mittee brought in a drastic rule for its consideration 
which, however, had to be withdrawn and a gag rule 
substituted, as the wets filibustered against the measure 
in a senseless way, as it was certain to pass. During the 
filibuster ten roll calls were forced and quorum was 
broken repeatedly. A roll call usually takes about forty- 
five minutes. 

The vote on the bill in the Senate was as follows : 

Yeas.— ARIZONA— Ashurst; ARKANSAS— Kirby, Robinson; 
CALIFORNIA— Works; COLORADO— Thomas, Shafroth; FLOR- 
IDA Bryan; GEORGIA— Smith; I DAHO— Borah, Brady; ILLI- 
NOIS Sherman; INDIANA— Kern, Watson; IOWA— Cummins, 
Kenyon; KANSAS — Curtis, Thompson; KENTUCKY — Beckham; 
LOUISIANA— Ransdell: MAINE— Fernald; MARYLAND— Smith; 
MICHIGAN— Smith, Townsend; MINNESOTA— Clapp, Nelson; 
MISSISSIPPI— Vardaman, Williams; MONTANA — Myers, Walsh; 
NEBRASKA— Norris; NEVADA— Pittman; NEW HAMPSHIRE— 
Gallinger; NEW MEXICO— Fall; NORTH CAROLINA— Simmons, 
Overman; NORTH DAKOTA— Gronna, McCumber; OREGON— 
Chamberlain; PENNSYLVANIA Oliver; SOUTH CAROLINA— 
Smith; SOUTH DAKOTA -Tohnson. Sterling; TENNESSEE— Lea, 
Shields; TEXAS— Sheppard; UTAH— Smoot, Sutherland; VER- 
MONT— Dillingham, Page; VIRGINIA— Martin, Swanson; WASH- 
INGTON Tones, Poindexter; WEST VIRGINIA— Chilton; 
WYOMING— Clark. 

Nays— ALABAMA --Bankhead, Underwood; ARIZONA— Smith; 
CALI FO R N I A — Phelan ; CON N ECTICUT— Brandegee, McLean ; 
DELAWARE— du Pont, Saulsbury; GEORGIA— Hardwick; ILLI- 
NOIS— Lewis; KENTUCKY— James; LOUISIANA— Broussard; 
MAINE— Tohnson; MARYLAND— Lee; MASSACHUSETTS— 
Lodge, Weeks; MISSOURI— Reed, Stone; NEBRASKA— Hitch- 
cock; NEVADA— Newlands; NEW J ERSEY— Hughes, Martine; 
NEW YORK— O'Gorman, Wadsworth; OHIO— Harding, Pomerene; 
PENNSYLVANIA— Penrose; RHODE ISLAND— Colt, Lippitt; 
SOUTH CAROLINA— Tillman; TEXAS— Culberson; WISCONSIN 
— Husting. 

Not Voting.— FLORIDA— Fletcher; NEW HAMPSHIRE— Hollis; 
NEW MEXICO— Catron; OKLAHOMA— Gore, Owen; OREGON— 
Lane; WEST VIRGINIA— Goff; WISCONSIN— LaFollette; 
WYOMING— Warren. 

In the House the final roll call was as follows : 

Yeas. — ALABAMA — Abercrombie, Almon, Burnett, Gray, Heflin, 
Huddleston, Oliver, Steagall; ARIZONA— Hayden; ARKANSAS— 
Caraway, Goodwin, Jacoway, Taylor, Tillman, Wingo; CALIFORNIA 
— Benedict, Church, Elston, Kent, Kettner, Raker, Randall; COLO- 
RADO— Hilliard, Keating, Taylor, Timberlake; DELAWARE— 
Miller; FLORIDA— Clark, Sears; GEORGIA— Adamson, Bell, Crisp, 
Edwards, Howard, Hughes, Lee, Park, Rucker, Vinson, Walker, 
Wise; IDAHO— McCracken, Smith; ILLINOIS— Chiperfield, Copley, 
Denison, Foss, Foster, Fuller, King, McKenzie, McKinley, Rainey, 
Sterling, Stone, Tavenner, Wheeler, T. S. Williams, Wm. E. Wil- 
liams, Wilson; INDIANA — Adair, Barnhart, Cline, Cox, Cullop, 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 133 

Dixon, Gray. Lieb, j\rt>ores, Morrison, Moss, Ranch, Wood; IOWA — 
Powell, Goon}, Green, Hatigen, Kennedy, Ramseyer, Steele, Sweet, 
Towner, Woods; KANSAS — Anthony, Ayres, Campbell, Connelly, 
Doolittle, Helvering, Shouse, Taggart; KENTUCKY — -Barkley, 
Fields, Helm, Tohnson, Kincheloe, Langley, Powers, Thomas; 
LOUISIANA— Aswell, Morgan, Watkins, Wilson; MAINE— Guern- 
sey, Hinds, Peters; MARYLAND— Lewis, Price; MASSACHU- 
SETTS— Carter, Dallinger, Greene, Paige, Roberts, Walsh; MICH- 
IGAN — Cramton, Fordney, Hamilton, James, Kelley, Loud, Mc- 
Laughlin, Mapes, Smith; MINNESOTA — Anderson, Ellsworth, 
Lindbergh. Schall, Smith, Steenerson, Volstead; MISSISSIPPI— 
Candler, Collier, Harrison, Humphreys, Quin, Sisson, Stephens, 
\"enable; MISSOURI — Alexander, Booher, Borland, Decker, Dick- 
inson, Hamlin, Rubey, Rucker, Russell, Shackleford; MONTANA— 
Evans, Stout; NEBRASKA — Kinkaid, Reavis, Shallenberger, Sloan, 
Stephens; NEW HAMPSHIRE— Sulloway, Wason; NEW TERSEY 
—Hutchinson; NEW MENICO— Hernandez; NEW YORK— Charles, 
Danfonth, Dunn, Hamilton, Hicks, Mott, Parker, Pratt, Rowe, Snell; 
NORTH CAROLINA— Britt, Doughton, Godwin, Hood, Kitchin. 
Page, Small, Stedman, Webb; NORTH DAKOTA— Helgensen, 
Norton, Young; OHIO — Ashbrook, Brumbaugh, Cooper, Emerson, 
Fess, Gordon, Hollingsworth, Kearns, McCulloch, Ricketts, Russell, 
Switzer, Williams; OKLAHOMA — Carter, Davenport, Ferris, Hast- 
ings, McClintic, Morgan, Thompson; OREGON — Hawley, Sinnott; 
PENNSYLVANIA — Butler, Farr, Griest, Hopwood, Keister, Kiess, 
Kreider, Lafean, McFadden, Miller, North, Temple; SOUTH CARO- 
LINA — Aiken, Bvrnes, Lever, McCorkle, Nicholls, Ragsdale, 
Whaley; SOUTH " DAKOTA— Dillon, Gandy, Johnson; TENNES- 
SEE — Austin, Byrns, Garrett, Houston, Hull, McKellar, Moon, 
Padgett, Sells, Sims; TEXAS — Black, Callaway, Davis, Dies, Ray- 
burn, Smith, Stephens, Sumners, Young; UTAH — Howell, Mays; 
VERMONT— Dale; VIRGINIA— Carlin, Flood, Glass, Flarrison, 
Holland, Jones, Montague, Saunders, Slemp, Watson; WASHING- 
TON— Dill, Hadley, Johnson, La Follette; WEST VIRGINIA— 
Bowers, Cooper, Neely, Sutherland, Woodyard; WISCONSIN — 
Browne, Cooper, Esch, Frear, Lenroot, Nelson; WYOMING — 
Mondell.— 273. 

Nays.— ALABAMA— Blackmon, Dent; CALIFORNIA— Curry, 
Nolan; CONNECTICUT— Freeman, Glynn, Oakey, Tilson; FLOR- 
IDA — Wilson; ILLINOIS — Britten, Buchanan, Cannon, Gallagher, 
McAndrews, McDermott, Madden, Mann, Rodenberg, Sabath ; IOWA 
—Hull; KENTUCKY— Cantrill, Rouse, Sherley; LOUISIANA— 
Dupre, Estopinal, Lazaro, Martin; MAINE— McGillicuddy; MARY- 
LAND— Coady, Linthicum, Mudd, Talbott; MASSACHUSETTS— 
Gallivan, Gardner, Gillett, Olney, Phelan, Rogers, Tague, Tinkham, 
Treadwav, Winslow; MICHIGAN — Doremus, Nichols, Scott; 
MINNESOTA— Davis, Miller, Van Dyke; MISSOURI— Dyer, Igoe, 
Meeker; NEBRASKA— Lobeck; NEVADA— Roberts; NEW 
TERSEY — Bacharach, Browning, Capstick, Drukker, Eagan, Gray, 
Hamill, Hart, Lehlbach, Parker, Scully; NEW YORK— Bruckner, 
Dale, Dempsey, Dooling, Driscoll, Fairchild, Farley, Fitzgerald, 
Flynn, Gould, Griffin, Haskell, Hulbert, Husted, Loft, Magee, 
Maher, Piatt, Riordan, Sanford, 'Siegel, Smith, Snyder, Swift, 
Ward; NORTH CAROLINA— Pou; OHIO— Allen, Crosser, Gard, 
Key, Longworth, Overmyer, Sherwood; OREGON — McArthur; 
PENNSYLVANIA— Bailey, Barchfeld, Beales, Casey, Coleman, 
Costello, Crago, Darrow, Dewalt, Edmonds, Focht, Garland, Heaton, 
Lesher, Liebel, Moore, Morin, Porter, Rowland, Scott, Steele, Vare, 
Watson; RHODE ISLAND— Kennedy, Stiness; TEXAS— Buchanan, 
Eagle, Garner, Gregg, Hardy, Henry, McLemore, Slavden; VER- 
MONT— Greene; WISCONSIN— Burke, Cary, Konop, Reilly, Staf- 
ford.— 137. 

Not Voting. — Beakes, Bennet, Burgess, Caldwell, Carew, Chandler 
(N. Y.), Conry, Graham, Hayes, Plensley, Hill, Humphrey (Wash.), 
Kahn, Littlepage, Lloyd, London, Matthews, Mooney, Murray, 
Oglesby, Oldheld, O'Shaunessy, Patten, Sparkman. — 24. 

The following is a summary of the vote by State dele- 
gations in the Senate : 

STATES BOTH FOR: Arkansas, Colorado, Idaho, In- 
diana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missis- 
sippi, Montana, North Carolina, North Dakota, South 
Dakota, Tennessee, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Wash- 
ington — 18. 
STATES BOTH AGAINST: Alabama, Connecticut, 
Delaware, Massachusetts, Missouri, New Jersey, New 
York, Ohio, Rhode Island— 9. 
STATES DIVIDED : Arizona, California, Georgia, 



i 3 4 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

Illinois. Kentucky. Louisiana. Maine. Maryland. 

Nebraska. Nevada. Pennsylvania. South Carolina. 

Texas — 13. 
STATES OXE FOR AND ONE NOT VOTING: 

Florida. New Hampshire. New Mexico. Oregon. West 

Virginia. Wvoming — 6. 
STATES ONE AGAINST AND ONE NOT VOTING: 

Wisconsin — 1. 
STATES NOT VOTING: Oklahoma— 1. 

The senatorial vote of the prohibition State- wa> as 

folk 

STATES BOTH FOR: Arkansas. Colorado. Idah 

diana. Iowa. Kansas. Michigan. Mississippi. Montana. 
North Carolina, North Dakota. South Dakota. Ten- 
nessee. Utah. Virginia. Washington — 16. 

STATES BOTH AGAINST: Alabama— 1. 

STATES DIVIDED: Georgia, Arizona. Maine. Nebra-ka. 
South Carolina — 5. 

STATES ONE FOR AND ONE NOT VOTING: Ore- 
gon. West Virginia — 2. 

STATES NOT VOTING: Oklahoma— 1. 

In the House, the State delegations voted as follows: 

STATES SOLIDLY FOR: Arizona. Colorado, Dela- 
ware. Georgia. Idaho. Indiana, Kansas, Mississippi, 
Montana. New Hampshire. New Mexico, North Da- 
kota. South Carolina. South Dakota. Tennessee, Utah. 
Virginia. Wvoming — 18. 

STATES SOLIDLY AGAINST: Nevada— 1. 

STATES EVENLY DIVIDED: Louisiana. Vermont— J. 

STATES MAJORITY FOR: Alabama. Arkansas. Cali- 
fornia. Florida, Illinois. Iowa, Kentucky. Maine. 
Michigan. Minnesota, Missouri. Nebraska. North 
Carolina. Ohio. Oklahoma. Oregon. Texas. Washing- 
ton. West Virginia. Wisconsin — 20. 

STATES MAJORITY AGAINST: Connecticut. Mary- 
land. Massachusetts. New Jersey. New York, Pennsyl- 
vania, Rhode Island — 7. 

The prohibition State delegations lined up as follows : 

STATES SOLIDLY FOR: Arizona, Colorado. Georgia. 
Idaho, Indiana, Kansas. Mississippi. Montana. North 
Dakota. South Carolina, South Dakota, Ten: 
Utah. Virginia — 14. 

STATES MAJORITY FOR: Alabama, Iowa, Maine, 
Michigan. Nebraska. North Carolina. Oregon — 7. 

STATES WITH MEMBERS NOT VOTING: Arkansas. 
Oklahoma. Washington. West Virginia — 4. 

STATES SOLIDLY FOR BOTH IN HOUSE AND 
SENATE: Colorado. Idaho. Indiana. Kansas. Mis- 
pi. Montana. North Da' ttfa Dakota, Ten- 
nessee. Utah. Virginia — 11. 

DIVORCE— From 1889 to 1906 there were 184.3c/. 
divorces due to intemperance on the part of husband or 
wife, according to a special report upon marriage and 
divorce issued by the Census Bureau in 1909. This number 
of such divorces constitutes 19.5 per cent of all cases of 
divorce. Drunkenness is not a ground for divorce in 
Vermont. New York. New Jersey. Pennsylvania. Maryland. 
Virginia. West Virginia. North "Carolina, or Texas. 

According to the statistical study of the Census Bureau, 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 135 

where the charge^ of wives against husbands was desertion 
drunkenness was* found to be a factor in 11.5 per cent 
cases ; Where it was adultery drunkenness was present 
in 13.9 per cent of the cases ; where it was neglect to 
provide drunkenness was present in 21.2 per cent; and 
where it was cruelty drunkenness was present in 32.4 per 
cent. Figures taken only from the Statistical Abstract 
of the Census should not be admitted in any controversy 
because they do not consider the influence of drink upon 
causes for divorce other than "drunkenness." Neither 
should the student be confused by comparisons between 
license and prohibition States which are sometimes not to 
the advantage of the no-license commonwealth. The 
character of the population must be taken into considera- 
tion. 

Divorce is much more common among people of native 
American birth than among immigrants and their children. 
This is due to the fact that the foreign born frequently 
separate without the formality of a divorce, and that the 
greater intelligence and more sensitive culture of the na- 
tive American and of the higher type of immigrant found 
in the prohibition States, is often a direct cause of incom- 
patibility. It is also true that the Catholic Church is 
strongest in the wet States, and the influence of that church 
upon the question of divorce is very great. 

Again, we must warn the reader against being deceived 
by skillful handling of figures by the liquor interests. In 
their comparisons they frequently accord to Kansas or to 
other prohibition States a divorce rate based upon the 
married population, in comparison with a rate in other 
States based upon the general population. Also, they will 
call attention to the fact that the Kansas rate is high with- 
out admitting that the divorce rate throughout the West 
is much higher than in the East. While being careful to 
shout aloud from the housetops that Kansas has a divorce 
rate of 109, which is higher than the average in the East, 
they carefully refrain from letting one know that the 
divorce rate in the prohibition State of North Dakota in 
1910 was only 88; that in Arizona (then license) it was 
120; in Arkansas (then license) 136; in Colorado (then 
license) 158; in Idaho (then license) 120; in Indiana 142; 
in Montana 167; in Oregon (then license) 134; in Wyo- 
ming 118; in Texas 131 ; and in Washington (then license) 
184. 

Judge William M. Gemmill, former judge of the Court 
of Domestic Relations, declares that at least 75 per cent 
of all family desertions are due either directly or indi- 
rectly to the use of intoxicating drinks, and that by record 
46 per cent of all the cases coming to that court are due 
directly to drink. The following is a detailed record of the 
causes bringing husbands and wives before Judge Gemmill : 

Per cent 

Excessive use of intoxicants 46 

Immorality of husband 12 

Immorality of wife 2 

Disease 12 

Ill-temper and abuse of wife 8 

Ill-temper and abuse of husband 3 

Interference of mothers-in-law 6 

Interference of fathers-in-law 1 

Youth of the parties 4 

Laziness of the husband 3 

Sickness 1 

Miscellaneous causes 2 



136 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

Divorce in Ohio 

There were 5.575 divorce cases pending in the 88 
counties of Ohio on June 30. 1913. Of this number 772 
were in the 45 dry counties and 4,803 in the 43 wet 
counties. On the basis of the 1910 census one divorce 
case was pending to each 1.673 of the population in the 
dry counties and one to each 724 of the population 
in wet counties. There were more than double the cases 
in proportion to population in wet than in dry territory. 
From 1896 to 1913. 4.726 divorces were granted in Ohio 
for drunkenness alone, while thousands more were granted 
for causes growing out of the use of liquor. This record 
bears out the systematic investigation and conclusions of 
Judge Gemmill, of the Chicago Court. 

"The great and prevailing cause for domestic infelicity 
is drink." says Judge Andrew H. Wilson, Juvenile Court 
of Xew Orleans. 

DOCTORS ON DRINK— "There is no physician who 
will speak a friendly word for alcoholic liquor," said Dr. 
Frederick R. Green, secretary of the Council on Health 
and Public Instruction of the American Medical Associa- 
tion. 

The following concentration of testimony from famous 
medical men in all parts of the world seems to justify 
Dr. Green's statement : 

Drunkenness and its consequent degeneracy explains 35 
per cent of epilepsy. — Dr. Matthew Woods. 

Liquor in all its forms, and used for any purposes what- 
ever, I believe to be an unmitigated evil. I believe in 
fighting it in every way possible. — Dr. Hoii'ard A. Kelly, 
of the Johns Hopkins University. 

Twenty-five of the 100 deaths which occur every day in 
Chicago are caused directly or indirectly by alcohol. — 
John D. Robinson, M.D., Health Commissioner. 

Alcohol is not a medicine, it aggravates diseases and 
hastens death, it is productive of physical and mental 
degeneracy, and should be no longer prescribed by intelli- 
gent physicians. It is the best possible persuader of dis- 
eases, and damaging even in small quantities. — Dr. DeWitt 
G. Wile ox. 

Alcohol replaces more actively vital materials by fat and 
fibrous tissue ; it substitutes suppuration by new growth ; 
it promotes caseous and earthy change ; it helps time to 
produce the ettects of age; and, in a word, is the genius 
of degeneration. — Dr. Dickinson, of England. 

A sunstroke is often nothing more nor less than a beer- 
stroke. — Dr. W. A. Evans, Medical Editor Chicago Tri- 
bune. 

I am not aware of any medical connection in which 
alcohol is necessary, nor of any in which it could not with 
advantage be replaced by some less dangerous drug. — Sir 
Arthur Chance, M.D. 

Twenty-eight per cent of the men admitted to this hos- 
pital during the past year were alcoholized. This does not 
include alcohol-caused insanity. — Dr. H. C. Eyman, of the 
Massilon, Ohio, Asylum. 

In cases of shock no stimulant should be given. Whisky 
does more harm than good, and brandy has no advantage 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 137 

over whisky. — Dr* Evans, Medical Editor of the Chicago 
Tribune. > , 

To the physiologist' there could be no possible doubt that 
during the growth and development of the brain cells 
even the smallest dose of alcohol is harmful. — Dr. Fick, 
Professor of Physiology at the University of Wurtzburg. 

All the alcohols are irritant, narcotic, anaesthetic poisons. 
Alcohol is a poison in the same sense as arsenic, prussic 
acid, or chloroform. — Dr. Norman Kerr, of England. 

The light of exact investigation has shown that the 
therapeutic value of alcohol rests on an insecure basis, 
and it is constantly being made clearer that, after all, alco- 
hol is a poison to be handled with the same care and 
circumspection as other agents capable of producing 
noxious and deadly effect upon the organism. . . . The 
facts brought out by the researches of Abbott and Laitinen 
and others do not furnish the slightest support for the use 
of alcohol in the treatment of infectious diseases in man. — 
Journal of the American Medical Association. 

It seems to me that the field of usefulness of alcohol 
in therapeutics is extremely limited and possibly does not 
exist at all. — Dr. Reid Hunt, Public Health and Marine 
Hospital Service, Washington, D. C. 

The physician should have blazoned before him, "If you 
can do no good, do no harm." If this rule is adhered to 
in ninety-nine cases out of one hundred the physician will 
give no alcohol. — /. H. Musser, M.D., Philadelphia, Pa., 
Ex-President American Medical Association. 

It is time alcohol was banished from the medical arma- 
mentarium ; whisky has killed thousands where it cured 
one. — /. iV. McCormack, M.D., Secretary Kentucky Board 
of Health, and Organiser for the American Medical Asso- 
ciation. 

I very rarely use alcohol in my practice. I think that 
its use is never essential. Physicians are using it less and 
less in the treatment of disease owing to the recognition 
that it is a narcotic, not a stimulant, and that other nar- 
cotics are usually better when a narcotic is required. — 
Richard C. Cabot, M.D., Professor of Clinical Medicine, 
Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass. ^ 

The habitual use of alcohol in any disease is worse than 
harmful.— Robert B. Preble, M.D., Chicago, III. 

Alcohol is a poison. It is claimed by some that alcohol 
is a food. If so, it is a poisoned food. — Frederick Peter- 
son, M.D., Professor of Psychiatry, Columbia University 
Medical School, Nezu York City. 

The medical profession is learning that alcohol has been 
much abused in the treatment of the sick and is largely 
discarding it. I hardly find occasion to prescribe it once 
a year. — IV. A. Plecker, M.D., Secretary State Board of 
Health, Hampton, Va. 

Many physicians prescribe alcohol only because it is the 
desire of the patient, and because patients refuse medicine 
which the physicians would rather use. — Everett Hooper, 
M.D., Boston, Mass. 

You are right in indicting, alcohol for its insidious 
wrongs to humanity. It is an old and sly offender and 
very much the "mocker" in medical practice that it has 



138 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

been pronounced in Holy Writ. It exhausts the latent 
energy of the organism often when that power is mo^t 
needed to conserve the failing strength of the body in 
the battle with disease. — Dr. C. H. Hughes, Saint Louis, 
Missouri. 

In the thirteen years I have taught in Michigan I have 
not used alcohol in the treatment of disease in a routine 
way. — Dr. George Dock, Formerly Professor of Medicine, 
University of Michigan Medical College. 

I think the medical profession could get along perfectly 
well without the use of alcohol, except, of course, as it is 
used in the manufacture of drugs. I do not suppose I 
have used a pint of alcohol in the last ten years. I think 
the tendency of the medical profession thruout the country 
is to give up alcohol in the treatment of disease. — Dr. 
Matthew D. Mann, Dean of the Medical College of Buffalo, 
X. Y. 

I seldom prescribe alcohol. — Dr.' George Blumcr, Profes- 
sor of the Theory and Practice of Medicine, Yale Medical 
School, New Haven, Conn. 

My belief is that there is very little need for the medical 
use of alcohol. I almost never use it in my practice, and 
I think its use by practitioners generally is far less than 
it was a few years ago. — Dr. E. G. Cutler, Harvard, Bos- 
ton. 

Alcohol is rarely helpful in the treatment of disease. — 
Dr. Elliott P. Joslin, Instructor in the Theory and Practice 
of Physics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass. 

I believe that the trend of teaching in Harvard Medical 
School has been growing less favorable of late years to the 
use of alcohol in the treatment of disease, and, in fact, 
it is far less used than it was a generation ago. — Dr. James 
J. Putnam, Professor of Diseases of the Nervous System, 
Harvard, Boston, Mass. 

For my school I cannot speak authoritatively, yet I am 
quite confident that our teachers do not recommend or 
advise the use of alcohol as a food or as a stimulant. — 
Dr. John Ritter, Instructor in Medicine, Rush Medical 
College, Chicago, III. 

I believe that alcohol is the greatest foe to the human 
race to-day. I feel that it would not be a serious harm 
if its use as a medicine were totally discontinued. — Dr. 
Walter E. Fcrnald, Clinical Lecturer in Mental Diseases, 
Tufts Medical College, Boston, Mass. 

I very seldom prescribe alcohol as a medicine, and think 
its effects are positively harmful in the vast majority of 
medical cases. — Dr. Allen A. Jones, Adjunct Professor of 
Medicine, University of Buffalo, New York. 

I almost never use alcoholic liquors. The teaching of 
our school is generally against alcohol. — Dr. Henry 
William Cheney, Associate in Pediatrics, Northwestern 
University Medical School, Chicago. 

I never prescribe alcohol. The teachings of Rush Medi- 
cal School I believe to be that it is questionable whether 
or not it is a food or a stimulant in the true sense. — Dr. 
W. H. Walker, Associate Professor of Medicine, Rush 
Medical College, Chicago. 

Regarding the use of alcohol in medical practice, I very 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 139 

rarely use it. At the Baptist Hospital I have not ordered 
it for a ^patient for several years. At the Massachusetts 
General Hospital in the out-patient department I never 
prescribe it. — Dr. George S. C. Badger, Assistant in the 
Theory and Practice of Medicine, Harvard, Boston. 

Alcohol is distinctly a poison, and the limitation of its 
use should be as strict as that of any other kind of poison. 
— Sir Frederick Treves, Surgeon to King Edward. 

If during the last quarter of a century I have prescribed 
almost no alcohol in the treatment of disease, it is because 
1 have found very little reason for its use. — Sir James 
Barr, Dean of the Medical School of Liverpool University. 
I never order alcohol, because I believe patients recover 
better without it. — Sir Victor Horsley, Late Surgeon at 
London Hospital. 

In England at present the use of large doses of alcohol 
seems to have greatly gone out of hospital practice, and 
opinion is certainly growing that not even small doses are 
required. Diseases of the stomach, liver, heart, and 
kidneys have appeared to me, in my practice, to be much 
more satisfactorily treated without beer, wines, or spirits. 
— Dr. C. R. Drysdale, Consulting Physician to the Metro- 
politan Hospital, London. 

For nearly thirty years as a busy general practitioner, 
and on the staff of the Swansea Hospital, I have found it 
possible to carry on my work with scarcely any recourse 
to alcohol in the treatment of disease. — Dr. J. Adams 
Rowlings, Consulting Physician to Swansea Hospital. 

Alcohol has never cured and never will cure tubercu- 
losis. It will either prevent or retard recovery. It is like 
a two-edged weapon ; on one side it poisons the system, 
and on the other it ruins the stomach and thus prevents 
this organ from properly digesting the necessary food. — 
S. A. Knoff, M.D., New York, Honorary Vice-President 
of the British Congress on Tuberculosis. 

It is a recognized fact in the medical profession that the 
habitual use of alcoholic drinks, predisposes to tubercular 
infection. It is also recognized, I think, by most physi- 
cians that alcohol as a medicine is harmful to the tuber- 
cular invalid. — Frank Billings, M.D., Chicago, III., Former 
President American Medical Association. 

Alcoholic liquors are of damage to consumptives because 
they tend to impair nutrition, disturb the action of the 
stomach, and give a false strength to the invalid on which 
he is sure to presume. Besides, we know that in countries 
where drinking prevails most the ravages of tuberculosis 
are most marked. — Edivard L. Trudeau, M.D., Adiron- 
dacks Sanitarium for Consumptives, Saranac Lake, N. Y. 

In my judgment whisky should not be used by people 
who have consumption, and in my practice I prohibit its 
use absolutely. — Lawrence F. Flick, M.D., Vice-President 
of the National Association for the Study and Prevention 
of Tuberculosis, Philadelphia, Pa. 

I do not feel that I can emphasize strongly enough the 
harm that can be done by the use of alcohol in tuberculosis, 
and the indiscriminate use of it certainly borders on the 
criminal. — F. M. Pottenger, M.D., Superintendent the 
Pottenger Sanitarium for Diseases of the Lungs and 
Throat, Monrovia, California. 



i 4 o THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

Upon investigation I found 38 per cent of our male 
tubercular patients were excessive users of alcohol, 56 
per cent moderate users. From my study of the cases 
I am led to believe that in a vast majority of these cases 
drink has been a large factor in producing the disease, 
by exposure, lowering the vitality, etc. — O. C. JVillhitc, 
M.D., Superintendent of Cook County Hospital for Con- 
sumptives, Dunning, III. 

In tuberculosis there is a state of overstimulation of 
the circulatory system due to the toxins. The use of 
alcoholics simply makes the condition worse-. — H. J. Blank- 
meycr, M.D., Sanitarium Gabriels, in the Adirondacks, 
N. Y. 

The practice of taking alcoholics of any sort, and in any 
quantity, over a considerable length of time, is certain 
to produce more or less injury to a tubercular patient, 
and their use by tubercular people cannot be too strongly 
condemned. — H . S. Goodall, MS)., Stony Wold Sanitarium, 
Lake Kushaqua, X. Y. 

The consensus of authoritative medical opinion of the 
present time is that alcohol has no value as a remedy 
for consumption. More than this, it is recognized that 
the habitual use of alcohol makes the user more suscepti- 
ble to the invasions of disease germs, including the invasion 
of the tubercle bacillus. — Dr. Joint Madden, Portland, Ore. 
That, in view of the close connection between alcoholism 
and tuberculosis, this Congress strongly emphasizes the 
importance of combining the fight against tuberculosis 
with the struggle against alcoholism. — Resolution adopted 
by the International Congress on Tuberculosis, held in 
Paris, October, 1903. 

The public should learn from us that there is mighty 
little, if any, place for alcohol in medicine. They should 
learn that alcohol is a poison in the same class with 
opium, cocaine, and other deadly drugs.— ^Lieutenant- 
Colonel J. W. S. McCullough, chief sanitary officer of the 
Second Division, and Secretary of the Provisional Board 
of Health, before the Toronto Academy of Medicine. 

Alcohol is now scarcely ever used by physicians as a 
medicine and its moderate use as a beverage should be 
discouraged. — Dr. A. McPhcdran. 

Alcohol is the most potent factor in the production of 
crime, and I have never known of a case of wife-murder 
not committed under the influence of liquor. — Dr. J. T. 
Gihnore, Superintendent of the Ontario Reformatory. 

Whisky and other forms of alcohol have caused more 
deaths after snakebite than the venom of the snake. — 
Dr. L. K. Hirshbcrg, of Johns Hopkins University. 

The children of drinking fathers are very much more 
liable to tuberculosis. The results of my investigations 
are as follows : 149 occasional drinkers — 8.7 per cent 
tuberculous children ; 169 habitual drinkers — 10.7 per cent 
tuberculous children ; 67 moderate drinkers — 16.4 per cent 
tuberculous children; 60 confirmed drunkards — 21.7 per 
cent tuberculous children. — Professor A. von Bunge, 
Basel, Szcitzerland. 

Whether we look to America, the West Indies, Egypt, 
India, Ashanti, or Persia, there is the same testimony that 
the health and discipline of soldiers are much better when 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 141 

they are, not allowed, or cannot get, alcoholic liquors. — 
Dr.-Jam&s Ridge, Medical Officer of Health, Enfield, Eng- 
land. 

When you take chloroform or alcohol you poison the 
cells of your body. — Professor Metchnikoff. 

The abuse of alcohol commences with its use. — Robert 
Koppc, M.D. 

Spirits and poisons are synonymous terms. — Sir Astlcy 
Cooper, M.D. 

Alcohol is the pathological fraud of frauds. — Dr. Xor- 
man Kerr, England. 

Alcohol, like chloroform, is a narcotic poison. — Sir 
B. W. Richardson, M.D. 

Alcohol is, under no conditions and in no a-mount, bene- 
ficial to the healthy body. — Professor Pick, Physiologist, 
W'urtzburg, Germany. 

For every real drunkard there are fifty others suffering 
from the effects of alcohol. — George Harlcy, }LD., Eng- 
land. 

No man can do the best work of which he is capable 
if he is taking alcohol. Alcohol acts as a cumulative 
poison. — Professor Sims-Woodhcad, Cambridge Univer- 
sity. 

I dread the task of operating on a drinker. — Sir William 
Paget, M.D. 

"Lobular pneumonia, cardiac failure" — so runs the usual 
certificate, and the cause of the cardiac failure in ninety- 
nine cases out of a hundred is alcohol. — Dr. A. A. Hill, 
on the use of alcohol in pneumonia, British Medical Jour- 
nal, February 6, 1909. 

A certain diminution of control is one of the first things 
that happens when alcohol is taken. — Sir Thomas- Clouston, 
M.D. 

Alcohol causes the guards to sleep at their posts until 
man's enemy, disease, has gained its foothold. — 5\ G. 
Stewart, M.D., Kansas Medical College. 

Perfectly good health will, in my opinion, always be 
injured, even by small doses of alcohol. — Sir Andrew 
Clark, late Physician to Queen Victoria. 

That the Medical Society of the State of North Caro- 
lina will use its best efforts to discourage the use of alcohol 
in any form as a beverage. 

That it is the sense of this society that a member of the 
profession who does promiscuous, or unnecessary, pre- 
scribing of whisky, either to patients or nonpatients, is 
violating one of the principles of our profession, and is 
deserving of censure. 

That alcohol as a drug can be eliminated from the 
pharmacopoeia, without in any degree crippling the effi- 
ciency of the doctor's armamentarium. — Resolutions 
passed by the Medical Society of North Carolina. 

Whereas, In the opinion of the alienists and neurolo- 
gists of the United States, in convention assembled, it has 
been definitely established that alcohol when taken into 
the system acts as a definite poison to the brain and other 
tissues ; and, 

Whereas, The effects of this poison are directly or 



i 4 2 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

indirectly responsible for a large proportion of the insane, 
epileptic, feeble-minded, and other forms of mental, 
moral, and physical degeneracy; and, 

Whereas, The laws of many States make alcohol freely 
available for drinking purposes, and therefore cater to the 
physical, mental, and moral degeneration of the people ; 
and, 

Whereas, Many hospitals for the insane and other pub- 
lic institutions are now compelled to admit and care for 
a multitude of inebriates ; and, 

'Whereas, Many States already have established separate 
colonies for the treatment and reeducation of such in- 
ebriates, with great benefit to the individuals and to the 
commonwealths ; therefore be it 

Resolved, /That we unqualifiedly condemn the use of 
alcoholic beverages and recommend that the various State 
Legislatures take steps to eliminate such use; and be it 
further 

Resolved, That we recommend the general establish- 
ment by all States and Territories of special colonies of 
hospitals for the care of inebriates ; and, 

Resolved, That organized medicine should initiate and 
carry on a systematic, persistent propaganda for the edu- 
cation of the public regarding the deleterious effects of 
alcohol ; and be it further 

Resolved, That the medical profession should take the 
lead in securing adequate legislation to the ends herein 
specified. — Resolutions passed by the alienists and neurolo- 
gists of the nation in session at Chicago. 

In my specialty, the treatment of pulmonary diseases, 
I rarely prescribe alcohol in any form. — Professor Vin- 
cent V. Bowditch, M.D., Harvard Medical School, Boston. 

Trying to cure consumption with whisky is like trying 
to put out a fire with kerosene. — John E. White, M.D., 
Medical Director Kordrach Ranch Sanitorinm, Colorado 
Springs, Colo. 

You ask me my opinion as to the use of whisky in the 
treatment of consumption. In reply permit me to say that 
I regard its use in this disease as most universally per- 
nicious. — Professor Charles G. Stockton, M.D., Buffalo 
Medical College, Buffalo, N.. Y. 

It was formerly thought that alcohol was in some way 
antagonistic to tuberculous disease, but the observations 
of late years indicate clearly that the reverse is the case, 
and that chronic drinkers are more liable to both acute 
and pulmonary tuberculosis. — Dr. Osier, formerly Pro- 
fessor of Medicine in Johns Hopkins University, Balti- 
more, Md. 

The use of alcohol as a remedy for the treatment of 
pulmonary tuberculosis would be sheer insanity. — M. J. 
Brooks, M.D., Sanitarium of New Canaan, Conn. 

The use of whisky in tuberculosis positively interferes 
with digestion, which must under all circumstances be 
kept as perfect as possible in order that the patient may 
assimilate the food which is so necessary to the upbuild- 
ing of the system and to gain strength to fight the on- 
slaught of the disease. Its constant use would not only 
interfere with digestion but would have a tendency to 
create disease in other organs of ihe body; so that we 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 143 

therefore consider the use of whisky in tuberculosis 
positively % contraindicated. — Dr. M. Collins, Superintendent 
National Jewish Hospital for Consumptives, Denver, Colo- 
rado. 

It is difficult for many people to adapt themselves to a 
methodical plan of life long enough to establish a per- 
manent cure in consumption. I have known many a 
young fellow with only a slight trouble in his lungs to die 
in the Adirondacks more from the effects of .whisky than 
from the disease itself. — Dr. Henry P. Loo mis, of Nezv 
York City, in a lecture on Consumption. (See page 232 
of "Handbook on the Prevention of Tuberculosis.") 

Of scarlet fever I have treated some 2,000 cases. I have 
never seen a case in which, in my opinion, alcohol was 
necessary ; no case in which its administration was bene- 
ficial ; but I have seen more than one case in which its 
action was directly injurious. . . . — Dr. C. Knox Bond 
i>i Medical Times. 

Alcohol is a narcotic poison, of which the pernicious 
effects are to be seen on every hand. Its use is attended 
with dangers that attach to the prescription of no other 
substance in the pharmacopoeia. — G. Sims Woodhead, 
M.D., Professor of Pathology, University of Cambridge, 
■England. 

Until a few years ago only isolated physicians ventured 
to attack the position of alcohol, deemed so secure in 
medical practice ; but now the literature against alcohol 
is very extensive, while the voices defending its use are 
very scarce. — /. E. Colla, M.D., Physician in Finkehvalde. 

I have not prescribed alcohol to my patients for more 
than ten years, and can affirm positively that they have 
fared well under this change of treatment. Since I 
formerly followed the universal practice, I am competent 
to make comparisons, and these speak unconditionally in 
favor of treatment without alcohol. As a preventive of 
waste I use among fever patients nothing but real foods ; 
in addition to milk, particularly sugar, which can be ad- 
ministered to any fever patient in ample quantity in the 
form of fruit juices, stewed fruit, sweet lemonade, fruit 
ices, sugared tea, etc., concerning which hundreds of in- 
vestigations have demonstrated positively that it prevents 
the waste of both albumen and fat. As a stimulant I 
employ, besides hydriatic methods, which at the same time 
abstract heat, almost nothing but camphor, and I can 
affirm that it is unconditionally preferable to alcohol for 
its prompt results and the absence of disagreeable after- 
effects (intoxication, benumbing). Pneumonia, especially, 
subsides without alcohol to perfect satisfaction, and I 
rejoice to agree in this respect with Aufrecht, one of the 
best authorities on this disease, who in his monograph in 
Xothnagle's manual, acknowledges himself hostile to the 
use of alcohol in the treatment of pneumonia, and hopes 
that its use may be speedily abolished. — Max Kassoivitz, 
M.D., Professor in the University of Vienna, Austria. 

Besides its deleterious influence on the nervous system 
and other important parts of our body, alcohol has a 
harmful action on the phagocytes,* the agents of natural 



*Phagocytes are the white-blood cells whose work in nature is to 
destroy disease germs. 



i 4 4 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

defense against infective microbes. — Professor Mctchni- 
koff, Pasteur Institute, Paris. France. 

I believe that in the scientific light of the present era 
alcohol should be classed among the anaesthetics and 
poisons, and that the human family would be benefited 
by its entire exclusion from the field of remedial agents. — 
Dr. J. S. Cain, Dean of the Faculty. Medical Department, 
University of the South. Sewanee, Terin. 

In my neurological practice I emphatically forbid my 
patients the use of alcohol. This poison has a special 
predilection for the nervous system which it influences 
sometimes to an alarming extent. — Alfred Gordon. M.D.. 
Associate in Nervous and Mental Diseases, Jefferson Medi- 
cal College, Philadelphia. Pa. 

Whereas, The study of alcohol from a scientific stand- 
point has demonstrated that its action is deceptive, and 
that it does not have the medical properties that we once 
claimed for it; now. therefore, be it 

Resolved, By the West Virginia State Medical Associa- 
tion. That we deplore the fact that our profession has been 
quoted so long as claiming for it virtues which it does 
not possess, and that we earnestly pledge ourselves to 
discourage the use of it, both in and out of the sick room. 
— Resolution passed at annual meeting May. 1908. 

If alcohol had become a candidate for recognition years 
ago instead of centuries ago. it is safe to say that its 
application in medicine would have been very much more 
limited than we find it at the present time. Its wide 
therapeutic use is to be attributed in part to fallacies and 
misconception regarding its pharmacology, and in part to 
a disinclination on the part of the average practitioner 
of medicine to depart from old and well-beaten lines. — 
U'infield S. Hall. M.D.. Professor of Physiology, North- 
western University Medical School, Chicago. 

The clinicians who decide for the deleterious action of 
alcohol in infectious conditions, have what evidence of an 
experimental nature we possess at the present time to 
support their impressions. The advocates of the continu- 
ous use of the drug have this evidence against them. — 
Henry F. Hewes, M.D., Harvard Medical School, Boston, 
Mass. 

Xo alcohol is used medicinally in my hospital wards. 
Beer or wine is not permitted to convalescents. Cases 
of delirium tremens receive no alcohol. Among my 
colleagues the employment of alcohol as a medicine has 
diminished at least 75 per cent in the past fifteen years. — 
Dr. James P. JJ'arbasse, Chief Surgeon German IPospital, 
Brooklyn, X. Y. 

Eight years ago I gave up the use of alcohol and nitro- 
glycerin in treating pneumonia in my division of Bellevue 
Hospital (there are four divisions), and used those drugs 
by which we obtained a rise in blood-pressure. After 
three months when each division had from 125 to 137 
patients each, I found that in those cases where alcohol 
and nitroglycerin had been used, the death rate was ten 
per cent higher than where drugs that raised the blood- 
pressure were used. — Dr. Alexander Lambert, New York 
City. 

Alcoholic liquors are, to my mind, not only not valuable, 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 145 

but distinctly disadvantageous, in the treatment of disease 
except in** rare instances. On the whole, I have almost 
given up the use of alcohol, in the treatment of disease. — 
Dr. D. L. Edsall, formerly Professor of Therapeutics, 
University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. 

As a rule, which might well be regarded as universal in 
the practice of medicine, alcohol in the treatment of dis- 
ease is an evil. In ordinary doses and in continuous use 
the sum of its reactions increases exhaustion which may 
terminate in fatal results. Alcohol should never be 
given to children. The normal functions of the cell in 
growth and development of the child can be^ seriously 
damaged by alcohol.— Dr. John Van Duyn, Professor of 
History of Medicine, Syracuse, N. Y. 

I rarely or never prescribe alcohol as a medicament, or 
a food, or sanction its use as a beverage. — Dr. Augustus 
A. Eshner, Professor of Clinical Medicine in the Phila- 
delphia Polyclinic and College for Graduates in Medicine. 

I do not think you will meet with very many medical 
men in America who favor alcohol and its use. I believe 
the trend of the teaching in the Albany Medical College 
in regard to alcohol is that it is not a food or a stimulant. 
— Dr. A. J^an der Veer, Professor of Surgery, Albany, 
N. Y. 

A falsehood which dies hard is the idea that stimulants 
of whatever kind actually give strength and are necessary 
for the maintenance of health and vigor. Such is not 
the case.— The late Sir W. Broadbcnt, M.D. 

My experience leads me to take a decided stand against 
the use of stimulants and narcotics of all kinds. ... It 
is often supposed that, even although spirits are not in- 
tended for daily use, they ought to be taken on an expedi- 
tion for medicinal purposes. I would readily acknowledge 
this if any one would show me a single case in which such 
a remedy is necessary ; but till this is done I shall main- 
tain that the best course is to banish alcoholic drinks from 
the list of necessaries for an arctic expedition. — Dr. 
Frithof Nansen, in "First Crossing of Greenland." 

My experience as military surgeon has taught me that 
alcoholic liquids are unnecesary, and do not belong to 
human food-stuffs. During the war of 1877-78 those 
soldiers who did not indulge in their brandy rations en- 
dured their exertions much better than those who used 
them ; old drinkers were the first to break down from 
exertion. — Dr. C. F. Wahlberg, Surgeon-in-Chief of the 
Fi)uiish Army in 1884. 

One fights shy of having to operate upon patients who 
are alcoholic, because of the degeneration of their tissues 
— they do not heal well in spite of the asepticism of the 
present day. — W. McAdam Fcclcs, ^LS. 

Cancer is twice as frequent among boozers and London 
publicans as among clergymen. It is more rapid and more 
distressing among those who take alcohol. — Sir A. Pearce 
Gould, K.C.V.O. 

In adult life alcohol accounts for even more disease 
than the ubiquitous tubercle bacillus. — E. W. Lowry, 
M.R.C.S. 

I have no hesitation in attributing a very large proportion 



146 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

of some of the most painful and dangerous maladies which 
have come under my notice (during more than twenty 
years of professional fife), as well as those which every 
medical man has to treat, to the ordinary and daily use 
of fermented drinks taken in the quantity which is con- 
ventionally deemed moderate. — Sir Henry Thompson, 
M.D. 

The only proper use of alcohol to an ordinary healthy 
person is its disuse. — Sir I'ictor Horsley, M.D. 

There is no scientific justification for the employment 
of alcohol in medicine. Alcohol is a virulent poison, and, 
as such, should be placed in the list with arsenic, mercury, 
and other dangerous drugs. — Dr. B. W . Carpenter, the 
eminent physiologist. 

Alcohol is a poison. In chemistry and physiology this 
is its proper place. Many readers may receive this dog- 
matic assertion with a "Pooh, pooh !" "Fanaticism and 
folly," "We know better !" Let me support the assertion, 
therefore, with authority. "The sedative action of alcohol 
on the brain," says Christianson — and we know no higher 
authority either as regards poisons or the article of the 
materia medica — "constitutes it a powerful narcotic 
poison." — The late Professor Miller, Edinburgh Univer- 
sity. 

Alcohol is one of the chief curtailers of human life. 
The man of twenty who drinks has a probable life of 
fifteen years' before him, the abstainer one of forty-four 
years. — Professor Lombroso, Italy. 

The strongest man who has once taken to drink is 
absolutely powerless against the attacks of tuberculosis. — 
The late Professor Brouardel. 

The alcoholic problem is more important than tuber- 
culosis because it costs more lives and more money. It 
should always be classified as a poison and never as a 
food or a stimulant. — Dr. George W. Webster, President 
of the Illinois State Board of Health. 

Alcohol perverts the moral nature, affects the judgment, 
and impairs the memory ; it, moreover, especially affects 
the motor system and creates an enormous loss to the 
community through destroying the productiveness -of the 
skilled craftsman. — Dr. Robert Jones, Before the Physical 
Deterioration Committee, I9°3- 

One great fact has been established by accurate labora- 
tory and clinical research, namely, that the physiological 
action of alcohol on the cell and tissue is that of an 
anaesthetic and depressant, and not a tonic or stimulant. 
This has been accepted by the profession generally. — Dr. 
T. D. Crothers, Hartford, Conn. 

I consider with eminent German authorities of enor- 
mous experience that beer is exceedingly injurious and 
dangerous as a beverage. It has no scientific medical 
indorsements of which I know. — Dr. Howard Atwood 
Kelly, Johns Hopkins University. 

Refs. — See Medical Practice. 

DOW, NEAL— Born in Portland, Me., March 20, 1804; 
died October 2, 1897. He was the third candidate of the 
Prohibition Party for President, having won national fame 
for his labors in behalf of the Maine prohibitory law. 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 147 

President Lincoln made him a brigadier-general in the 
volunteer % army in April, 1862. He was twice wounded 
in battle. 

DRINKING CUSTOMS, DEVELOPMENT OF 

— The time of the discovery of alcohol is not known, 
but some place it at the very beginning of the agricul- 
tural period, or thirty thousand years ago. The very 
earliest Egyptian, Babylonian, and Hebrew writings give 
accounts of drunkenness. Ale brewing was common in 
Egypt five thousand years ago, according to indications of 
Egyptian frescoes, and in China drunkenness was com- 
mon before the rise of Confucianism. 

The History of Alcohol 

The Egyptians and early Germans prepared liquor 
similar to beer and sometimes caused the fermentation of 
fruit juices. Dr. Newman, of Darmstadt, says that the 
Romans could not understand why Falernian wine was 
so much more inflammable than other wines. In the time 
of the Alexandrians the art of distilling began to be per- 
fected and the nature of alcohol understood. 

The term aqua vitae is first found in the Latin transla- 
tion of Gheber's writings (eighth century). 

The surgeon Albucassis of Zahara (who died in A. D. 
1 122), by contemporary writers also called Abul Cassis, 
Alzaharavius, Buchalsis Ben Aferazeris, in his work, en- 
titled "Servitor" (published in Latin first at Venice in 
1741), describes minutely a distilling apparatus made of 
glass and burnt clay. In the same work he describes the 
distillation of rose water, and the subjection of wines to 
distillation. The alcoholic liquid thus obtained he called 
vinum ustum, burnt wine, using the words "burn" or 
"burnt," and "distill" or "distilled" as synonymous, just 
as they are used in Germany to-day. 

The Arabian physicians of the beginning of the twelfth 
century, Merwan Ebn Zahar (Avenzoar), earlier the body- 
surgeon to the Sultan of Morocco ; Askmed Ebn Roshed 
(Averrhoes), and others, used spirits of wine as a stimu- 
lant in medicine. Indeed, distillation was even then re- 
garded as a secret art, and in alcohol the alchemists dis- 
covered the foundation or beginning of their "vegetable 
philosophers' stone," as we learn in the writings of Ray- 
mundus Lullius (1235-1315), and Arnoldus of Villanova 
("Villanovanus"), who flourished in the last half of the 
thirteenth and first quarter of the fourteenth century, 
and who is frequently but incorrectly referred to by 
modern writers as the discoverer of the art of distilling 
alcohol. This much is certain, however, that at the end 
of the fifteenth century "brandy" was on tap (Branntwein 
schankte), and was drunk in such quantities that laws 
became necessary for the control of its use. 

The Trouble Began Early 

Still more original is a poem in praise of alcohol, which 
appeared in 1493, of unknown authorship. By word and 
picture it shows us that as early as 1494 brandy had be- 
come a common drink among the masses, and that great 
scandals were publicly caused by its use. Even at this 
early date there were public houses devoted to the sale 
of spirits, and that these had an enormous and open 



i 4 8 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

patronage, to such an extent, in fact, that ordinances and 
laws became necessary to regulate the sale and use of the 
liquor. 

As another proof that at the close of the fifteenth cen- 
tury the drinking of ardent spirits in public tap rooms 
had reached enormous proportions, we may cite a police 
ordinance of the city of Nuremberg, dated 1496, which 
commences : "Since many individuals of this city are ad- 
dicted to the use of brandy, astonishing abuses have arisen 
in that trade, and it has been concluded to decree firmly 
and earnestly that from now henceforth, on Sundays and 
other holidays, no person shall offer for sale or sell 
brandy, either in their houses, groceries (Kramern), 
shops, on the market place, open streets, or elsewhere in 
this city." 

Primitive Regulation 

Landgrave William II also ordered that "Whoever had 
brandy for sale in his house shall not allow credit, be 
it on holidays or work days. We order, moreover, that 
on the holy days no one shall expose for sale or sell 
brandy near to or in front of churches — this on penalty 
of the confiscation of his stock of brandy." 

Landgrave Philip, in 1524, prohibited the sale of brandy, 
either by the dram or otherwise. In the "Amtsregister" 
of the House of Zelle, we find in 1578 the following notice: 
"Hans Muller and Hans Gunter have begun to distill 
brandy and to keep the same on tap, against the express 
command of our gracious sovereign." In Frankfort-on- 
the-Main, in 1582, brandy was entirely forbidden, the 
barbers (who were also surgeons) having reported that 
"in the present heavy mortality, the use of alcohol has 
very deleterious results." Again, in 1605, the order for- 
bidding the use of alcohol was revived. In 1595, for the 
first time, the magistrates of Berlin imposed a local tax 
on brandy, which tax was, just three quarters of a century 
afterward, by the Great Churfurst, following the example 
of England, France, and Russia, converted into a state 
revenue. 

A Universal Custom 

The custom of drinking alcoholic liquors was from the 
first polygenetic. seemingly originating among all peoples 
independently, and not spreading from tribe to tribe. 
This does not indicate, as has been claimed, that the use 
of alcohol is natural, and, consequently, to some extent 
necessary and good. It rather indicates that the cause 
of the use of alcohol is a natural impulse. Polygamy and 
sexual promiscuity were also polygenetic, but that is no 
defense of these practices. 

There is no impulse to use intoxicants, but there is an 
impulse among undeveloped individuals or races to surge 
forward, impatient of the more orderly processes of 
development, into wider spiritual and mental experience. 
There also is an impulse among decadent nations and 
senile individuals or among nations and individuals which 
are approaching decadence or senility to attain again by 
great effort or special means to the vigorous mental and 
spiritual life of their better days. Samuelson says that 
in every nation there has been a period just preceding 
the time of highest culture when intoxication was preva- 
lent ; and that again after the highest point of culture 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 149 

has been passed .a second period of intemperance always 
ensues. 

, Onr savage forefathers sought in alcohol ecstatic feel- 
ing, a sense of increased power, dreams that ushered them 
into a world of wider experience. This impulse flowed in 
a wrong channel when it led to the use of intoxicants, but 
nevertheless it was an impulse pointing to a life of more 
intense action and intense feeling, and while the use of 
intoxicants has contributed nothing to the advance of man, 
the impulse behind it has been the force that has propelled 
us forward. 

It is because of the nature of the motive that alcohol 
so soon became associated with state ceremonials, wor- 
ship, marriage, funerals, festivals, rites, hospitality, etc. 
Even to this day the alcohol tradition is incrusted with 
superstition and myth. 

Undeveloped peoples seek other neurotic conditions just 
as they seek intoxication. Epilepsy and chorea are fre- 
quently regarded by them as divine. Savages work them- 
selves into a frenzy by rhythmical movement and sound. 
and, for that matter, so do birds and animals. 

Soma worship, perhaps the most ancient of all religions, 
included intoxication as a sacred thing, but, for that mat- 
ter, in India to-day prostitution is practiced in the temples 
in the name of the gods. 

As a national indication the general use of intoxicants 
points to sluggish, undeveloped brain power or to burnt- 
out emotions. 

The progress of the drink habit has been very uniform. 
In the time of Moses and Rameses, and five thousand 
years before Christ, in China public bars existed as they 
exist to-day. They were then, as now, the source of social 
disorders and were associated with prostitution. The 
discovery of the art of distilling was especially notable 
as affecting the history of Anglo-Saxon and Scandinavian 
development. If the development of the drink institution 
is to be checked, the impulse to seek inhibition and stimu- 
lation must be directed into channels of legitimate amuse- 
ment and art expression. Music provides beneficial stimu- 
lation ; so does every form of art and play. 

Some British History 

Perhaps the invasion of Great Britain by beer was no 
less momentous than its invasion by William the Con- 
queror. Says one authority : 

"Ale for antiquity may plead and stand 
Before the conquest conquering the land." 

Brewing is thought to have become an organized in- 
dustry ahout the beginning of the fifteenth century. In 
1414 one William Murle, "a rich maltman and bruer of 
Dunstable, had two horses all trapped in gold." 

Even in its earliest years the brewing trade was subject 
to criticism. 

Hone quotes an author of the year 1621 as saying : 

"Brewing is the bottomless whirlepoole that swallowes 
up the profits of rich and poore. The brewer's art (like a 
wilde kestrell) flies at all games; or like a butler's boxe 
at Christmasse, it is sure to winne, whosover loses. Your 
innes and alehouses are brookes and rivers and their 
clients are small rills and springs, who all (very dutifully) 



i 5 o THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

doe pay their tributes to the boundless ocean of the brew- 
house. . . . Every stiffe pot-valiant drunkard is a post- 
beam which holds up the brewhouse ; for as the barke is 
to the tree, so is a good drinker to the brewer." 

It does not appear that the good old ale houses and 
inns of the early days differed very much from the modern 
saloon. Stow, in his account of London between the 
years 1560 and 1590, thus depicts an inn : 

"One Wotton. a Gentleman born, and somtime a Mer- 
chant of good Credit, but falling by Time into Decay. 
. . . kept an Alehouse at Smart's — very near Billingsgate. 
. . . And in the same house he procured all the Cutpurses 
about the City to repair to his House. There was a 
School-house set up. to learn young Boys to cut Purses : 
two Devices were hung up, the one was a Pocket, the 
other was a purse. The Pocket had in it certain Counters, 
and was hung about with Hawk's bells, and over the top 
did hang a little Sacring Bell. The Purse had silver in 
it. And he that could take out a Counter without any 
Xoise was allowed to be a public Foyster. And he that 
could take out a piece of silver out of the Purse without 
Xoise of any of the Bells was adjudged a judicial Xypper, 
according to their Terms of Art. A Foyster was a Pick- 
pocket, a Xypper was a Pickpurse or Cutpurse." 

Beer has lost much of its standing in modern times. 
Centuries ago the cardinals of Saint Paul's Cathedral 
were allowed "a large allowance of beer." and the maids- 
of-honor in the reign of Henry VII I were allowed for 
breakfast "one chete loafe. one manchet, two gallons of 
ale. and a pitcher of wine." 

Even the clergy needed curbing on the alcohol question 
at one time. In 1582 Bishop Grindal. of York, issued the 
following injunction: "Ye shall not keep or suffer to be 
kept in your parsonages or vicarage houses tippling houses 
or taverns, nor. shall ye sell ale. beer or wine." 

As long ago as during the reign of Edward III, griev- 
ous complaints were made of the adulteration of wines. 
Since that time adulteration has become a fine art. 

Refs. — See Appetite; History of the Temperance Reform; Psy- 
chology of Intemperance; Stimulation Impulse; and references 
under Light Drinks and Great Britain. 

DRUGS — Through the efforts of temperance reformers, 
Congress was induced to pass an antinarcotic bill taking 
effect March 1, 1915. Enforcement is vested in the Bureau 
of Internal Revenue. 

The law provides for penalties of $2,000 and five years 
in prison. Xo druggist can sell habit-forming drugs ex- 
cept on the prescription of a physician who is authorized 
by special license, and there are other drastic restrictions. 

The effect of this law has been excellent, altho it is more 
of a revenue than a regulation measure. State laws are 
needed to make more strict the control of the manufac- 
ture, sale, and use of opium, coca, and their derivatives, 
and to cover other features of the evil not covered by the 
federal law. There has been great abuse of the physicians' 
privilege of prescribing. 

The Philadelphia Xarcotic Drug Committee, of which 
Mr. Edward W. Bok is chairman, estimates the present 
number of users of narcotic drugs in the United States 
to be 187.000. This committee found that of 86 drug 
users, in Philadelphia, examined, 59 formed the habit by 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 151 

association with "other persons met in pool rooms and 
saloons. *» ' 

The liquor interests have tried strenuously to show that 
prohibition causes those who have been robbed of their 
drink to turn to drugs, but drug fiends are much more 
numerous in license territory, indicating that the habit 
of drinking alcoholic liquors leads to drug consumption. 

Dr. James H. Beal, director of pharmaceutical research 
of the University of Illinois, expressed the opinion, some 
time ago, that the Harrison Drug Law had wiped out 75, 
per cent of drug abuse in the United States. Whether 
this is true or not, it is undoubtedly correct to say that 
the drug evil is centered in the big license cities, and that 
the use of drugs is decreasing in prohibition States, 
whereas the New York World estimates that there were 
200,000 drug slaves when the Harrison law was adopted. 
The Huntington (W. Va.) Herald-Dispatch declares that 
the use of drugs in that State has declined 75 per cent. 

The United States government convicted a Chicago 
doctor on evidence showing that he had issued 20,000 
prescriptions to drug fiends during a period of a few 
months beginning March 1, 1915, and this in spite of the 
fact that Chicago has more than 7,000 saloons. 

A liquor writer who has harped strongly on the drug 
argument against prohibition is Dr. E. H. Williams, of 
Montclair, N. J., who presents a mass of "official" figures, 
but never states how he gets these "official" figures and 
whether the methods of arriving at them are the same in 
the various States. Boiled down, his matter amounts 
simply to the repetition of a lot of rumor. 

License Fosters Drug Vice 

A report of the Federal Public Health Service issued 
late in 1914 reveals the fact that there are far more "dope" 
fiends in Ohio, Illinois, New York, and other license States 
than in the prohibition State of Tennessee, which was 
taken as a typical horrible example of prohibition's influ- 
ence upon drug consumption in a sensational pamphlet 
issued by the liquor dealers during the same year. The 
Tennessee conclusions in the Public Health Bulletin were 
based on data showing the result of the operation of the 
State antinarcotic law which prohibits the sale of habit- 
forming drugs to anyone not holding a permit. During 
the first six months of the operation of the law 1,403 
permits were issued in Tennessee. Ohio, which has just 
about double the population of Tennessee, has, according 
to Mr. W. R. Hower, chief drug officer of Ohio, 100,000 
drug addicts, instead of about three thousand, which she 
would have at the Tennessee rate. The Columbus Dis- 
patch declares that with 4 per cent of the population Ohio 
consumes 5 per cent of all the opium and coca leaves im- 
ported. 

Other license centers show similar things. During the 
past two years there have been drug crusades and scandals 
in Saint Louis, New York, Chicago, and Philadelphia. 

Mr. Fred Kern, of the Board of Administration, in 
requesting the State Board of Pharmacy to prosecute 
offending Chicago druggists, stated that about 15 per 
cent of the patients of the Illinois Hospital for the Insane 
owe their downfall to drugs. The pamphlet which the 
liquor interests exploited so strongly charged that in 



i 5 2 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

Georgia one out of every 42 insane pal 

of drug : . Carolina, one in 84: and in Tenr.t 

one in 74. If Mr. Kern was con 

not lend itself to the effort to show that prohibition causes 

drug addiction. 

DRUNKENNESS— See Art - ilsc Akoho&m. 

EARLY HISTORY OF PROHIBITION— See His- 
- - the Temperance Reform. 

ECONOMICS—- for list of 

and distilleries easih 
Ref? — See Properti Interests 3er 



EDUCATIONAL LAWS— Largely thru the influence 

- W. C. T. V.. practically e Vnion 

has laws reqv e ce instruction 

n the schools. The first such '.: : was in 1883. 

and the last general law of this kind was enacted in Idaho 

n 1909. This statement does no: -ation 

gthen legislation already in existence. 

are well enforced, but 

there is greatly needed a movement looking to the educa- 

f the teachers who handle the? e :ch a 

movement e in England 

EFFECTS OF PROHIBITION— See various pro- 
y name and all subjects listed under . 

Prohibition. 

EFFICIENCY—- Mental Efficiency: Physical 

and Indus 

ENGLAND— (See Great Brita 

EPISCOPAL CHURCH— This church mainta^ 
splendid temperance organization called the Church Tem- 

- ciety. Its n: 
prohibition work. 

EPWORTH LEAGUE— The following resolution 

ude of the Epworth League toward the 
liquor tra~ 

Tbe national prohibition resolutions now pending in 

r it 

- 

I the more than twenty 

tnd organization s ng a million Methodist young 

the most urgent matter now before the nation is the 

n amendment at present pending; be it 
That we urge upon our representatives and senators that 

5 -pport and pass these i date as 



There is a growing conviction that if the liquor prob- 
lem is to be permanently settled. :. g people of the 
churches must do it. Because ::' die ie of 
their organization and of Methodist:: rcause of 
the efficient machinery ::' the League and the Fervor of 
r : Epworthians are a nder a peculiar obligation to 
lend their utmost power to the temperance movement 

The local chapter should (a) make the sen vhen 

temperance is the devotional topic a memorable occas 

study the liquor problem c) do definite work for 
the :verthrow of the liquor traffic 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 153 

The Devotional Topic 
> ■ 

Weeks should be taken in preparing for the temperance 
devotional service. There are numerous little experiments 
which can be conducted with the cooperation of a local 
high school teacher, and there are many more experiments 
which need no expert supervision at all and the results of 
which will lend interest to the evening. 

The discussion of the topic should be carefully worked 
up. It is well to have a local physician discuss the 
physiological and medical phase of the problem, and a 
lawyer can set forth its social phase, but if local men 
are asked to participate in the meeting in this way, when 
the invitation is extended, they should be handed some 
suggestive literature. 

The music used should all be of a special nature. Popu- 
lar temperance songs and patriotic music suit the Occasion 
much better than hymns selected at random. 

The swift development of the prohibition movement, the 
rapidly changing attitude of business, the growth of total 
abstinence sentiment — a short account of these develop- 
ments will make a wonderful story. A talk based upon the 
physical effects of alcohol can be specialized. For instance, 
it can take the material in this book under the head of 
"Health Defense," "Leucocytes and Cell Life," and the 
result will be splendid. For "Why prohibition pays," the 
story of North Dakota, North Carolina, or Kansas, as 
given in this book would be good. An article appearing 
in the Survey and reprinted in this book under the head of 
"Substitutes" will furnish matter for "Has the saloon a 
legitimate appeal?" A fitting climax of the evening would 
be an account of what Methodism and the Epworth League 
are doing. 

But the most important work for Leaguers is to equip 
themselves for intelligent effort against the license system. 

Why the League Should Study 

A great many people, young and old, are afflicted with 
the belief that they know all about the liquor problem 
without the trouble of studying it. It is a pernicious 
notion. The Central Office of the Epworth League has 
published a little book, "The Greatest Common Destroyer," 
which they sell at 50 cents in cloth. It has only eight 
chapters, but it gives a glimpse of the history of the social, 
political, and financial connections of the liquor traffic, 
the significance of the drinking custom, and the theory 
of prohibition which could not be .obtained by a century 
of casual reading. Every Epworth League chapter should 
organize a study class in "The Greatest Common De- 
stroyer." There can be no efficient opposition to the 
liquor traffic except such as is made upon knowledge. 

How the League Can Work 

One of the most effective ways in which the League 
can influence the local situation is to understand the 
law and work for its enforcement whether that law 
provides for restriction or prohibition. If a local no- 
license campaign is in progress, the League should or- 
ganize to distribute literature, and this should be done 
at least once a year whether a campaign is on or not. 
If the local secular paper is not publishing temperance 



154 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

news, try to make an arrangement by which they will 
give your League a column to be devoted to that purpose. 
The Board of Temperance. Prohibition, and Public Morals. 
204 Pennsylvania Avenue. Washington, D. C. will furnish 
a weekly news bulletin which has splendid standing with 
the newspapers of the country. Prohibition oratorical con- 
tents and debates can be conducted: a quartet can be 
organized for propaganda purposes. A great many League 
chapters are conducting poster campaign^. The Temper- 
ance Society publishes a series of twelve posters which 
arc- furnished at cost 

One of the most effective methods of educational work 
is the "shop-window display." Posters can be used in 
this shop window. Piles of groceries illustrating the 
amount of food that can be bought with the yearly drink 
bill of a man who drinks two glasses of beer a day are 
effective. 

The League should always count upon the Board of 
Temperance of the church to cooperate in the fullest 
and heartiest way. 

ETHER — Produced by acting on pure alcohol with 
chlorine. 

EUROPE — A prohibition map of Europe before the 
war would have shown the entire continent black, except 
Scotland, which will have local option after 1920: Norway 
and Sweden, which have local option at present, and 
Denmark, which has council option. Russia had twice 
vetoed prohibition in Finland. In Russia the sale of zodka 
was a government monopoly. 

A detailed statement of the exact present situation in 
Europe may be found under the head of "War." and under 
the various European countries by name. 

EXCISE — A license law or any laws taxing the sale 
of liquors are often called excise laws. This is especially 
the case in Xew York. It is an old English term which 
was formerly applied to any tax upon homemade articles. 

FAKE BUSINESS ORGANIZATIONS— See Anti- 
Prohibition. 

FARMERS — According to the Abstract of the Census 
of 1910. "materials" to the value of $139,199,000 are used 
annually in the manufacture of distilled, malt, and vinous 
liquors. "Materials" used in this connection includes 
freight, heat, light, etc. as well as raw material purchased 
from the farmer. 

Basing the estimate upon -figures of 1909. it may be said 
that each barrel of beer contributes $1.34 to the farmer, 
and each gallon of whisky ten cents. A barrel of beer is 
worth at retail about $30. and a gallon of whisky about 
$6.25. 

Aside from the two crops of molasses and hops, the 
farm products generally used in the manufacture of beer 
and whisky — crops produced in practically all sections of 
the country — are wheat, corn. rye. barley, and oats, ami 
of these crops the liquor trade uses a value of only 
$61,151,094. The total value of these five grain crops. 
according to the report of the Department of Agriculture, 
issued in December. 1913. was $2.863. 761. 000. Every 
farmer knows that, in dealing with figures of this size. 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 155 

it is not uncomrtion for the Department of Agriculture 
to make an error in estimating crops of at least sixty mil- 
lion, an error that nevei affects the market price in the 
slightest. The food crisis precipitated by the war enor- 
mously increases the importance of the grain waste but in 
normal times, it does not affect grain prices largely. 

The men engaged in the manufacture of liquor very 
often assail these figures thus : "It is very true that we 
only use $61,000,000 worth of grain, but still we do use 
that much, and if you cut off this market from the farmer, 
it would be a loss which he might be able to bear, but a 
loss nevertheless. The man who grows these grains is 
not going to see this much of a market lost to him without 
knowing the reason why." 

There is a reason why the loss of this market would 
be a tremendous gain. Very generally, the farmers of 
the country realize this, for the Grange and similar organi- 
zations speak out annually in favor of prohibition of the 
liquor traffic, and if a vote of the farmers were taken, 
the nation over, the majority against the continuance of 
the license policy would be enormous, but still it is well 
to review the facts occasionally. 

What is most significant is the effect upon the farmer's 
market of the use of $771,516,000 of capital employed 
in* the production of liquors. In twenty-six leading in- 
dustries the producer of raw material receives an average 
of 58.73 per cent of the entire wholesale value of the 
products. In the industry of slaughtering and meat pack- 
ing this percentage rises as high as 87.68 per cent. But 
the liquor industry, ranking lowest among these twenty- 
six industries, pays only 23.53 P e r cent for all of its raw 
material, including light, heat, freight, etc., and for these 
five grain crops we have been considering, it pays only 
9.7 per cent of the wholesale value of the liquors produced. 
If you consider the retail value, the percentage going to 
the farmer would be almost infinitesimal. 

Now, suppose the liquor industry were wiped out sud- 
denly and completely over every inch of territory in the 
United States. Would that destroy the $771,516,000 now 
invested in producing liquors? It would not. It would 
simply force these buildings, the land, and the other 
capital involved to employ itself in the production of 
something else. Suppose, for instance, that- the entire 
$771,516,000 were to be shifted to the lumber and timber 
industry. It would immediately get to paying the pro- 
ducer of raw material 43.94 per cent, a share for which 
the farmer could very readily afford to lose all the unfair 
percentage allowed him b}' the manufacturer of liquors. 
If it went into the slaughtering business, it would pay the 
farmer 87.68 per cent, or if it were scattered thru the 
entire list of the twenty-six leading industries, the farmer 
would get an average in return of 58.73 per cent. Below 
we give a little table showing the percentage of the whole- 
sale price of various products going to the producer of 
raw material, as compared to the percentage allowed by 
the liquor industry : 

Agricultural implements 41 .21 per cent 

Automobiles 52.82 per cent 

Clothing 88 . 96 per cent 

Furniture 45-34 per cent 

Slaughtering and meat packing 87.68 per cent 

Liquors , , 23-53 per cent 



156 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

These industries were selected at random from the 
entire list, and represent fairly the average. 

No attempt is made to show how much of the farmer's 
market is taken from him by the trade in distillery slops, 
rotten feed, etc., but there is strong reason to believe that 
the brewer and distiller rob the farmer of many millions 
of this market. And no attempt is made to show how 
much of liquor's crop of crime, insanity, and woe must 
be taken care of by the farmer's good money. 

Students very generally agree in the estimate that not 
less than one half of all the crime may be attributed to 
the liquor traffic. Other moderate estimates are that one 
fourth of all the insanity, a large percentage of the vice, 
about forty per cent of the pauperism, and much of 
degeneracy, is due to the sale of liquors. 

No city, county, or State can license the saloon without 
inflicting a grievous wrong upon every farmer thruout 
the land. 

FATHERS, THE EARLY— The liquor tradesmen, 
especially in beer advertisements, often quote some of the 
men to whom the country is most indebted as favoring, 
or at least not condemning, the sale and consumption of 
alcoholic liquors. Some of these advertisements are grossly 
slanderous of Washington, Franklin, Jefferson, Lincoln, 
Hamilton, and other men, as may be seen by consulting 
the articles under their names. Mr. William P. F. Fergu- 
son treats this whole matter in an illuminating way as 
follow^ : 

"Perhaps the best answer that could be given to this sort 
of a representation is to see where it leads us. 

"There is no doubt that there was a certain toleration 
of the drink business among the Revolutionary fathers. 
This was particularly true as regards the manufacture of 
beer. The beer business was something very different then 
from what it is now. There were no great brewing com- 
panies with millions of dollars of capital, corrupting 
politicians, intimidating city and State governments, con- 
trolling vice systems and exploiting the working masses. 
It took almost one hundred years for the brewing business 
to develop to what it is to-day and for its evils to begin 
to be recognized. 

"On the other hand, there was a very marked attitude 
of opposition to the traffic in spirits on the part of men 
who were prominent in the Revolutionary movement. Dr. 
Benjamin Rush, a signer of the Declaration of Independ- 
ence, the foremost man of science of America in his day, 
preached total abstinence from spirits. Thomas Jefferson 
denounced whisky as the cause of the death of a third 
of our citizens. Hamilton, in the Federalist, argued for 
repressive taxation upon the trade in spirits, and Benjamin 
Franklin boasted of his early total abstinence from both 
spirits and beer. 

"But, granting that there was a toleration of the liquor 
traffic in the minds of the Revolutionary fathers, can we 
assume that they presumed to establish forever everything 
that they tolerated? They tolerated slavery, too, with 
doubts indeed, but tolerated it. Did Lincoln do violence 
to their -principles when he abolished it? They tolerated 
a sanitary code or an absence of sanitary regulations which 
we to-day would not for a moment dream of living under. 
Can their authority be appealed' to to prevent us from ob- 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 157 

tainingpure watep> from quarantining disease, from hygienic 
precautions at a thousand points which they never dreamed 
of ? " Did > t'hey fight for the common drinking cup and the 
roller-towel? Is the foot-and-mouth disease sacred to 
them under the constitution and the Declaration because 
they never would have dreamed of a cattle quarantine? 

"What was it the fathers did, anyway? 

"They enunciated, not, indeed, first, but more clearly 
than any who had come before them, the idea of the com- 
mon welfare as the supreme law of the land. So doing, 
they set up the rule of our national life that whatever 
makes for the common welfare shall be maintained and 
fostered and whatever militates against the common wel- 
fare shall be banned and abolished. That is all. 

"Thus, the newly discovered good, in whatever realm, 
has full welcome into the life of our people and that 
which is discovered to be bad, no matter how old, is bidden 
to depart. 

"Of course, like every other evil that has resisted the 
progress of the race, the liquor traffic appeals to the past, 
but it appeals in vain. The dead hand of the past's wrong 
has no power to bind the present. Nor is it true that the 
past has knowingly tolerated £he wrong. Wrong has 
sometimes reigned, but only because its wrong was un- 
discovered. From creation's morning till to-day, the real 
precedent of all history is for the overthrow of evil, for, 
ever since man began his upward march, in every step 
of his progress,, that has been the program of humanity. 
The discovery of wrong has been followed by its casting 
out, all through the ages." 

FEDERAL GOVERNMENT— The constitution of 
the United States limits the powers of the federal govern- 
ment in dealing with the liquor traffic to taxation, customs, 
internal revenue, the regulation of interstate commerce 
in such liquors, and the control of the traffic in territory 
owned by the federal government, and with the Indian 
tribes. Congress, therefore, has no police power over the 
traffic in liquors excepting in federal^ territory, on the 
high seas, and such as are incidental to the regulation of 
interstate commerce and the collection of taxes. 

The first federal liquor revenue law was enacted March 

1, 1791. This law was replaced by one of May 8, 1792. 
They constituted a part of Alexander Hamilton's fiscal 
policy and were repealed upon the election of President 
Jefferson. Another liquor revenue law was passed August 

2, 1813. This law was repealed December 31, 1817. On 
July 1, 1862, the present liquor revenue policy was adopted. 

The amount of the tax has varied, but the principle 
has never been changed. At first the tax on spirituous 
liquors was twenty cents per gallon, but it rose to $2.00 
by the close of 1864 ; in 1875 it was reduced to ninety 
cents, and at the beginning of the Spanish-American War 
it was raised to $1.10. The retailers' tax was fixed at $25 
annually. The revenue on malt liquors was originally 
placed at $1.00, reduced to sixty cents in 1863, and re- 
stored to $1.00 in 1864. It remained at this figure until 
the Spanish-American War, when it was temporarily raised 
to $2.00. At the end of the war the excess taxation was 
taken off, but in 1914 the amount was again raised from 
$1.00 to $1.50. The retailers' tax was fixed at $20. 



158 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

The result of the federal government's revenue system 
has been to place it in an exceedingly intimate relation 
to the liquor traffic. Revenue officers vigorously hunt 
down manufacturers who have not paid the tax. 

The system for collecting the liquor revenue has gone 
to such lengths that Unrle Sam virtually conducts the 
business of every distiller. The distillery is under the 
constant supervision of revenue agents who carry the keys, 
oversee the bookkeeping, and make a record of every 
bushel of grain used. The distiller is not even allowed 
to come upon his own premises except during business 
hours and under certain regulations prescribed by the 
Treasury Department. He cannot go into his own ware- 
houses unless the revenue agent is present. He can take 
nothing out and put nothing in without written permis- 
sion, altho the representatives of the government may 
come and go as they please ; and if the distiller should 
attempt to hinder their movements they would be author- 
ized to break in. and the owner would be fined $1,000 for 
interference. 

However, this "partnership" cannot be so distorted in 
its significance as to serve the cause of compensation, for 
the federal government has suffered very heavily from the 
partnership, and, as losing partner, should not be called 
upon when the bond of partnership terminates, to com- 
pensate the one who has profited heavily by the contract. 

One of the greatest evils of the internal revenue policy 
was the federal interference with the police powers of 
the State, which gradually came about. In 1827 Chief 
Justice Taney held that Congress had no power to over- 
ride the prohibition of any State, and that a prohibition 
commonwealth could assume authority over liquor im- 
mediately it came within the bounds of State lines. His 
dicision held its force for nearly a half century, when the 
federal government began to assume and to be allowed 
complete authority over all interstate shipments until they 
were in the hands of consignees. This power was modified 
by the enactment of the Webb-Kenyon Bill. 

Federal courts have consistently recognized the prohibi- 
tion principle (see Courts), and their policy toward the 
liquor traffic in the federal possessions has never been 
very friendly. At the present time, however, the sale of 
liquor is permitted in all of our territorial possessions, 
altho under strict regulation. 

The close relation of the government to the manu- 
facturer of liquors has permitted many distillers to deceive 
the public. When an advertisement says, "Uncle Sam 
guarantees our liquors." or anything of that nature, it is 
a falsehood pure and simple. There is no federal guarantee 
of the purity of liquors. 

FEDERAL TERRITORY— In its police power over 
federal territory, the federal government has time and 
again given aid to the prohibition movement. The en- 
actment of prohibition for the District of Columbia, 
Alaska, Porto Rico, the strict regulation of the traffic 
in the Canal Zone, and the provisions which bar liquors 
from the navy, the army, and soldiers' homes show the 
increasingly benevolent attitude of the government. 

The Hon. Addison T. Smith, of Idaho, introduced in 
the first session of the 64th Congress, a bill to prohibit 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 159 

the liquor traffic ihruout the police jurisdiction of the 
United States. This, or a similar bill, will at some time 
probably become a law. 

FERMENTATION— See Beer; Brewing; and Wines. 

FERMENTED LIQUORS— See Alcoholic Beverages; 
Beer ; Malt Liquors ; and Wines. 

FINLAND — The Finnish Landtag voted twice for 
national prohibition before the war, but Russian sanction 
was withheld. In the meantime the Legislature, by rais- 
ing beer taxes eightfold in three years, succeeded in ruin- 
ing a full fifth of the breweries, and in reducing alcohol 
consumption to a record low point — 1.2 liters per capita. 
Finland, of course, as a dependency of Russia, is affected 
by Russia's prohibition since the beginning of the war. 

FIRES — In America, one house burns on the average 
of every ten minutes. Each year the buildings burned if 
set side by side on both sides of the road would line an 
unbroken avenue of desolation from New York to Chicago. 

Miss Cora Frances Stoddard, of the Scientific Temper- 
ance Federation, calls attention to the close connection 
between the consumption of liquors and the number of 
fires and cites the following table which shows how the 
fires of August and September, 1914, compare with the 
average for the preceding five years in Russia. 

Number No. Houses 
of Fires Burned 

Year Aug. Sept. Aug. Sept. 

1909-13 (av.) 270 261 662 595 

1914 213 117 213 189 

From 1899 to 1913 Russia was not a prohibition country, 
whereas in 1914 she was under almost complete prohibi- 
tion. 

FLORIDA — Has 44 dry counties and 8 wet. Under 
the Davis law, free lunch and treating are prohibited. 
Saloons must be closed from 6 p. m. to 7 a. m. The law 
does not properly regulate clubs and much trouble has 
resulted from this. 

The 1917 Legislature almost unanimously voted to sub- 
mit prohibition to the people at the 1918 election. 

FLYING SQUADRON OF AMERICA— When the 

present national prohibition movement was launched at 
Columbus, Ohio, a group of men called together in the 
historic Neil House, where Lincoln slept on his way to 
Washington, decided to make the movement impressive 
and popular by a great spectacular and nation-embracing 
campaign. Headed by Governor J. Frank Hanly, seconded 
by the young and brilliant Daniel A. Poling as secretary, 
the speakers were selected and the plans laid to reach 
every State capital, metropolis, educational center, and 
town of 25,000 population in the United States. Captain 
R. P. Hobson suggested the name, "Flying Squadron." 
The officers canvassed the country for money to float the 
Squadron. 

The campaign began Wednesday, September 30, 1914, 
at Peoria, Illinois, and closed in Atlantic City, New Jersey, 



i6o THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

Sunday, June 6, 1915 — 235 days traveling and speaking, 
not a date or place being missed. Two mass meetings were 
held every day, afternoon, and evening; and sometimes 
two cities were visited by each group a day. Three groups 
visited each place, making a continuous three-day meeting ; 
thus on each day three cities heard the message at ths 
same time. In the 235 different cities they were heard 
by a million people. Everywhere the cause is stronger 
because of the consecration of the twenty men and women 
who made up the Squadron force. 

First division: Daniel A. Poling; Clarence True Wilson; Charles 
M. Sheldon; Wilbur F. Sheridan; and the musicians. 

Second division: Clinton N. Howard; Eugene W. Cliafin; Mrs. 
Ella R. Boole; Mrs. Culla J. Vayhinger; and the musicians. 

Third division: Governor Hanly; Oliver YV. Stewart; Ira \Y. 
Landrith; and the musicians. 

Mrs. Ella S. Stewart took the place of absentees on any 
division and did notable work, appealing to the newly en- 
franchised women in all the Western States where women 
vote. The Hon. John B. Lewis, who contributed $10,000 
to the movement, acted thruout as treasurer and spoke 
effectively in many places. 

All the speeches are published in a notable volume. The 
Flight of the Squadron is told in a story of great interest. 

The Flying Squadron foundation has incorporated under 
the laws of Indiana. It publishes a weekly newspaper, 
the National Enquirer, maintains a speaking force, and 
conducts a nation-wide propaganda for total abstinence 
and national prohibition. Its officers are : President, J. 
Frank Hanly ; Vice-President, Oliver Wayne Stewart ; 
Treasurer, Edward E. Mittman. Headquarters : Indian- 
apolis, Indiana. 

FOOD VALUE— "It is only lately that we have begun 
to regard alcohol in its true light as a drug and not as a 
food," said the late Sir Spencer Wells, M.D., F.R.S. 

There is hardly a reputable physician to-day who could 
be induced to assign any food value to alcohol. A slight 
quantity of the drug may be oxidized in the body, but it 
is incorrect to say that it has food value because of this. 
As Dr. Harvey' W. Wiley says, "It is without question a 
substance which does not nourish the body, build tissue, 
or repair waste." 

Beer ordinarily has about 4 per cent of nutritive material. 
Flour has about 88 per cent. The amount of poison in 
the beer exceeds the amount of nutritious material. 

Refs. — See Beer; and Doctors on Drink. 

FRANCE — The prohibition of absinthe, and in certain 
cases of spirits, in France since the outbreak of war, marks 
a great advance in that country. 

Before the outbreak of hostilities France was undoubt- 
edly being undermined by alcohol, but a temperance move- 
ment of considerable proportions was developing. The 
antialcohol group of the French Parliament had grown 
to 150 in number and included such men as Millerand, F. 
Buis.son, Labori, Jaures, Doumer, Deschanel, Ribot, J. 
Reinach, Depuy, Meline, and Berenger. 

The men who claim that the use of wine in France 
had "solved the problem" make statements wide of the 
truth. Instead of saying that, "No one is ever drunk in 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 161 

France," one might better say. in regard to certain sections 
of Franco -at least, "No one is ever sober in France." 
The amount of brandy manufactured, the growing con- 
sumption of absinthe, the great quantities of wine used, 
were producing the inevitable results. 

"You cannot make men good by law," says M. Joseph 
Reinach. deputy, quoting the foolish adage of the friends 
of alcohol. "No, but you can make them crazy. In 1881 
France had 367.000 saloons and 47.000 insane ; in 1907, 
477.000 saloons and 70.000 insane. Cause — the legislation 
of '80." 

Also, the traffic in wines had taken on many institu- 
tional evils. "Of our half million drink shops," said M. 
Joseph Reinach. "one tenth provide at the same time alcohol 
and women. There are in France fifty thousand of these 
cabarets furnishing fillcs en carte. In Lille, Rennes, the 
garrison towns, the seaport towns, one half of these girls 
are minors." 

Also, M. Reinach was not of the opinion that the use 
of light wines did not have physiological perils. At one 
time he exclaimed : 

We have not a year to lose. It is a question of stopping this 
noble country, the land of Jeanne d'Arc, and of the Revolution, of 
Vincent de Paul and of Voltaire, upon the declivity of the most 
shameful of destructions. 

And Dr. Dupre, Medecin des Hopitaux, asserted : 

Alcoholism, agent in all physical and moral degeneracies, is, under 
the eyes of an indifferent and powerless government, moving on to 
the destruction of our land. I cannot too much insist on the literal 
truth of the sorrowful prediction and 1 affirm that one can inscribe 
this formula over all the drink shops of France: "Finis Gallise." 

M. Alfred F6uilee declares that "statisticians have 
proved twenty times, figures in hand, that the actual 
resources of charity suffice amply to prevent all extreme 
poverty if only this poverty were not multiplied tenfold 
by alcoholism." And the effect of wine-drinking upon 
physical efficiency of arm}- recruits has been such that, 
according to a correspondent in En Normandie, "Every 
fourth man has alcoholic trembling, tinglings in the hands, 
and mucous vomitings in the morning when rising. They 
have no power of resistance. On the march it is neces- 
sary to watch over them as if they were delicate children. 
The least strain induces intestinal troubles which lay 
them up for many days. When one reproaches them on 
their drunkenness they reply : 'I can't help it. I drink in 
spite of myself.' " 

France had made considerable advance in the temper- 
ance instruction of children. Such instruction had been 
edged into all studies, being injected into mathematical 
problems, etc. 

The perils of wine were beginning to be thoroly under- 
stood by French public men even before the outbreak of 
war, and their anxiety, freely expressed, contributes noth- 
ing to the argument that the solution of the liquor prob- 
lem is to be found in the encouragement of light wines 
and beer. 

Mrs. Annie E. K. Bidwell, of Chico. California, publishes 
the following extracts from a French Grammar, by MM. 
Larive and Fleury. 140th edition, published in Paris : 
"Librairie Armand Colin, 5 Rue de Mezieres, 1901. La 



1 62 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

Deuxieme Annee de Grammaire," in which, on page 2, 
we find this statement : "Anti-alcohol instruction. L'Arrete 
ministeriel [ministerial decree] of March 9, 1897. has in- 
troduced into the programs of the French language concise 
information on the danger of alcoholism from a hygienic 
and moral point of view." 

In this new edition will be found a certain number of 
tasks dealing with this new instruction. 

On page 136 we read the following: 

"France offers to-day the melancholy spectacle of peo- 
ple rushing toward decadence thru alcohol. One drinks 
because others drink ; one drinks at meeting and at part- 
ing. When hungry to satisfy hunger, and when satisfied 
to give himself an appetite. One drinks when it is cold 
to warm himself, and when it is hot. to cool himself. One 
drinks because he is sad. One drinks because he is gay. 
One drinks at a baptism and a funeral. 

"From all this results an impulse from which few have 
the strength to protect themselves. This enticement is 
double: it is, first, that of example; it carries away, above 
all, the weak, the young, the apprentices, the children. 
An infinite number of cases of precocious intemperance 
are cited. Children arrive at school intoxicated ; appren- 
tices in manufacturing cities present themselves in the 
public houses, pipe in mouth, and demand drinks. 

"The other enticement is that of the liquid itself. It 
conceals, I do not know what magic power which it is 
almost impossible to break. He who has drunk will drink. 
One commences by a small glass, promising himself to 
limit himself to that. He continues by two and ends by 
ceasing to count. 

"Impossible to keep himself within the bounds of moder- 
ation. 

"J. Gaufres." 

"163. Exercises in composition" follow in this manner: 
"Reply in writing to the following questions : 

"1. 'What distressing spectacle does France offer to- 
day?' 

"2. 'Under what pretext does one drink?' 

"3. 'What is the result on children ?' 

"4. 'What is the magic power of the liquid itself?' etc." 

The attempt to instruct children in the true nature of 
wine had even been edged into such studies as arithmetic. 

The war has greatly increased the hostility of French- 
men to the trade in liquors. The Temps, in 1916, had this 
to say : 

"Untouched by the almost universal ruin, the seller of 
alcohol is continuing to serve out the poison which is un- 
dermining the race. Side by side with the horrors of war 
we suffer the horrors of alcohol. During war time un- 
doubtedly the sole use of alcohol should be for the manu- 
facture of explosives. Let us send this poison over to 
the enemy's lines in the shape of shells. We shall then 
save France while killing her enemies." 

The following is a translation, made by the Vindicator, 
of a poster written by M. Jean Finot, one of the leading 
editors of France, and posted in every post office in that 
country, during May of 1916 by order of the minister of 
commerce and posts. We commend it especially to Mr. 
Arthur Brisbane, as it shows conclusively how wine 
"solves" the problem! 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 163 

% , The Alarm 

FRENCH SOCIETY FOR ACTION AGAINST 

ALCOHOLISM. 

Honorary President, 

M. RAYMOND POINCARE, 

President of the Republic. 

To French Women and to Young Frenchmen : — 

Drink is as much your enemy as Germany. 

Since 1870, it has cost France in men and money much 
more than the present war. 

Drink tickles the palate; but it is a real poison that 
destroys your constitution. 

Drinkers age quickly. They lose half their normal life, 
and fall easy victims to many infirmities and illnesses. 

The cordials of your parents reappear in their off- 
spring as great hereditary evils. France owes to 
cordials a great many mad men and women and con- 
sumptives, without counting sufferers from gout, 
scrofula, rickets, premature softening of the tissues, 
and most of our criminals. 

Drink decreases by two thirds our national production ; 
it raises the cost of living and increases poverty. 

In imitation of the criminal Kaiser, drink decimates 
and ruins France, to the great delight of Germany. 

Mothers, young men, young girls, wives ! Up and act 
against drink in memory of those who have glori- 
ously died or suffered wounds for the fatherland ! 
You will thus accomplish a mission as grandiose 
as that of our heroic soldiers. 

The Vindicator also publishes an appeal by French 
women to the French House of Deputies. It reads as 
follows : 

"No more half-measures, no more compromises ! Drink's 
ravages continue. We expect you to deliver the country 
from drink by the abolition of the distilling privilege and 
by the suppression of the use of alcohol as a beverage. 
Save the French race! Deliver France from drink!" 

At about the time these appeals were made Mme. Maria 
Verone, the greatest woman lawyer in France, addressed 
the government as follows : "We will no longer tolerate 
from our parliamentarians the want of courage and initia- 
tive they have always hitherto shown in handling this 
drink problem. Bereaved mothers and widows from be- 
hind their mourning veils cry to you to prohibit alcohol 
as a beverage. If you don't yield to them, they will turn 
you out. at the next election." 

A still more stirring appeal on the part of the French 
women to the government reads : 

Urgent Appeal of French Women and Mothers 

to THE 

French Parliament and Government 

With unwavering heart, in spite of the anguish and great 
sacrifices we are making, we await with certitude — 

VICTORY. 

Thanks to our loved ones — our sons, our brothers — 
France will be saved from its barbaric invader. 



1 64 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

Thanks to you, France too, we trust, will be delivered 

from its internal enemy, alcohol. 
Enough of moderation, enough of compromising ! Alco- 
holism continues its ravages. 
You will deliver our dear land from it ! 
We are looking to you to stretch forth your hand and 

liberate us. 
We ask: 

The abolition of the privileges of the brewers and 
distillers ; 

The suppression of the consumption of alcohol as a 
beverage ; 

Developing its use industrially. 
Personal interests should give way to the interests of the 

nation. 

Millions of Lives are Hanging in the Balance 
France has a right to the physical and moral strength 
of all her children. 

You Are Responsible for Her Future 
Thk Hour is Ripe 

To-morrozc — Our armies will return victorious. 

To-morrow — Our families will be reconstituted. We will 
be renewing the youth of France, so cruelly tried. Grant 
that they will not be made the victims of alcohol ! 

Protect Them! Save the French Race! 
Deliver France From Alcohol! 

French Women's Temperance Union. 

There are indications that the government is steadily' 
progressing in its hostility to the alcoholic liquor industry. 
About one third of the Deputies are already committed 
to a temperance program. 

Refs. — See Light Drinks and references. 

FRANKLIN, BENJAMIN— The beer interests often 
illustrate their advertising with pictures of prominent 
patriots of other days, attributing to them the most benevo- 
lent attitude toward beer and other liquors. As an illustra- 
tion of the way in which these fathers of the country are 
slandered, we give the following advertisement published 
by the Anheuser-Busch Company, which they illustrate 
with a picture of Benjamin Franklin: 

America has never produced a greater statesman than Franklin, 
who was revered by the people second only to Washington. He 
was a signer of both the Declaration of Independence and the 
constitution of the United States, and his wisdom made the latter 
a possibility. The great Lord Chatham pronounced him not only 
an honor to the Anglo-Saxon people, but to human nature. In every 
capital of Europe he was a welcome guest, and he it .was who 
induced France to lend us ships, men, and money during the dark- 
est days of the Revolution. Upon his death Congress ordered a 
general mourning of a month. In France it was decreed that all 
members of the National Assembly should wear mourning for three 
days. So long as Americans treasure the republic and personal 
liberty as the noblest of all human blessings, the fame of Franklin 
can never perish. Personally he was possessed of robust health; 
he was a well-shaped man, of a wise but merry nature; he had the 
head of a Greek philosopher, while his grace, his noble bearing, and 
winning personality made him a conspicuous figure in any assemblage 
of great men. He was a moderate user all his lifetime of Old 
Madeira and barley-malt brews. 

On pages 61. 62, and 63 of the "Benjamin Franklin 
Autobiography," as published by Houghton, Mifflin & Co., 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 165 

appears the following account of Mr. Franklin's services 
in the Watts Printing House, London, England : 

"At my first admission into this printing house, I took 
to working at press, imagining I felt a want of bodily 
exercise 1 had been used to in America, where press work 
is mixed with composing. 1 DRANK ONLY WATER; 
other workmen, near fifty in number, were great guzzlers 
of beer. On occasion, 1 carried up and down stairs a large 
form of type in each hand, when others carried but one 
in both hands. They wondered to see, from this and 
several instances, that the 'water American,' as they called 
me. was stronger than themselves who drank beer. 

"We had an alehouse boy who attended always in the 
house to supply the workmen. My companion at the press 
drank every day a pint before breakfast, a pint at break- 
fast with his bread and cheese, a pint between breakfast 
and dinner, a pint at dinner and another when he had 
done his day's work. I THOUGHT IT A DETESTABLE 
CUSTOM ; but it was necessary, he supposed, to drink 
strong beer, that he might be strong in labor. I en- 
deavored to convince him that the bodily strength afforded 
by beer could only be in proportion to the grain or flour 
of the barley dissolved in water of which it was made ; 
that there was more flour in a pennyworth of bread; and, 
therefore, if he would eat that with a pint of water, it 
would give him more strength than a quart of beer. He 
drank on, however, and had four or five shillings to pay 
out of his wages every Saturday night for THAT MUD- 
DLING LIQUOR; an expense I was free from. And 
these poor devils keep themselves always under." 

Refs. — See Fathers, The Early. 

FRATERNITIES— See Colleges. 

GAMBLING — All human activities may be distributed 
under four categories : business, charity, pleasure, crime. 
Business is the exchange of commodity or service for 
profit. Charity is the same commodity or service without 
profit. Pleasure is the expenditure of energy or wealth 
for mere gratification without regard to permanent benefit 
or profit. Crime is the getting of profit without the render- 
ing of adequate service or commodity. To which class 
does gambling belong? When a man expends his money 
in a lousiness transaction, he has either received a com- 
modity or a service, and it is this element of mutual 
benefit that makes a transaction business. But when one 
gets into a gambling establishment he will do one of two 
things — get something for nothing, or nothing for some- 
thing. If he gets something for nothing, he is a thief ; 
if nothing for something, he is a fool; but he has not 
been engaged in a business transaction. 

So thoroly is it recognized that business is conducted for 
the mutual benefit of all parties concerned that there is 
no such thing as a one-sided contract or agreement known 
to law. One cannot make a valid note without putting on 
it "For value received, I promise to pay," which means 
that there can be made no obligation to give something for 
nothing. The same is true of contracts. It is a funda- 
mental proposition that no contract will hold that is one- 
sided. If it can be shown that one has signed a contract 
where the advantages are all on one side, and nothing is 
to be gained by the other, the losing party can have it 



1 66 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

set aside in any State by any court on the ground that 
a contract is invalid if it does not benefit both parties; 
and when a man who had lost everything in a gambling 
deal, and borrowed money to continue his game, which 
he later failed to pay, was sued for the recover}- of this 
money, the court, which, in this case, was the Xew York 
City Recorder, recognized that the money had been bor- 
rowed in good faith and had not been repaid, but set the 
case aside on the ground that gambling was not a business 
but a crime; and that if courts of law could be used by 
gamblers in collecting their gambling bills, courts would 
be aiding criminals in perpetrating crime rather than in 
suppressing crime, and ruled that no contract or agree- 
ment, oral or written, made in connection with a gambling 
transaction could be recognized by the courts. 

Gambling is not only not a business nor a charity nor a 
mere pastime, but it undermines business integrity and 
charitable instincts and possibilities, and deprives so many 
of real pleasure that its existence is against the public 
welfare, and, therefore, any game of chance played for 
money, or any taking of chance of the nature of a bet. 
has been ruled to be gambling, and civilization has under- 
taken to suppress this species of crime in every form from 
the betting on elections and horse races to the playing a 
nickel in the slot machine. The whole system and mania 
is against private honor, personal integrity, and public 
weal, and the courts of forty-eight States have been 
unanimous in their decisions on the above principles. 

GAMBRINUS— A legendary king of Brabant. Popu- 
lar tradition accorded to him the distinction of having 
discovered the art of brewing beer. In Germany and 
Holland he is considered the patron saint of the brewers. 

GENERAL CONFERENCE OF THE METH- 
ODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH (1916)— See Methodist 
Episcopal Church. 

GEORGIA— In spite of the fact that the federal gov- 
ernment had enacted a law which would have made 
Georgia bonedry July 1. 1917, that State wa? so impatient 
of delay that the governor called a special session of the 
Legislature which absolutely prohibited the importation 
of liquor cr even its possession. The sentiment of the 
people may be judged from the fact that there were only 
six dissenting votes in the Senate, and the House gave 
the measure similar support. 

The first Georgia prohibition law was passed in 1908, 
but as it permitted the sale of beer, it was not satisfactory. 
This law was revised in 1915 to prohibit all liquors and 
to prohibit advertising of alcoholic drinks. The results 
were excellent. Police records in all the cities began to 
show fewer arrests, cash sales increased, and charity cases 
declined in number. The Atlanta Constitution, the Macon 
Telegraph, and similar former wet papers testified to the 
effect of the law. 

"The Georgia law does the work pretty nearly one hun- 
dred per cent," said the Telegraph, and it continued : 

There will be no return to commercialized traffic in spirits or 
alcoholic beverages because the general community has seen too 
much good result immediately as the result of rigid prohibition. Five 
years ago, for instance, Macon would have gone wet by at least five 
to three. To-da5* the ratio in reverse would be even more decisive. 
That's the temper all ovei the State. 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 167 

In publishing tlie result of an investigation in all Georgia 
cities, the* Atlanta Constitution asserted that the money 
"formerly going to enrich the purveyor of whisky and 
beer is now, since the prohibition law became effective, 
diverted into channels of trade and necessities." 

Other Testimony 

Similar testimony comes from individuals. The secre- 
tary of the State Prison Commission of Georgia asserted 
that prohibition reduced the number of prisoners in that 
State by 25 per cent, and Chief George B. Elliott, of the 
Augusta Police Department, reported a net decrease of 
13,075 drunk and disorderly cases for the first six months 
of total prohibition. The chief of police of Atlanta made 
a similar assertion. 

In Savannah, which was rebellious against the first 
prohibition. Mayor Pierpont declares that prohibition has 
almost wiped out drunkenness, decreased arrests, caused 
by the use of intoxicants by 50 per cent or more, greatly 
improved the quality of labor, improved business, and 
raised the general tone of the city. 

A typical attack on the State of Georgia cites a bond 
issue of $3,500,000 as evidence of the "ruin" which pro- 
hibition has brought to the State. The bond issue in ques- 
tion was put upon the market to refund a former debt. 
Georgia has been reducing its debt at a rate of about 
$100,000 a year. 

It is also common for the wet interests to picture Georgia 
as a criminal State because of its occasional lynchings, 
Georgia has too many lynchings, of course, but the annual 
total is very small, and is much smaller than is ordinarily 
attributed to the State by the press, as many of the 
lynchings spoken of in the annual summaries cannot be 
located. But Georgia does not lead in homicides, burglar}-, 
larceny, fraud, forgery, rape, immorality, and drunken- 
ness, for many wet States lead her in all of these things. 
The truth is that Georgia has its peculiar faults just as 
Massachusetts, Wyoming, and Louisiana have their peculiar 
faults. 

Refs. — See Anti-Prohibition; Crime; Insanity; Juvenile Delin- 
quency; Pauperism; Race Suicide; and Savings. 

GERMANY — The German prohibition and temperance 
movement may be directly traced to the beginning of the 
publication of Professor Von Bunge's Die Alkoholfrage 
in 1886. Its every development has had equally eminent 
parentage. The Anti-Alcohol Congress at Basel in 1895 
was especially noteworthy for the reports of the Heidel- 
berg investigators, which have since wonderfully in- 
fluenced every country in the world. 

The assumption of the name "German-American" by 
organizations and publications in America which have been 
chiefly engaged in combatting the prohibition movement 
and sowing the seeds of treason, has served to give the 
pro-saloon movement in America a German complexion. 
But the most intellectual classes of Germany have bitterly 
resented this. 

Professor Rade, of Marburg, after visiting America, 
declared that he had been "painfully impressed by the 
part Germans are playing in the American alcohol war," 
that while the second or third generation of Germans 
"gradually develop out of the lower German into the 



168 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

higher Anglo-American" point of view as to drink, native- 
born Germans, "with their fight for alcohol freedom, 
represent a lower civilization as against the Anglo-Ameri- 
can element, the protagonists of the prohibition movement. 
It is a matter of national honor that public opinion should 
be enlightened on the subject and should exercise the 
right influence across the sea. The German antiprohibi- 
tionists over there must be made to understand that they 
have not their relatives at home with them." 

They have not their relatives at home with them ! 

"We should not discuss moderation with a man," writes 
Dr. Matthaei, a staff physician in the German army, and 
in these words he voices the general opinion of German 
antialcoholists. "The thing has long since been settled 
by science. The use of narcotic poisons is simply in- 
decent and criminal. . . . One should always decline to 
take part in any festival occasion where drink is used." 

It is time that Germany is set right in this matter before 
the people of America. Listen to this statement from the 
lips of Professor Wilhelm Weygandt, of Wurzburg: 

If really, for once, the entire civilized race of mankind should 
abstain from alcohol for thirty years, so that a completely sound 

feneration could come into existence, there would result a trans- 
ormation, a raising of the whole culture niveau, a heightening of 
the happiness and welfare of men, which could easily be placed 
beside the greatest historical reformations and revolutions of which 
we know anything. 

And as typical of the attitude thinking Germans are 
beginning to take toward the prohibition movement this 
statement from Judge Friedrich Schmidt is illuminating: 

The State, then, has the right and duty to interfere with these 
drinking customs, the moderate as well as the immoderate, in order 
to protect its citizens from the dangers which come from them. 
The simplest and most logical way would be to prohibit to every- 
one the use of alcoholic ranks. The State has this undoubted right, 
since drinking in every form is a social danger. 

In the summer of 1912 a local option petition filling 
nineteen bound volumes, with a half million signatures, 
was sent to the Reichstag. It was signed, among others, 
by such men as Professor Haeckel, of Jena. Professor 
Toennies. of Kiel, Professor Bousset, of Goettingen, Pro- 
fessor Paul Bart, of Leipzig, and Dr. Horneffer, of Munich, 
which gives some indication of the intellectual character 
of the movement. 

There are reasons for this intense activity against the 
liquor trade and the liquor habit in Germany. So far 
from proving a specific, light drinks have made Europe 
"alcohol sick." Evidently, Professor Bollinger, of Munich, 
for instance, does not think that beer is a healthful drink. 
He declares that autopsies upon 5.700 bodies show that 
every sixteenth male in Munich dies of beer heart. "One 
rarely finds in Munich a faultless heart or a normal kidney 
in an adult man," he says. 

Professor Gravitz, of Charlottenburg. found alcoholic 
disturbances in 34 per cent of all his male patients over 
thirty years, and he declares that alcohol is undoubtedly 
the most important and commonest form of poisoning. 
Professor Dr. Stadelman, of the Friedrichshain Hospital, 
Berlin, asserts that 

Our people suffer more in health and economic power from 
Schnaps than from tuberculosis, against which fight has been long 
successfully waged. The consequences of alcoholism are far more 






PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 169 

far-reaching and incomparably more destructive than those from 
tuberculosis - 

Germany spends five times as much for alcohol as 
for education and all other kinds of cultural work, and 
gets for it, as Dr. Popert, of Munich, says, "A hateful 
disfigurement of its people." "Just take a walk thru 
Munich," exclaims Dr. Popert, in disgust, "a city lying 
wholly in the brewers' chains and observe the bellies and 
faces." 

We in America also have beautiful pictures drawn for 
us of the quiet beer gardens of Germany, where a man 
can go "with his wife and children, etc." Eminent Ger- 
mans are responsible for the statement that the conditions 
obtaining among the waitresses at these ideal beer gardens 
are of a "character difficult to believe possible in a civilized 
land." Dr. Blaschko estimates that 3o per cent of them 
are sexually sick. The growing intolerance of beer among 
the intellectual people is dealt with at some length under 
the head of "Beer." 

Temperance teaching in the schools in Germany has 
made considerable progress, especially in Prussia, Wurtem- 
burg. and Weimar. Some of the greatest universities 
in Germany have antialcohol courses. These include 
Berlin, Bonn, Strassburg, Vienna, Tuebingen, Heidelberg, 
Wurzburg, Kiel, Helsingfors, Munich, Prague, Basel, 
Goettingen, etc. 

There is a widespread industrial movement for prohibi- 
tion in Germany, altho it is not as extensive as in America. 

Professor Frederick von Reithdorf says : 

"The Germans adopted the drinking habit from for- 
eigners. Neither the word 'wine' (from the Latin, vinam) 
nor 'beer' (from the Latin, biberc) is of German origin. 

"Julius Caesar is authority for the fact that there was 
prohibition in Germany nineteen hundred years ago. In 
his fourth book on the Gallic W r ar, at the close of the 
second chapter, he says of the brave 'Schwabenvolk,' 
'Vinum id sc omnino importari non sinunt quod ea re ad 
laborem ferendum remollescere homines atque effeminari 
arbitrantur.' ('They do not allow the importation of 
wine at all because they are of the opinion that wine 
weakens and effeminates people, rendering them incapable 
of a strenuous life.')" 

The brutalities and philistinism of the war policy adopted 
by the German government may very fairly be attributed 
to the well-known brutalizing effects of constant soaking 
of the brain in beer ; but even at that, there are signs that 
the German government is awakening to the menace of 
the beer habit. 

The special Munich correspondent of the Brewers' 
Journal just after the outbreak of the war, asserted, "The 
German government covertly advances the agitation of 
the total abstinence fanatics." 

An Army Document 

In her instructions to the German soldiers the govern- 
ment has included the following remarkable statement : 

"A glass of beer costing 25 pfennigs [about 6 cents] 
has no more food value than a piece of che'ese that could 
be bought for one pfennig. To call beer liquid bread is 
therefore wholly unjustifiable. Unfortunately, a large 



170 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

amount of money is spent in Germany for beer and the 
consequences are felt very heavily among the laboring 
classes. What the cost of a couple of glasses of beer a 
day means to a workingman's family is clearly seen in the 
better conditions of one receiving the same wages who 
spends none of it for alcoholic drinks. 

"It is certainly not a matter to rejoice over that more 
than three billions of marks are spent in Germany every 
year for alcoholic drinks. In round numbers this is four 
times as much as the annual cost of the army and the 
navy." 

It might be wished that these instructions, which are 
worthy of the culture typified by the German abstinence 
movement, had be~n consistently followed out with per- 
emptory instructions. The Germany which must result 
from the war will, in all probability, cleanse itself of beer, 
and may, it is hoped, fall into the hands of an abstinent 
German democracy. 

Refs. — See Beer and references. 

GIN ACT— See Chesterfield, Lord. 

GLADSTONE, WILLIAM E.— On March 5, 1880, 
Mr. Gladstone, the "Grand Old Man" of England, said, in 
the House of Commons: 

"It has been said that greater calamities are inflicted 
on mankind by intemperance than by the three great his- 
toric scourges of war, pestilence, and famine; that is true 
for us, and it is the measure of our discredit and dis- 
grace." 

The source of Mr. Gladstone's quotation is probably 
Dr. Stephen Hales, F.R.S., who, in his "Friendly Admoni- 
tion to Drinkers of Brandy, etc." (published in 1734), 
says : 

"Of all the miseries and plagues that unhappy man has 
been incident to none was ever so effectively destructive 
as this, not even those three sore judgments of war, pesti- 
lence, or famine, ALL OF WHICH, AFTER RAGING 
SOME TIME. CEASE." 

GOOD TEMPLARS, INTERNATIONAL ORDER 

OF — The I. O. G. T. is an International Temperance 
Brotherhood, a nonsectarian religious, temperance organi- 
zation, having for its cardinal principles: "The Father- 
hood of God, the Brotherhood of Man"; for its motto, 
"Faith, Hope, Charity"; for its mission. "Rescue, to save 
the fallen ; prevention, to keep others from falling." 
Founded upon the principles of equality and justice, the 
I. O. G. T. was the first organization to recognize the 
equality of the sexes and to grant to women equal rights 
with men. The I. O. G. T. is a total abstinence organiza- 
tion, whose pledge — "never to buy, sell, use, furnish, or 
cause to be furnished to others, any spirituous liquors or 
any malt liquor, wine, or cider" — has been taken by over 
eight millions of people in the United States alone. The 
I. O. G. T. is a nonpartisan prohibition organization. Its 
platform (adopted in 1859) lS •* 

1. Total abstinence from all intoxicating liquors as a 
beverage. 

2. No license in any form, under any circumstances, for 
the sale of intoxicating liquors to be used as a beverage. 

3. The absolute prohibition of the manufacture, impor- 






PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 171 

tation, and sale of intoxicating liquors. Prohibition by 
the will di the people expressed in due form of law. 

Founded in 1852, in Syracuse, N. Y., the Independent 
(later changed to International) Order of Good Templars, 
spread throughout the United States and Canada. In 
1868 Joseph Malins planted the order in England, from 
whence it spread throughout the British Empire, into 
Scandinavia and Continental Europe, across the seas to 
Asia. Africa. Australia, and the Isles of the Sea. Its 
ritual has been translated into some twenty languages. 

The I. O. G. T. is the largest temperance organization 
in the world, having 12,000 lodges and temples and nearly 
seven hundred thousand members, and is the only organi- 
zation in the world having an international governing 
body, namely : The International Supreme Lodge, meeting 
triennially. 

In 1863 the Good Templars of Illinois founded in Chi- 
cago, the "Washington Home" for Inebriates. In 1865 
James Black, the Rev. Theodore Cuyler, and John N. 
Stearns, with other Good Templars, founded the "National 
Temperance Society of New York." In 1869 the Right 
Worthy Grand Lodge of the order voted to form a politi- 
cal party dedicated to the cause of national prohibition 
of the liquor traffic. February 22, 1872, was held the first 
national convention of the Prohibition Party ; the pioneer 
of prohibition political sentiment and advanced thought in 
American politics. In 1874, following the Woman's Cru- 
sade in New York and Ohio, Good Templar women formed 
the Woman's Christian Temperance Union. The Or- 
phans' Home at Vallejo, Cal., was founded by Good 
Templars. 

The I. O. G. T. led the battle which wrote prohibition 
into the constitution of Maine and in the resubmission 
campaign of 191 1 furnished the plan of organization, and 
the workers which (as stated by George S. Norton, 
chairman of the general committee) "finally turned defeat 
into victory." Prohibition in the State of Kansas was the 
result of the work of G. C. T. J. R. Detwiler and other 
splendid Good Templars. Prohibition in Oklahoma was 
won under the leadership of National Electoral Superin- 
tendent Rev. E. C. Dinwiddie (now legislative superin- 
tendent of the order in Washington, D. C), assisted by 
then N. C. T. George F. Cotterill, international counselor, 
and others. 

The I. O. G. T. has been the drillmaster of the trained 
battalions of the Great Army of Reform thruout the 
world. 

Ben D. Wright, National Chief Templar. 

GOTHENBURG SYSTEM— A system of public 
ownership of retail liquor shops first adopted by the city 
of Gothenburg, Sweden, in 1865. Since then it has ex- 
tended to other cities and to Norway. It was designed 
to remove from the traffic all incentives to profit and to 
restrict it rigorously. The system is not successful. 

It does not keep down sales. 

It does not secure control ; "the control established 
shows itself to be a sham." 

It does not prevent abuses. 

It does not promote temperance; "as a temperance ex- 
periment it has completely broken down." 

It encourages illicit selling ; "they open all the stopcocks 



172 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

and drive full steam in order to submerge Norway under 
a flood of drink." 

It does not eliminate the appeal of gain ; "it is financial 
instinct, mammon worship, which holds the samlag 
[company] on its feet — nothing but financial interest . . . ; 
it is the town's best milch cow. She gives shining kroner 
in streams." 

It does not obey the laws. 

It does not eliminate private profit. 

The system has been further restricted by the Bratt 
system, requiring the issuance of pass books to purchasers 
and their registration, the placing of drunkards on the 
"black list," to be refused all sales, and the refusal of 
sales to minors. Even with these restrictions the system 
has proven ineffective and has for the most part been 
replaced by prohibition. E. D. S. 

GOUGH, JOHN BARTHOLOMEW— Born in Kent, 
England, August 22, 1817, died in Frankford, Pa., Febru- 
ary 18, 1886. He emigrated to America in his twelfth 
year, learning the trade of bookbinding in The Methodist 
Book Concern of New York city. At the age of twenty- 
four he was a hopeless sot. He signed the pledge October 
18, 1842, and although he yielded to his appetite thereafter, 
his further career entitles him to be ranked as one of the 
greatest temperance advocates and orators of all time. 

GRAIN — Of the principal grain crops of the United 
States, barley, wheat, rye, corn, and oats, it is estimated 
that the liquor traffic uses annually 2.25 per cent. The 
exact figures are available for everything excepting the 
amount of grain used in the manufacture of beer. 

The percentages by crops are estimated as follows : 

Barley 44.214 

Wheat . 003 

Rye 10.218 

Corn 1 . 1 24 

Oats .001 

In addition to these crops, about 55,000 bushels of other 
grain materials are used each year, but this would con- 
stitute only about one twenty-fifth of one per cent of the 
total. In addition to grains, 44.363.133 gallons of molasses 
are used in the production of distilled spirits. Practically 
the entire crop of hops, which, however, is a small matter, 
is used in the production of beer. 

The grain destroyed by being converted into liquor 
would have furnished a loaf of bread every day of the 
year to 15,000,000 families. It would have been available, 
at five cents per loaf, to the people for $300,000,000, 
although in the form of liquor it cost at retail more than 
$2,000,000,000, which shows how exorbitant the price of 
alcoholic beverages is. 

War and Grain Conservation 

The total amount of grain destroyed in the manufac- 
ture of liquors each year is estimated at 135,000,000 
bushels. The critical food situation in all the allied coun- 
tries, at the date of the publication of this book, makes 
war-time prohibition, for the conservation of grain, ex- 
ceedingly probable in the United States. The Democratic 
caucus by a vote of 87 to 60 approved such a measure, 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 173 

but was compelled to rescind its action by the rebellion 
of unpatriotic Tammany Democrats. 

A memorial presented to the President was signed by 
more than a thousand of the most prominent people in 
the United States including such men as, Luther Burbank ; 
Elbert Gary, chairman of the United States Steel Cor- 
poration ; Darwin P. Kingsley, president of the New 
York Life Insurance Company; John D. Rockefeller, Jr.; 
F. A. Vanderlip, president of the National City Bank of 
New York ; Frederick Frelinghuysen, president of the 
Mutual Life Insurance Company ; George W. Cable, 
author ; David R. Forgan, president of the National City 
Bank of Chicago ; Orville Wright and Simon Lake, the 
inventors ; Dr. W. J. Mayo, the famous surgeon ; W. J. 
Harahan, president of the Seaboard Air Line Railway 
Company ; Howard Elliott, president of the New York, 
New Haven & Hartford Railroad; John Wanamaker, the 
merchant ; Ray Stannard Baker, author ; P. P. Claxton, 
United States Commissioner of Education; Herreshoff, 
famous yacht builder ; Dr. Haven Emerson, Health Com- 
missioner of New York ; Roger Babson, the financial au- 
thority ; Albert J. Stone, vice-president of the Erie Rail- 
road ; J. M. Gruber, vice-president of the Great Northern 
Railroad ; Dr. H. W. Wiley, the pure food expert ; Dr, 
Howard Kelly, the famous surgeon ; Miss Jane Addams ; 
A. W. Harris, president of the Harris Trust and Savings 
Bank of Chicago ; Dr. Irving Fisher, professor of Eco- 
nomics, Yale University ; Booth Tarkington, the novelist ; 
Dr. George Blumer, dean of the Medical Department, 
Yale University; William Jennings Bryan, and Professor 
Winfield Scott Hall, Department of Physiology, North- 
western University, Chicago. 

The list of names includes the leading representatives 
of big business, education, science, medicine, and research 
of all kinds. It is the most formidable array ever enlisted 
for a cause in America. 

Some Startling Facts 

If all the materials of food value used in the making 
of liquors were reduced to calories, or food value units, 
the figures would be 10,266,722,419,950 calories. It takes 
just about 3,400 calories a day to support an able-bodied 
man, or, for the 100,000,000 people of the United States, 
124,100,000,000,000 calories a year. It is apparent, then, 
that the food value destroyed in making liquors would 
support the entire population of the United States for a 
little more than one month. 

Refs. — See Farmers; and Food Value. 

GREAT BRITAIN— Any discussion of the drink prob- 
lem in Great Britain must necessarily give consideration 
to the veritable revolution in British life beginning August 
1, 1914. Previous to that date the British government 
had passed 42 laws since i860 in some way restricting the 
liquor trade. 

The United Kingdom Alliance, founded in 1853, which 
is the most powerful temperance organization in Great 
Britain, began in 1908 a strong effort to secure the passage 
of a "Licensing Bill," which would grant local option 
immediately for new licenses and for all licenses after 
1923. That bill was carried in the House of Commons 
by a majority of 350 to 113, It was killed by the House 



174 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

of Lords, but in its death it did much to pull down the 
pillars of their privilege. 

At that time the aristocracy of England was the back- 
bone of the liquor evil. One thousand, two hundred, fifty 
Anglican clergymen were holders of brewery stock, and 
472 women in English rectories — wives and sisters of the 
clergy — had similar holdings. Of the Anglican clergy in 
London, every tenth was a shareholder in breweries. No 
doubt these conditions have not radically changed since 
that time. But even before the war there was a consider- 
able temperance movement in England. 

In 191 1, 3,903 rural parishes in England and Wales 
had no public houses. Mr. Lloyd George, the present 
premier, and Air. Asquith, were then, as now, cordial in 
support of temperance. In 1912 over 2,500 elected repre- 
sentatives attended a prohibition convention in the city 
of London. A very large proportion of the public school 
children thruout Great Britain and Ireland are receiving 
temperance instruction. 

The dissenting clergy has never differed from the 
ministry of America in its attitude toward drink. The 
greatest pre-war victory for temperance in the history of 
Great Britain was the passage of the Scotch local option 
bill which will not go into full effect until 1920. When 
passed there was one license to every 450 of population in 
Scotland. The new bill provides for local option elections 
on the request of ten per cent of the electors in specified 
areas. The question is put on three propositions: 1. No 
change. 2. Reduction in the number of licenses of 25 per 
cent. 3. No license. The first two may be adopted by a 
majority. The provision for no-license must be approved 
by 55 per cent of those voting. 

In Ireland the drink situation has always been very 
bad. The most considerable movement in the history of 
Ireland was led by Father Mathew, who in five years 
pledged 5,000,000 people to total abstinence. 

The Rebirth of Britain 

But the memorable August in 1914, which witnessed 
the ever-glorious retreat from Mons and stung the British 
people into a partial realization of the fiery crucible into 
which they were plunging, began a cleansing process 
which will inevitably result in prohibition. 

The King and Lord Kitchener called the nation to 
"abstinence for victory" and Britain's leading land and 
sea commanders took up the cry. At first the nation an- 
swered with dull stupefaction, but the piling of scandal 
upon scandal has greatly aroused the people. 

In 1915 a special commission with plenary powers was 
appointed to control the drink traffic in war-work areas, 
and drastic regulation effected a great decrease in 
drunkenness .without, however, decreasing the consump- 
tion of liquor with its waste of food, labor, and efficiency. 

Mr. Arthur Mee, a writer of dynamic power, and Dr. 
T. Stuart Holden, in their book, "Defeat or Victory," 
show vividly the traitorous place of drink in a war pro- 
gram : 

Drink, the Traitor 

"You cannot hide the shadow of a traitor who stalks 
across the nation as it rocks and reels," says Mr. Mee. 
"During the past fifty years drink has deprived this 






PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 175 

country of mati-power equivalent to the whole British 
army under arms. We are drinking away our strength. 
For every acre that we give to growing wheat for food, 
drink takes an acre for destroying food ; the land wasted 
on drink in this country would make a field a mile wide 
from England to America and this on an island which 
grows only one loaf of every six it eats. 

"The labor that drink has stolen from this country 
during the war is equivalent to the whole United Kingdom 
standing idle for a hundred days. Mr. Lloyd George said 
in 1915 that by stopping drink we could add a vast army 
of men to our armament works without spending one 
penny on additional structure, without putting down a 
single additional machine, and all by one act of sacrifice 
on the part of the nation. The King has said, 'It is, 
without doubt, largely due to drink that we are unable to 
secure the output of war material indispensable to meet 
the requirements of our army.' 

Money, Labor, Ships 

"Drink and its results cost us one million pounds a day. 
During the war the national drink bill has reached four 
hundred million pounds. We must have poured more of 
our financial strength into this trade since August, 1914, 
than we have fired away in France. We are giving an 
enemy trade the power to waste our wealth, scatter our 
resources, drain our people's savings, and break down our 
reserves. We let the drink trade use hundreds of millions 
of cubic feet of space in ships, congest our- docks, streets, 
and railways, use up the labor of hundreds of thousands 
of men. We have not men enough to carry on the war, 
but we have men enough to lift and move from place to 
place a weight of drink stuff every year three times as 
heavy as the Great Pyramid. It took a hundred thousand 
men a generation to set up the Great Pyramid, but if we 
had pulled it down and set it up again three times since 
war began, it would have taken less labor than the shift- 
ing of this drink stuff that ships pour everlastingly into 
our docks. Every week our railways carry enough of it 
to fill over a hundred thousand trains of two hundred tons 
each. 

"We shall not win the war until we have built a trench 
between the British home and the public house. 

The Call of the Lions 

"The Prime Minister has declared that this trade has 
sown destruction and devastation in time of peace, and 
in war has done us more damage than all the German sub- 
marines. 

"The King has banished alcohol from his palaces as a 
traitor to the state. 

"General Joffre has declared it the duty of all patriots 
to fight alcohol in all its forms ; by diminishing the moral 
and material strength of the army it is a crime against 
national defense in the face of the enemy. 

"Lord Kitchener would have nothing to do with drink 
during the war, and begged his men to keep fit by leaving 
it alone. 

"Lord Roberts, in almost his last message to the nation, 
declared that drink was prejudicial to our chance of vic- 
tory. 



176 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

"Lord Curzon declared that drink is a leprous spot 
eating into the life of ou\ people. 

"Lord Rosebery warned us long ago of the time that 
is now come, when, if the state did not control the liquor 
traffic, the liquor traffic would control the state. 

"Mr. Chamberlain, the first of our imperial statesmen, 
declared that while a priest-ridden nation is to be pitied, 
a publican-ridden nation is to be despised. 

"Mr. Bonar Law will not touch alcohol, and is believed 
to be in favor of prohibition during the war. 

"Admiral Jellicoe declares that alcohol is the enemy 
of efficiency and reduces the efficiencv of shooting bv one 
third. 

"Lord Wolseley declared that drink kills more soldiers 
than all the new weapons of warfare. 

"The Czar of Russia has indicted alcohol as the ex- 
ploiter of the* ruin of his people. 

"Admiral Beatty has appealed to the nation to arouse 
itself from its languor, and it can hardly be possible that 
the drink trade was not in his mind when he said : 'The 
nation is not yet roused out of its state of self-satisfac- 
tion. When our people have humility and prayer in their 
hearts we can count the days to the end.' Nor can it have 
been out of Sir William Robertson's mind when, on being 
asked what the church could do to help to win, he said, 
'Bishop, make the nation more religious.' 

Britain's Brain Indicts Alcohol 

"No less than 2,448 of Britain's greatest citizens have 
signed the following statement : 

"'Drink hinders the army; it is the cause of grave delay 
with .munitions ; it keeps thousands of men from war 
work every day, and makes good, sober workmen second- 
rate. 

" 'It hampers the navy; it delays transports, places them 
at the mercy of submarines, slows repairs, and congests 
docks. 

" 'It threatens our mercantile marine; it has absorbed 
during the war over two hundred million cubic feet of 
space, and it retards the building of ships to replace our 
losses. 

" 'It destroys our food supplies; during the war it has 
consumed over three million five hundred thousand tons 
of food, with sugar enough to last the nation one hundred 
days. It uses up more sugar than the army. 

" 'It wastes our financial strength ; since the war began 
our people have spent on alcohol over four hundred 
million pounds. 

" 'It diverts the nation's strength ; it uses five hundred 
thousand workers, one million acres of land, and one 
million five hundred thousand tons of coal a ye»r ; and 
during the war it has involved the lifting and handling 
on road and rail of a weight equal to fifty million tons. 

" 'It shatters our moral strength ; its temptations to 
women involve grave danger to children and anxiety to 
thousands of soldiers.' " 

A Wonderful Company 

The names of the men and women who signed this 
document directed to the British government are known 
among informed people the world over. 






PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 177 

"There are -men who have been ambassadors, com- 
mandedv squadrons, built ships, made guns, written books, 
painted pictures, carved monuments, educated children, 
made the British name illustrious by their discoveries and 
investigations, administered justice, built industries, main- 
tained national health, presided over public bodies, shaped 
laws, and advised the King in privy counsel. 

"One of them saved the British army in its retreat from 
Mons ; nine of them wear the V. C. There are nearly 
one hundred admirals and generals and one hundred fifty 
other army officers. Many of them represent the Red 
Cross or the military hospitals ; hundreds are controllers 
of munitions of war, scientific directors of the science, 
of munitions, or heads of the ministry of munitions train- 
ing-schools. A hundred of them represent Parliament, 
the Privy Council, and the Imperial Services. A hundred 
more stand for literature, art, music, and the stage, and 
hundreds represent the great trades and industries and 
finance. There are two hundred baronets and knights, 
and hundreds of men distinguished in municipal life, 
including a hundred who are or have been mayors, sheriffs, 
deputy-lieutenants of counties, and county council chair- 
men. There are representatives of every university in 
the United Kingdom, and the principals of hundreds of 
university colleges and public schools. There are sixty 
or seventy Fellows of the Royal Society, and twenty-five 
members or associates of the Royal Academy. There 
are five hundred magistrates and about the same number 
of doctors, including medical officers of health for nearly 
one third of the United Kingdom. 

Laurel-Crowned Men 

"But even such a summary as this can hardly give a 
proper conception of the dignity of this list of names. 
It stands for the intellectual and industrial strength of 
Britain. At the head of its military group stands a general 
on active service who wears the Victoria Cross, another 
wears the D. S. O., another whose name has rung through 
Europe in this war. At the head of its munitions group 
is the present controller of shipping with the chairman 
of the Cunard Line, all the great shipbuilders, and such 
a man as the late Sir Hiram Maxim. At the head 
of the imperial group stands Viscount Bryce, our late 
ambassador in the great republic of the West, with Sir 
Ernest Satow, our late ambassador to our gallant ally in 
the East. The Order of Merit which Viscount Bryce 
represents is found at the head of other groups as well ; 
as the Victoria Cross heads the list of soldiers, so the 
Order of Merit heads the list of public servants, of 
authors, and of scientists. At the head of the Literature 
group stands Thomas Hardy, with the Poet Laureate 
beside him; at the head of the group of science men 
stands Sir William Crookes, with such names following as 
Sir E. Ray Lankester, Sir Norman Lockyer, and Sir 
Ernest Rutherford. 

"For Education we have Dr. Michael Sadler, with the 
Master of Balliol, the Provost of Oriel, and hundreds 
of names familiar in learning; and when we come to 
Medicine and the Public Health, we find Sir Rickman 
Godlee, president of the Royal College of Surgeons, with 
such men as Sir William Osier and Sir Edward Shafer, 



178 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

and most of our great physiologists and surgeons. There 
are men here, like Patrick Manson and Sir Ronald Ross, 
whose work has saved millions of lives throughout the 
world. 

And Women Also 

"And there are not men only, there are women and 
organizations too. There is a daughter of Lord Lans- 
downe and a daughter of Mr. Gladstone; a si>ter of Lord 
Kitchener and a sister of Lord French: there is the wife 
of the late President of the Board of Trade and the wife 
of the present prime minister (a curious thing is that, 
waiting for Mr. Lloyd George as he came home on his 
first day as premier was this appeal from his wife, in 
company with thousands of the most distinguished people 
in the nation, pleading that Britain might be put at full 
strength). There are all the great leaders of the great 
V. M. C. A., the heads of the Salvation Army and the 
Church Army, and men and women who stand for social 
work in our great towns. And there are men and women 
who stand for the will of the masses of the people — such 
names we find as Mrs. Snowden, Mrs. Sidney Webb, Mr. 
George Lansbury, Mr. Thomas Burt, M.P. ; Mrs. Rich- 
ards, M.P. : the Secretary of the Miners' Federation: such 
miners' M.P<. as Mr. J. G. Hancock. Mr. Finney and Mr. 
Galbraith. Though the Memorial stands chiefly outside 
Parliament, the M.Ps. on this list represent about five 
millions of the population, and several of them are mem- 
bers of the government. 

"Xo charge of narrow fanaticism can be brought against 
a document like this. It speaks for the brain-power of 
the British people, and it asks for immediate and total 
prohibition of the liquor trade as long as the war la-t-." 

Prohibition is Probable 

That Great Britain will establish prohibition of the 
liquor traffic before the end of the war now seems almost 
certain. A movement is under way to purchase the trade 
and gradually abolish it. But the temper of the people 
cannot be misunderstood — they want prohibition. 

Refs. — See War. 

GREELEY, HORACE— Born in Amherst. X. H.. 
February 3. 181 1; died at Pleasantville. X". Y.. Xovember 
29, 1872. Mr. Greeley was the editor of the Xew York 
Tribune, which he founded. He was a radical temperance 
man and prohibitionist. In 1852 he said, "What the tem- 
perance men demand is not the regulation of the liquor 
traffic, but its destruction." His prohibition editorials are 
historic. 

GROWTH OF THE TRADE— See Consumption of 
Liquors : Drinking Customs ; Great Britain ; and Hi-tory 
of the Temperance Reform. 

HAMILTON, ALEXANDER— In a letter to the Xew 
York Packet, dated Xovember 27. 1787. Hamilton said:- 

"The single article of ardent spirits, under federal regu- 
lation, might be made to furnish a considerable revenue. 
Upon a ratio to the importation into this State ( Xew 
York), the whole quantity imported into the United States, 
at a shilling a gallon, would produce two hundred thou- 
sand pounds. That article would well bear this duty ; 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 179 

and it would tend to diminish the consumption of it. Such 
an. effect would be equally favorable to agriculture, to the 
economy, to the morals, and to the health of society. 
There is, perhaps, nothing so much the subject of national 
extravagance as these spirits." 
Refs.— See Fathers, The Early. 

HASHEESH — A narcotic derived from hemp. It is 
used in India and the Orient. It is said that the word 
"assassin" is derived from the word "hasheesh," due to 
the fact that Indian despots kept their hired assassins 
constantly intoxicated with this drug. 

HAWAII — Sole power to grant, refuse, suspend, revoke, 
regulate, and control liquor licenses in Hawaii is vested 
in a board of license commissioners appointed by the 
governor. 

A bill to provide prohibition for the islands failed to 
come to a vote in the 64th Congress because of the con- 
gested state of the legislative program. It will almost 
certainly pass in the 65th Congress. 

Only 24,000 pure native Hawaiians remain out of a 
population of 200,000 less than fifty years ago. 

"It is generally admitted, and is a matter of demon- 
stration, that the consumption of alcoholic liquor is re- 
sponsible more than all other causes put together for the 
rapid decline of the Hawaiian race, and that it continues 
to destroy them in a constantly accelerating degree, and 
that they are doomed unless prohibition is enacted and 
enforced," says the Daily Advertiser of Honolulu. 

It was at the time of Kamehameha I that some escaped 
shipwrecked convicts from Botany Bay taught the Ha- 
waiians the art of distilling, and so rapidly and widely 
did the deadly evil spread that this great ruler in 1818 
enacted a law prohibiting the manufacture and consump- 
tion of liquor in order "to save my people," as he said, 
"from the wave of death sweeping the islands." This 
was one of the first laws of its kind ever enacted any- 
where. 

The Hawaiian rulers were subjected to disgraceful 
pressure by the French and British governments in order 
to force the liquor traffic upon the islands. 

At the time of the annexation of Hawaii to the United 
States the people of the Islands petitioned the Federal 
Government for such legislation as would prohibit opium, 
gambling, and the liquor traffic. Congress granted the 
prohibition of opium and gambling and also of the liquor 
traffic, but the committee of final reference inserted a 
joker in the act which robbed the Hawaiian people of 
their protection and perpetuated the system of murder 
for the benefit of the California wine interests and the 
local liquor dealers' association. 

The presence of 10,000 American troops in Hawaii and 
the fact that Honolulu is a leading port of call has made 
prohibition absolutely necessary. 

On January 13, 1916, the 9th Cavalry (colored), to- 
gether with men of the 25th Infantry, also colored, being 
enraged at the refusal of white women in the restricted 
district to serve them, began a drink and lust riot which 
was one of the most disgraceful things in American 
history. They were finally rounded up by other troops. 
The whole affair was born in the saloons of the city. 



180 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

The Rev. John W. Wadman. of Honolulu, has repre- 
sented the forces of the island in the unceasing fight for 
better conditions. 

HEALTH — Formerly alcohol was considered the foe of 
disease and particularly the foe of certain diseases. Xow 
whisky and brandy have been banished from the United 
States pharmacopoeia ; the United States Public Health 
Service has branded alcohol as the ally of pneumonia and 
other diseases ; municipal and State health departments, 
medical associations, and individual physicians the coun- 
try over are appealing for abstinence and prohibition. 

Dr. W. A. Evans, medical editor of the Chicago Tri- 
bune, and former health officer of Chicago, says: 

"No health authority anywhere advocates the use of 
alcohol as a medicine, food, or beverage. Until a few 
years ago health departments were silent on the subject. 
At the present time a considerable minority of the health 
departments are actively campaigning against drinking. 
Among this minority are some of the best in the country." 

Upon another occasion he warned his readers to beware 
of "wet brain" : 

"Every drink is a mixed drink. There are no other 
kinds. When a man takes a drink, however simple it may 
be, he mixes in some degeneration of his nerve cells, some 
chance of delirium tremens, and a few other ingredients. 
Let him understand that he also pours into the glass about 
one finger of wet brain." 

The antialcohol campaign has been pressed with the 
utmost vigor by the New York City Board of Health 
and also by the Boards in Chicago, Toronto, Indiana, 
Vermont, and other progressive States and cities. A 
bulletin of the Toronto board declares : 

"The heavy drinker who contracts pneumonia should 
not lose an hour in settling his affairs, as he will in all 
probability be unconscious with delirium within twenty- 
four to forty-eight hours from the time his disease is first 
diagnosed." 

The Xew York board in a recently published booklet 
says, 

"Don't muddle your brain by drinking beer, whisky, or 
other alcoholic drinks. They always harm you." 

Again it says, 

"Alcohol is a depressant, and not a stimulant ; it drugs 
the brain and stops the capacity of the nervous system to 
obey the will." 

Chicago Board Warns Against "Moderate" Drinking 

The Chicago Board of Health is also waging war on 
drink. A recent bulletin says : 

"The fellow with alcohol in his system is not a good 
witness as to its effects upon himself, for his mind as well 
as his body is bribed by the drug, and is as full of preju- 
dice as his breath is full of fumes. 

"You had a glass of beer or three fingers of rye to-day. 
didn't you? You think that it puts snap in your wits and 
steam in your cylinders. You feel fine and think you are 
ready to tackle your job and meet any problem in sight 
with a clear head and a strong hand. But your feeling 
has deluded you. The fact is that the drink you took 
actually diminished your power to add numbers, to 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 181 

memorize, to associate ideas and to see, hear, and think 
quickly. > 

"Daily moderate drinkers are constantly under the 
harmful influence of alcohol, since the effects of one 
drink, as is clearly shown by these experiments, do not 
wear off before the next one is taken. 

"This should make you think before you order another 
stein ; for while you may drink another fellow's health in 
it, you are hurting your own brain power. And who does 
not need all the mind he can muster in these days? 

"Schiller said, 'Wine invents nothing; it only blabs it 
out.' 

The great Helmholtz asserted that the slightest amount 
of alcohol destroyed his power of scientific insight. 

"Goethe repeatedly declared that so-called stimulation 
by liquor 'could produce only a forced, inferior creation' 
of ideas. 

"Happiness and contentment are said to spring from the 
benumbing influence of alcohol upon the higher brain 
functions. Such happiness is false, such contentment 
bought at the expense of individual mental liberty. 

"John Stuart Mill put it right when he said, 'Who would 
not be a human dissatisfied, rather than a pig satisfied?' 

"Think before you drink, for after a beer or highball 
you cannot think so well." 

The New York Commissioner 

Dr. Haven Emerson, health commissioner of New York 
city, declared before the Conference of Charities and 
Corrections, held in 1916, "It is no use for us to go on 
fighting disease and crime if we do not do something to 
abolish the chief factor in causation." He declared that 
alcohol is a protoplasmic poison like ether and chloroform, 
and slower but even more enduring in effect, and con- 
tinued : 

"Alcohol, a consistently depressing, habit-forming drug, 
causes characteristic, easily recognized diseases of the brain, 
nerves, and special senses. Alcohol causes definite damage 
to the heart, kidneys, blood vessels, and organs of diges- 
tion, especially the stomach and liver. 

"When alcohol is used so moderately as to cause none 
of the special diseases due solely to its effects, it is known 
to damage the unborn babe, the nursing child, the grown 
man and woman in such ways as to render them peculiarly 
susceptible to the infections and communicable diseases 
to which all are exposed. 

"Permanent damage to mentality and various psychical 
disorders are accepted results of the use of alcohol in 
parents. 

"Alcohol has the physiological effect of gradual anes- 
thesia acting upon the powers of perception, judgment, 
self-control, reasoning, and intelligence until the human 
being is gradually stripped of all capacity for conscious 
direction, and becomes a reflex animal responding auto- 
matically and without choice to gross external physical 
stimuli." 

This New York Board is conducting its warfare on 
drink by means. of bulletins, bookmarks, and other litera- 
ture. In one of the bulletins warning against tuberculosis, 
we find the statement: "If your body has been weakened 



i82 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

by whisky or beer, the germs of tuberculosis will be sure 
to find a foothold." 

Vermont and Indiana 

Similar opinions are held by the health authorities of 
Vermont and Indiana. Dr. J. N. Hurty, secretary of the 
Indiana Board of Health, asserts : "We know that alco- 
holic liquor is a drug ; a vile and evil thing. What more 
need we say? it is a horrible thing from an economic and 
social point of view; it is always and everywhere injuri- 
ous from the physical standpoint. Every drop is a poison. 
There is no health in alcohol. Its use is always injurious, 
and if I had the power I would close every saloon as a 
public dope shop." 

He is backed up by the State food and drug commis- 
sioner, Mr. H. E. Barnard, who declares that the saloons 
of the State of Indiana are vile to the last degree. To 
the influence of the health officers of the State is at- 
tributed much of the sentiment which resulted in that 
State going dry. 

Some Miscellaneous Statements 

Here is what others says about it : 

"Be it Resolved, That the Medical Society of the State 
of Xorth Carolina will use its best efforts to discourage 
the use of alcohol in any form as a beverage. 

"Resolved, second. That it is the sense of this society 
that any member of the profession who does promiscuous 
or unnecessary prescribing of whisky, either to patients 
or nonpatients. is violating one of the principles of our 
profession, and is deserving of censure. 

"Resolved, third. That alcohol as a drug can be elimi- 
nated from the pharmacopoeia without in any degree crip- 
pling the efficiency of the doctor's armamentarium." 

The Conference of Medical Health Officers of Nova 
Scotia passed the following resolution : 

"Whereas, It has been absolutely proven that alcohol 
has a pernicious and injurious effect on the public health 
of our country, in that it lowers the resistance of the indi- 
vidual to disease, thereby disposing to tuberculosis and 
other infectious diseases; and. 

"Whereas, It is one of the chief contributing factors to 
poverty, misery, and crime ; 

"Therefore, we, as health officers of the province of 
Nova Scotia, place ourselves on record as opposed to it- 
use as a beverage, and strongly recommend its use only 
upon medical prescription." 

The American Xurses' Association, in their recent con- 
vention at San Francisco, strongly indorsed the anti- 
alcohol campaign inaugurated by the Xew York Health 
Department, and adopted the following resolutions : 

"Whereas, The American Xurses' Association believes 
that alcohol lessens vital resistance, fosters poverty and 
all the diseases that come from poverty, hindering the 
progress of the community; and. 

"Whereas, The American X'urses' Association is firmly 
convinced that it is the greatest cause of human ills ; 
therefore, be it 

"Resolved, That the effort of the Xew York City Health 
Department to establish a betterment of public health by 
conducting a systematic, vigorous, and definite campaign 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 183 

against this acknowledged evil be given a full and whole- 
hearted -indorsement by the American Nurses' Associa- 
tion assembled in San Francisco." 

Professor Irving Fisher in the "Ely Spring Book," May, 
1915, says : 

"Whatever degree of power alcohol still possesses is 
kept alive chiefly by the force or inertia of old traditions, 
by the assumption that so prevalent a practice must have 
virtues, by the fear of individuals to break away from 
custom, and by the well-known difficulty of emancipating 
oneself from any drug habit. If we look at the alcohol 
habit squarely, we see that it is merely one of the harmful 
drug habits, like opium in China, hasheesh in Turkey, 
cocaine, etc. Alcohol is a poison, and its evil effects are 
so great that every courageous man should help to elimi- 
nate them." 

W. Frank Persons, director of the Charity Organization 
Society of New York, in commenting upon the propa- 
ganda engaged in by the Health Department, said : 

"I have been delighted to read of your intention to con- 
duct an educational campaign against the drink habit. A 
survey of the field is warranted on the consideration of 
public health alone. I feel sure that the public is ready 
to support earnestly and effectively the work of the De- 
partment of Health along this line." 

Dr. Harvey W. Wiley, the pure food expert, put it in 
these striking sentences : 

"At least 75 per cent of the whisky, beer, and gin now 
sold in New York would be eliminated if the adulterated 
beverages alone were banished. The people must be edu- 
cated up to an understanding of the harm which intoxi- 
cants inflict upon them ; they must be shown clearly the 
ravages of alcohol upon the masses of those who use it, 
and they must be given definite proof of the effect upon 
the individual. This done, the path toward temperance 
and prohibition is well cleared." 

The Life Extension Institute 

Perhaps the most influential American statement was 
issued in 1915 by the Life Extension Institute after sub- 
mission to the Hygienic Reference Board of that organi- 
zation : 

This board consists of ninety-four eminent Americans, 
among whom are : 

General William C. Gorgas, surgeon-general of the 
United States army and hero of the fight against disease 
at Panama. 

Dr. Alexander Graham Bell, the distinguished inventor 
and a profound student of eugenics. 

Dr. David Starr Jordan, president emeritus of the 
Leland Stanford University. 

Dr. G. H. Simmons, secretary of the American Medi- 
cal Association. 

Professor Walter B. Cannon, of Harvard University. 

Professor A. E. Taylor, of the University of Penn- 
sylvania. 

Professor Richard M. Pearce, of the University of 
Pennsylvania. 

Professor Russell H. Chittenden, of Yale University. 

Professor Lafayette B. Mendell, of Yale University. 



184 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

Dr. William J. Mayo, the distinguished surgeon of the 
great institution at Rochester, Minnesota. 

Dr. Henry Smith Williams, the well-known writer. 

Dr. Harvey W. Wiley, the pure food specialist. 
. Dr. George Blumer, dean of the Yale Medical School. 

Dr. Dudley A. Sargent, director of the Harvard gym- 
nasium. 

Dr. William G. Anderson, director of the Yale gym- 
nasium. 

Professor Alonzo A. Stagg, director of the gymnasium 
of the University of Chicago. 

Professor Henry W. Farnarn. of Yale University. 

Professor Irving Fisher, of Yale University. 

Xot one of the ninety-four members of the board dis- 
sented from the strong terms of the statement. 

The statement, which was prepared by Dr. Eugene L. 
Fisk, after reciting the investigations of the leading life 
insurance companies regarding alcohol and longevity, 
reads as follows : 

"Experimental laboratory work has kept pace with sta- 
tistical investigation, and the knowledge gained from the 
laboratory, not only in experiments on animals, but on 
man himself, shows that a higher death rate among alco- 
hol users is what we would naturally expect to find in 
the light of what we know regarding its effects on the 
body. 

"One half to one quart of beer is sufficient to distinctly 
impair memory, lower intellectual power, and retard 
simple mental processes, such as the addition of simple 
figures. This narcotic or deadening influence is first 
exerted on the higher reasoning powers that control con- 
duct, so that the lower activities of the mind and nervous 
system are for a time released. The every-day, well- 
poised, self-controlled man goes to sleep, as it were, and 
the primitive nTan temporarily wakes up. 

"Eventually, the nervous system is narcotized, and the 
drinker becomes sleepy. Muscular efficiency is at first 
increased a little, and then lowered, the total effect being 
a loss of working power. 

"For many years alcohol was used as a heart stimulant 
in acute and chronic disease. Only in rare instances is 
it now so used, and chiefly in subjects who are accustomed 
to its use. who must be "treated as drug habitues and not 
deprived of the drug influence to which the body has be- 
come adjusted. Alcohol, in the amounts formerly used 
as a heart stimulant, is undoubtedly a heart depressant. 

"Such a benefit as alcohol has conferred in acute dis- 
ease has been due largely to its rapid utilization as a tem- 
porary food. It can be "burned in the body as a fuel, and 
thus spare the tissues. For a brief time it can take the 
place of energy foods such as fats and sugars. But there 
is grave risk in using it for such purposes, in view of its 
effect on the heart, nervous system, and blood elements. 
While it makes body heat, it also causes a loss of body 
heat thru its action on the blood vessels. There are other 
zcays to nourish and support the acutely ill without these 
attendant risks. 

"Alcohol is essentially a drug and not a food. There are 
many poisonous substances formed in the body, some of 
which, like alcohol, must be destroyed by the liver, or car- 
ried off by the kidneys. But that is no reason why we 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 185 

should eat these" poisons and impose a further burden on 
our- organs. 

"It is claimed that alcohol in moderation 'compensates' 
for life strain, worry, and care. The idea that the human 
race must find relaxation or compensation in some form 
of injurious indulgence has no ground in common sense 
and is without any supporting scientific evidence. 

"Alcohol is a handicap for a nation at war. It is a 
handicap for an individual in the struggle for existence. 
This is not the judgment of scientists alone, nor of weak- 
lings and faddists, but of the big-brained, strong-fibered 
men upon idiom has fallen the tremendous burden of guid- 
ing great nations thru the greatest crisis in history." 

Effects Similar to Senile Decay 

The degeneration due to the so-called "moderate" con- 
sumption of alcohol is very similar to senile decay, in the 
opinion of Professor G. Sims Woodhead, M.A., M.D., 
F.R.C.P., F.R.S.E., of England. 

"Alcoholic degeneration, however," Professor Wood- 
head points out, "does not proceed equally in every part 
of the body. The weaker tissues are first attacked and 
the patient gives way at the weak link of the chain. 

"Alcohol calls upon the reserve strength which ought 
to be held like a balance at the bank to meet sudden and 
unexpected emergencies. If you have such a physical 
reserve, you are able to tide over emergencies and wear 
out gradually ; but if ypu let alcohol withdraw your bal- 
ance, exhausting your reserve, you may become a physical 
bankrupt at any moment." 

Refs. — See Diseases Caused; Doctors on Drink; Health Defenders 
of tlie Body; Medical Practice; Mortality from Alcohol; and sub- 
jects listed under Abstinence. 

HEALTH DEFENDERS OF THE BODY— It is 

now about twenty years since the illustrious scientist, the 
late Professor Metchnikoff, of the Pasteur Institute, Paris, 
announced to the world his discovery that the white cor- 
puscles have the power of destroying the microbes to 
which so many of our diseases are due. These white 
blood-cells are the standing army or policemen of the 
body, and their duty is to attack, and, if possible, to de- 
stroy any foreign matter, such as dust, or disease germs, 
which may gain an entrance. They attack the germ by 
throwing out processes of their protoplasm, inclosing it, 
and afterward digesting it. 

If microbes or chemical irritants are present in one 
particular part of the body, these white blood cells leave 
the blood vessels in the neighborhood in large numbers 
and stream toward the point affected. They then attack 
the germs and seek to destroy them. In so doing they 
are, many of them, in their turn destroyed, and their 
dead bodies, along with the fluids of the inflamed tissues, 
form matter or pus, familiar as exhibited in cut or wound, 
in boil or abscess. 

These little white corpuscles, or leucocytes, are only 
one twenty-five hundredth of an inch in diameter, and 
are able not only to stream through the blood but even 
to pass through the tissues. Their method of surround- 
ing or swallowing disease germs and waste matter has 
caused them to be called phagocytes, or cells which devour. 

Remembering the toxic action of alcohol upon cell 



186 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

life, it is easy to realize its effect in inhibiting resistance to 
disease by narcotizing the phagocytes — the superior white 
corpuscles — practically ''making the policemen drunk," thus 
proving alcohol to be a bond servant to evils as bad as 
and sometimes more fatal than itself. 

The phagocytes are assisted in cleaning the disease 
germs out of the body by substances which are poisonous 
to the microbes. These substances are called opsonins, 
and they grow less in bad health. 

Dr. Charles E. Stewart, of Battle Creek, conducted 
some experiments a few years ago to determine the effect 
of alcohol upon the "opsonic index," or measure of the 
bodily resistance to disease. He found the index number 
indicating normal resistance to the bacillus tuberculosis 
to be 1.17 and for streptococci 1.12. The average of these 
same cases after the administration of two ounces of port 
wine was .73 and .655 respectively, showing a drop in the 
opsonic power of 37 per cent in the former and 42 per 
cent in the latter case. 

Similar results were obtained by using Peruna instead 
of port wine. 

Dr. George Harley, the distinguished English physician, 
at one time presented to the Royal Society the results of 
a series of experiments conducted to determine whether 
alcohol assisted or hindered the work of the red cor- 
puscles, which are only one thirty-two hundredth of an 
inch in diameter, and are responsible for the production 
of heat in the body. 

He mixed fresh blood with varying amounts of alcohol, 
and then determined whether its absorbing or giving-off 
power was impaired or increased, as compared with a 
portion of the blood of the same animal without alcohol. 
He says : "When ordinary air containing 20 per cent of 
oxygen was mixed with pure blood and shaken with it, 
10 per cent of the oxygen disappeared, but with 5 per 
cent of alcohol added only 4 per cent of oxygen disap- 
peared. In pure blood there was 3.3 per cent of carbon 
dioxide formed ; with blood plus 5 per cent of alcohol 
added, there was 2.3 per cent of carbon dioxide formed. 
The alcohol changed the blood's color to a pale brick, 
and when added in the proportion of 10 per cent it entirely 
lost its power of becoming oxidized." That is, it was 
absolutely useless for the purpose of life. 

Refs.— See Cell Life. 

HEREDITY— The tendency of modern society is to 
protect all human life as of value, resisting the onslaughts 
of disease and racial poisons, even tho they may con- 
tribute to the elimination of weaklings from the race. It 
is often true that the man who is weak in body is power- 
ful in mind, and the man none too strong in either may 
be mighty in moral strength. 

The American Brewer? Review sets forth the contrary 
theory in the following words : 

"Instead of allowing nature to proceed in a selective 
way to eliminate those possessing neuropathic dispositions 
and that lack resistance to alcohol, people have been taught 
to . . . develop that element of the race which possesses 
the very properties which nature has been for thousands 
of years seeking to eliminate." 

Alcohol as a selective influence is hardly trustworthy 
because it leads the victim to produce weaklings before 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 187 

removing him from the scene or blasting his powers of 
generation-. It is also true that it attacks the usefulness 
and lives of men who are in no sense weaklings, and of 
this the memory of any man will furnish proof. 

Professor Lang, of Vienna, declares, "Parents who are 
saturated with alcohol poison their children in the germ." 
This statement is supported by the most eminent physi- 
cians of Europe and America, including Bertholet, 
Saleeby, and a thousand others. In Bavaria government 
statistics show that 300 out of every 1,000 babies of that 
beer-drinking country are still-born. In Switzerland an 
investigation of 6,000 idiots revealed that 400 of them 
were begotten during the time of the grape harvest and 
other periods of great excess in the use of alcohol. 

The famous investigation of Professor Demme in Bern 
showed 82 per cent of the children in temperate families 
normal in every way. while the descendants of ten intem- 
perate families were 17.5 per cent normal and 82.5 per 
cent degenerate. 

Dr. W. C. Sullivan, of Great Britain, in his book, "Alco- 
holism," reports an investigation showing the progressing 
death rate among children as their mothers became more 
alcoholized. This investigator found that of 80 first-born 
children, 33.7 per cent died. Of 80 second-born children 
(after mothers were drinking more heavily), 50 per cent 
died. Of 80 third-born children, 52.6 per cent died. Of 
in fourth and fifth-born children, 65 per cent died. Of 
93 sixth to tenth-born children, 72 per cent died. Of the 
living children, 4.1 per cent were epileptic and others were 
mentally defective. 

Of 250 mentally defective children in special schools in 
Birmingham, England, 46.1 per cent were found to have 
one or both parents alcoholic. Of one hundred normal 
children from similar homes only 17 per cent came from 
alcoholic parents. 

Dr. R. W. Branthwaite. inspector under the Inebriates 
Act, has also issued a report of his investigations which 
show that the last 1,291 women admitted into Inebriate 
Reformatories had given birth to 4,086 children. Of 
these, 44 per cent were dead. As to the rest : "Some are 
in reformatories or prisons ; others are in asylums ; some 
have already come under control as drunkards ; com- 
paratively few are known to be useful members of so- 
ciety." 

One of the most important of the European investiga- 
tions was conducted by Professor Taav Laitinen, of the 
University of Helsingfors, who reports a comparison of 
children in 50 abstaining and 59 drinking families in one 
village in Finland. In the abstaining families, the weakly 
children were found to constitute 1.3 per cent; in the 
drinking families they were 8.2 per cent. Of the children 
in the abstaining families, 18.5 per cent died while still 
children ; in the drinking families, 24.8 per cent died. 

Professor Laitinen. also ascertained the drinking habits 
of 5,845 families containing 20,008 children. Some of the 
parents were abstainers, some "moderate" drinkers, and 
some hard drinkers. The children of the moderate drink- 
ers averaged less in weight at birth and at eight months 
of age, cut their teeth more slowly, and were otherwise 
more tardy in development than the children of abstain- 
ers. 



188 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

Dr. W. A. Potts, of the Royal Commission on Care and 
Control of Feeble-Minded, found that in one district in 
Birmingham. England, of ioo normal children only 17 
per cent had alcoholic parentage, but of 250 feeble-minded 
children 41.6 per cent had such parentage. 

Professor A. Von Bunge. of Basel, Switzerland, in 
trying to ascertain the effect of alcoholism upon heredi- 
tary tuberculosis found that 149 occasional drinkers had 
8.7 per cent tuberculous children, and 169 habitual 
moderate drinkers had 10.7 per cent. Sixty-seven habit- 
ual immoderate drinkers had 16.4 per cent, and 60 con- 
firmed drunkards had 21.7 per cent of tuberculous chil- 
dren. The percentages of defective children in these 
families were 2.3 per cent for the occasional drinkers, 4.6 
per cent for the regular moderate drinkers, 9 per cent 
for the regular heavy drinkers, and 19 per cent for the 
drunkards. 

Some American Findings 

In America investigators have had similar results. 

Dr. C. F. Hodge, of Clark University, experimented 
upon two pairs of dogs to ascertain the effect of alcohol 
upon offspring. To one pair — Bum and Tipsy — alcohol 
was given with their food from the time they were three 
months of age, although they were never intoxicated. To 
the other pair — Nig and Topsy — no alcohol was given. 
The alcoholized pair were very much less capable of work 
than the other two. Bum and Tipsy had 15 dead puppies 
and 8 deformed. Only 4 out of 23 lived. Nig and Topsy 
had no puppies born dead, only 4 deformed, and 41 out 
of 45 lived. 

Professor Stockard, of the Cornell Medical College, 
experimented with guinea pigs with the following results : 

1. When father was alcoholic and mother normal, only 
12 living young were born ; 7 soon died ; the 5 living were 
unusually small, shy, excitable animals. All that died had 
convulsions. 2. A mother alcoholic, father normal ; 5 
young born ; 3 died immediately. 3. Both parents alco- 
holic ; 1 young born, died at once. Total for alcoholic 
parentage : 42 matings, 18 young born, 7 living, of whom 
5 were stunted. 

Non-alcoholic parents: 9 matings, 17 young born, all 
large, vigorous animals. 

After telling of how a certain group of guinea pigs 
were fed until they died a natural death on alcohol fumes, 
while another group was allowed to eat regular diet, Pro- 
fessor C. A. Kofoid, of the University of California, in 
an address before the Polytechnic High School, of Los 
Angeles, said : 

'The members of both groups died apparently healthy, 
but when their offspring were examined, it was found 
that 80 per cent of those of the alcoholics were dwarfs 
or stillborn, while of the regular livers, only 2 per cent 
had any flaws." 

The investigations of Stockard are called by the Journal 
of the American Medical Association, "convincing experi- 
mental proof," and that journal expresses its belief that 
the effect of drinking is frequently conveyed through the 
descendants for at least three generations. Very recently 
autopsies upon drinkers have revealed that when tuber- 
culosis and similar diseases have failed to cause atrophy 






PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 189 

of the testicle and otherwise injure the reproductive 
power, the constant consumption of alcohol has the power 
to do so. 

In view of the fact that the brewers are doing every- 
thing possible to promote drinking among women and 
to get beer upon family tables, these facts are important. 
They are all the more important because it is estimated 
that there are two and one half million babies born an- 
nually who are feeble-minded, epileptic, deaf, dumb, blind, 
insane, or otherwise defective. It is because of this that 
such institutions as the Chicago Child Welfare Exhibit 
issued statements of this kind : 

"Parents impaired by alcoholic beverages beget children 
lacking in physical and mental vigor and in will power. 

"Out of every 100 children, 24 die when the mother is 
sober, S3 to 7 2 die when the mother drinks. Drinking 
exhausts the mother ; surviving children are disposed to 
neurosis, alcoholic, and drug habits and criminal tenden- 
cies." 

Raphael Georges Levy, of Paris, has issued statistics 
of 24 families, chosen at random, 12 of which were tem- 
perate, and 12 of which were alcoholic : 

Alcoholic Temperate 

Died in infancy 12 5 

Deaf and dumb 2 

Idiots 8 2 

Affected St. Vitus dance 2 o 

Epileptics 13 o 

Deformed 3 2 

Dwarfs '. 5 o 

Hereditary Drunkards. 5 o 

Healthy ". 9 5« 

Its Place in the Vicious Circle 

It must be remembered, however, that alcohol is simply 
the hub of a vicious wheel. Says Dr. C. Killick Millard, 
medical officer of health for Leicester, England : 

"Indulgence in alcohol tends to inefficiency ; inefficiency 
tends to low wages and irregular employment ; low wage 
encourages bad housing and bad environment generally ; 
bad environment encourages further indulgence in alco- 
hol." 

Dr. Harold Vallow, chief tuberculosis officer, Bradford, 
England, declares : 

"Alcohol may itself exert an influence on the offspring, 
but the poverty it entails, and, more important still, the 
neglect of the child, are very potent factors in the develop- 
ment of consumption." 

The New Jersey Commission appointed to investigate 
the subject of feeble-mindedness, reported to the governor 
that moderate drinking, so-called, rs the cause of a great 
majority of the epileptic, feeble-minded, and subnormal 
children in that State. 

The Kallikak Family 

Dr. Henry Herbert Goddard, who is the director of the 
training school at Vineland, N. J., under the title "The 
Kallikak Family," traces the ancestry of a feeble-minded 
girl back for six generations, at which time the feeble- 
minded line was started by Martin Kallikak, a Revolution- 
ary soldier with four honorable generations behind him. 

This Revolutionary soldier stepped aside to dishonor a 



i 9 o THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

feeble-minded girl, and passing on his way, afterward 
established a respectable home, marrying a normal woman 
of good family. 

Sharply dividing at this point, the history of the family 
shows upon the legitimate side 6 generations of doctors, 
lawyers, judges, educators, traders, landholders, with only 
i insane, only 15 children who died in infancy, no feeble- 
minded, no immoral. 

Upon the other side are six generations, which, out of 
480 descendants, developed 143 feeble-minded, with only 
46 known positively to be normal, 36 illegitimates, 33 
prostitutes, 3 epileptics, 82 who died in infancy, 3 crimi- 
nals, 8 keepers of disreputable houses, and 24 confirmed 
alcoholics. 

Alcohol's Connection 

Indeed, while the record of alcoholics is only two in 
the legitimate line, the feeble-minded line shows, besides 
the known alcoholics, a consistent record which sprinkles 
the report with such phrases as these : "Alcohol is preva- 
lent in the family" ; "An alcoholic, had three feeble-minded 
grandparents"; "Confirmed alcoholic"; "Feeble-minded 
and alcoholic" ; "Alcoholic and syphilitic woman" ; "Seven 
children, two alcoholics and immoral, one died of de- 
lirum tremens, others all alcoholics, leaving long line of 
descendants." 

Alcohol, like a red cord, runs through the whole 
rope of the record. Indeed, there is no assurance that 
every single man and woman was not a drinker. 

Still better known is the story of Max Jukes, born in 
New York in 1720. He was a drunkard. Of his descend- 
ants 1,200 were proved to be occupants of penal and 
charitable institutions before 1874. Not one was ever 
elected to public office and not one ever served in the 
army or navy, or in any way helped public welfare. On 
the contrary, they cost society more than $1,006 each, or 
a total of $1,200,000. Three hundred and ten were in 
poorhouses, 2,300 years in all ; 300, one in four of his 
descendants, died in childhood ; 440 were viciously dis- 
eased ; 400 were physically wrecked early by their own 
viciousness; 50 were notorious women; 7 were murderers; 
60 were habitual thieves; 130 were convicted for miscel- 
laneous crimes. 

A Question Answered 

The question is sometimes asked, "If alcohol is a racial 
poison, why has it not long ago destroyed the race?" 

Why has not syphilis long ago destroyed the race? 
Not the living but the dead are the evidence against 
alcohol as against syphilis. These racial poisons are not 
merely poisonous, but, as the eminent Dr. Saleeby re- 
marks, "are lethal." The race is constantly being de- 
graded by alcohol, but it is constantly being redeemed 
by better influences. 

There is no doubt an extraordinary resisting power on 
the part of the reproductive elements to alcohol as to 
other nocuous influences, but these elements are subject 
to degeneration by alcohol, as is evidenced by the per- 
version of thought and conduct induced in the individual 
by its use. 

Guinea pigs, dosed with constantly increasing quantities 






PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 191 



of poison, frequently have offspring immune to a hundred 
times the* dose that would be fatal to the untreated guinea 
pig, but these offspring of poisoned parents are invariably 
dwarfed and possessed of a vitality less resistant to other 
assaults. 

Refs.— See Child Welfare and references. 

HEROES AND MARTYRS— "What hast thou done? 
the voice of thy brother's blood crieth unto me from the 
ground." — Gen. 4. 10. 

A number of years ago we found in a little book, 
published in 1898, a list of the murders of temperance 
reformers. It was prepared by a Mr. Waldron. The list 
was incomplete, but it had a dozen names of those who 
had fallen at the hands of the lawless liquor traffic for 
their advocacy of law enforcement or of better laws" to 
curb the aggressions of the rum traffic. The following 
is a list of those who have given their lives and of those 
who have suffered bodily injury, and the latter might have 
been multiplied fourfold if we had the list complete, for 
men have been shot, their homes dynamited, and wives 
and children outraged by pro-liquor mobs. The argument 
against prohibition, that was most used for many years 
by the wets, was the terrorizing of those who dared to 
differ from them. 

Martyrs 

Col. Watson B. Smith for four years. His sen- 



was shot and instantly 
killed at Omaha, Ne*b., No- 
vember 4, 1881, because of 
his efforts to have the law 
enforced against the saloon 
keepers of that city. As 
a conscientious temperance 
man and chairman of the 
Law and Order League, he 
vigorously opposed the "sa- 
loon, and had several vio- 
lators of the law indicted, 
thereby provoking their 
wrath. 

Rev. George C. Had- 
dock was murdered in cold 
blood at Sioux City, la., 
on the night of August 3, 
1886, by John Arensdorf, a 
brewer, and his confeder- 
ates. The cause of this was 
that the liquor men had 
openly defied and willfully 
^violated the law, and Had- 
dock signed complaints and 
gave testimony against 
them. Eleven of the con- 
spirators were arrested and 
tried; nine of them were 
acquitted by juries cor- 
rupted by the liquor men ; 
one escaped, and after a 
long delay one was sen- 
tenced to the penitentiary 



tence, however, was after- 
ward commuted to three 
months by the antiprohibi- 
tion governor of the State. 

S. E. Logan, while at- 
tempting, as a sworn offi- 
cer, to arrest violators of 
the liquor law, was shot 
and killed at Des Moines, 
la., March 7, 1887, by em- 
ployees of Hurlburt Hess & 
Co., a firm of liquor deal- 
ers of that city. His mur- 
derer was tried and con- 
victed, appealed to the 
Supreme Court and let out 
on bond, and was still un- 
punished at last accounts. 

Roderick D. Gambrel, 
editor of the Sword and 
Shield, a prohibition paper 
at Jackson, Miss., was as- 
sassinated in that city May 
5, 1887, by John S. Hamil- 
ton, chairman " of the Sa- 
loonmen's Committee and 
leader of the whisky ring 
in Hinds County. Three 
former attempts had been 
made to assassinate him. 

Rev. Chas. H. Edwards, 
a missionary at Kake Is- 
land, Alaska, was shot and 
killed January 11, 1892, by 



JQ2 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 



Malcolm Campbell, a liquor 
dealer who had been smug- 
gling in whisky and selling 
it to the natives, in viola- 
tion of law. He was tried 
and acquitted by a jury at 
Sitka, altho a confessed 
criminal. 

Dr. J. H. Connett was 
tarred and feathered by 
masked men for his activity 
in securing testimony 
against the murderers of 
Edwards. 

Joseph B. Rucker was 
shot and mortally wounded 
at Somerset, Ky., on the 
night of September 19, 1892, 
by John C. Anderson, a 
saloon keeper and ex-chief 
of police. Rucker was edi- 
tor of a paper called the 
Reporter, and his scathing 
and fearless exposures of 
their traffic angered the 
liquor fraternity and caused 
them to take his life. Al- 
tho a large reward was 
offered for the arrest of 
the murderer, he was never 
apprehended. 

Rev. John R. Moffett, 
editor of a prohibition paper 
called Anti-Liquor, was 
murdered at Danville, Ya., 
on the night of November 
11, 1892, because of his open 
hostility to the saloons. 
The wretch who performed 
this cowardly deed, J. T. 
Clark, an ex-barkeeper and 
a member of the whisky 
ring, was convicted only of 
manslaughter and sentenced 
to five years by a jury of 
whisky svmpathizers. 

Marshal William K. 
Glover, while attempting 
to enforce the laws against 
liquor outlaws conducting 
blind pigs, was shot and 
killed near Lithia Springs, 
in Douglass County, Ga., 
May 1, 1893. 

Dr. W. Schumaker was 
murdered a t Ackerman, 
Miss., October 16, 1893, by 
W. H. Heflin, the keeper of 
a blind tiger. The doctor 
received five bullets in his 
body and died immediately. 



Sam D. Cox, editor and 
publisher of the Sentinel of 
Minatare. Neb., was shot 
and killed December 29, 

1906, by Ernest Kennison, 
a saloon keeper. Cox was 
leading the dry forces at 
Minatare and was murdered 
by Kennison for his activity 
against the saloons. 

Judge D. R. Cox, of Mai- 
den. Mo., was shot and 
killed on February 18, 1907, 
on account of his leader- 
ship in the fight that carried 
the county for local prohi- 
bition. 

Dr. J. W. Beal was shot 
and killed by the same mur- 
derer on the same night 
that he fired the fatal shot 
that killed Judge Cox at 
Maiden. Mo. 

Sam Roberts, deputy un- 
der Chief Indian Officer 
William E. Johnson, was 
shot and killed at Porum. 
Indian Territory, July 5, 

1907, by Jack Baldridge. 
Roberts was in the act of 
raiding a joint kept by the 
Titsworth Brothers. Bald- 
ridge swore in court that 
he was employed by the 
Titsworth gang to assassi- 
nate Johnson for $3,000. 

Randolph W. Cathey, 
deputy under former Chief 
Officer Johnson of the In- 
dian Service, was shot and 
killed by a joint keeper at 
Paul's Valley, November 3. 
1907. Cathey and another 
of Johnson's men had just 
raided the establishment. 

George Williams, as- 
sistant to former Chief 
Officer Johnson, was shot 
to death at Bartlesville, 
Okla., November 16, 1907, 
by a joint keeper, Ernest 
Lewis, whose business es- 
tablishment Johnson had 
wrecked shortly before. 

Rev. Mr. Corry, pastor 
of the Methodist Episco- 
pal Church at Booneville. 
Mo., was instantly killed 
by liquor sympathizers who 
crushed his skull for his ac- 
tivity in law enforcement. 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 193 



United States Senator 
Edward W. Carmack was 
assassinated on Monday, 
November 9, 1908. He was 
shot down in cold blood in 
one of the streets of Nash- 
ville, Tenn., because of his 
fearless and persistent fight 
for civic righteousness 
against municipal corrup- 
tion, and especially because 
of his leadership in behalf 
of prohibition in the State 
of Tennessee. 

Charles Escalanti, a 
Yuma Indian and assistant 
to Chief Officer Johnson, 
was stabbed to death by two 
bootleggers whom he had 
arrested. The affair took 
pface at Yuma Indian Res- 
ervation, California. May 18, 
1909. 

Sheriff Harvey K. 
Brown, one of the most 
efficient officers and con- 
scientious citizens of Ore- 
gon, was instantly killed by 
the explosion of a dynamite 
bomb as he entered his gate 
October 10, 1009. at Baker 
City, Ore. The liquor men 
and gamblers procured his 
death for revenge. 

Carl Etherington, an 
officer of the law, who in 
faithful discharge of duty 
was compelled to shoot a 
speak-easy keeper in self- 
defense, at Newark, O., was 
taken from the county jail 
on the same night by a mob 
of liquor men and,- without 
interference on the part of 
the city authorities or the 
county sheriff, was lynched 
on the public square of 
Newark. The lynching oc- 
curred July 8. 1910. 

Walter Reed, deputy 
special officer of the United 
States Indian Service, one 
of the assistants of former 
Chief Officer Johnson, was 
shot to death at Bishop, 
Cal.. while trying to arrest 
a Chinaman who had given 
liquor to an Indian woman 
ar.d debauched her. His 
murderer also shot and 
seriously wounded the city 



marshal, who accompanied 
Reed, but who returned the 
fire, killing the bandit. The 
murder took place on the 
night of April 13, 1912. 

Robert Lee Bowman, of 
Tulsa, Okla., was shot and 
killed on September 19, 
1912, south of Caney, Kan., 
in the State of Oklahoma, 
while engaged in destroy- 
ing four wagon loads of in- 
toxicating liquor which had 
been hauled into the east- 
ern district of Oklahoma, 
which was formerly Indian 
Territory, from the State 
of Kansas. Four men in an 
automobile rushed up to 
the side of the wagon while 
he was engaged in this 
work and before he knew 
what had happened one of 
the persons fired two shots 
from an automatic shotgun, 
both of which took effect in 
his head. One of the per- 
sons who was implicated in 
the shooting was tried in 
Washington County, Okla- 
homa, and acquitted by the 
jury. This same person and 
two others, including Fred 
E. Behning, w T ho killed 
Bowman, were subsequently 
tried in the United States 
Court on a charge of con- 
spiring to prevent an officer 
from performing the rights 
conferred upon him by the 
constitution of the United 
States and convicted. Behn- 
ing was sentenced to ten 
years and to pay a fine of 
$5,000. The others were 
sentenced, one to five and 
one to three years, respec- 
tively, in the federal peni- 
tentiary at Fort Leaven- 
worth. Kan. 

Holmes Davidson, Dep- 
uty United States Marshal, 
and also a Deputy Special 
Officer of the Indian Serv- 
ice, was shot and killed at 
Tulsa, Okla., by William J. 
Baber. former chief of 
police of Tulsa, and a no- 
torious bootlegger in that 
territory. This killing took 
place on July 23, 1914. At 



194 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 



the same time that Mr. 
Davidson was killed Mr. 
Ed. Plank, another deputy 
United States marshal was 
shot and killed by this same 
man Baber. These officers 
in company with I. W. 
Wilkinson, a deputy special 
officer in the Indian Serv- 
ice, had been very vigorous 
in their efforts to enforce 
the prohibitory legislation 
enacted by Congress to pro- 
tect the Indians in the for- 
mer Indian Territory, and 
because of their activity 
they had incurred the en- 
mity of the liquor element 
there and undoubtedly 
Baber was selected by them 
to dispose of these fearless 
and efficient officers, who 
were operating under Mr. 
H. A. Larson, now chief 
special officer. Mr. Larson 
is also a member of the 
Board of Managers of the 
Methodist Temperance 
Board. 

At Loveland. Colorado, 
on July 1 6. 191 5, Frank 
Peak, a night marshal of 
the town, was ambushed on 
Lincoln Avenue bridge and 
killed by a drunken gang 
of saloon hoodlums who 
had come from Milliken. 
the only wet town in north- 



ern Colorado, which was 
not then a prohibition State. 
He had undertaken to pre- 
serve order and was shot 
down by these advocates of 
personal libertv. 

Judge William T. Law- 
ler, probate judge of Madi- 
son County, Alabama, was 
found murdered near 
Huntsville on June 23, 
1916. The murder was the 
outcome of the war be- 
tween the illegal whisky 
sellers and the forces of 
law and order. The murder 
was committed by David D. 
Overton, a former circuit 
clerk of Madison County, 
who was convicted for 
Judge Lawler's murder and 
sentenced to be hanged. 
Sheriff Phillips permitted 
the murderer to escape, and 
the criticism of his act 
was so severe that he com- 
mitted suicide and thus left 
the State without certain 
evidence that it needed. 
The murderers after killing 
Judge Lawler, weighted his 
body and put it into a 
stream, where it was found 
three days later. And the 
story is the sad ending of 
a faithful judge's effort to 
enforce the law in a lawless 
community. 



OTHER HEROES WHO SUFFERED 

'These are they which came out of great tribulation.' 

14- 



Rev 

The Rev. John A. B. 
Wilson, D.D., a Methodist 
Episcopal pastor at Leipsic, 
Del., while conducting a no- 
saloon campaign in 1874 
was attacked by a mob and 
later almost killed, having 
entered one of the saloons 
to rescue a young man from 
the mob. He was struck in 
the back of the head by a 
ten pound weight concealed 
in a handkerchief, and 
when he was down a dozen 
men tried to stamp him to 
death, but in three days he 
recovered consciousness to 
give thirty more years to 
prohibition agitation as pre- 



siding elder and pastor of 
great churches in Delaware, 
Maryland, New York, and 
in California, where he died 
on May 30. 1906. 

The Rev. J. A. Duncan, 
while making a prohibition 
speech at Springfield, Tenn.. 
during the campaign of 
1887, was attacked with 
dynamite by saloon hood- 
lums, who attempted to 
blow up the building in 
which the meeting was be- 
ing held. 

G. G. Mandt was shot at 
Mount Horeb, Wis.. Janu- 
ary 31, 1899, by a represen- 
tative of the liquor inter- 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 195 



ests, on accoHnt of his 
strong editorials in the Blue 
Mound Press. 

The Rev. Louis Albert 
Banks, D.D., was shot and 
seriously injured in Van- 
couver, Wash., in 1890. on 
account of his aggressive 
leadership of the moral and 
reform forces of that city 
in the fight against the 
liquor and other evils. 

E. J. Bonnett, of Berlin 
Mills. X. H.. was attacked 
by liquor men on October 
17. 1890. A dynamite bomb 
was thrown into Mr. Bon- 
nett's home and part of the 
building was badly wrecked, 
but Mr. Bonnett was not 
injured. 

Osborne Congleton, 
while speaking in the inter- 
ests of "The Sons of Tem- 
perance," in San Francisco, 
was attacked on May 30, 

1890, and thrown into the 
bay for dead. He recovered 
sufficiently to save himself. 

Marion Green, an officer, 
was attacked by a liquor 
mob on the thirteenth of 
April, 1891, while serving 
papers on a saloon keeper 
of Burlington, la. As a re- 
sult of the attack Green 
sustained a fractured skull 
and the loss of one eve. 

The Rev. Sam W." Small 
was brutally assaulted in 
Atlanta, Ga., November 12, 

1891, by a saloon keeper, 
Tom Minor, who struck him 
a stunning blow in the face 
and when he was down 
kicked him in the mouth, 
breaking out some of his 
teeth. Later when making a 
prohibition speech at Hazle- 
ton, Ind., September 15, 

1892, a gang of drunken 
ruffians attempted to break 
up his meeting, and after 
it closed followed him to 
his hotel, firing a Flobert 
rifle at him thru an open 
window. The ball struck 
him above the left knee, 
but did not inflict serious 
injury. 

Isaac Cowen was beaten 



almost into insensibility on 
October 1. 1892, by a 
drunken crowd at Cleve- 
land, O. He was Prohibi- 
tion candidate for Congress 
and was making a winning 
campaign. -- 

E. J. Patterson, of Cher- 
okee, la., suffered at the 
hands of the liquor element, 
which attempted to dyna- 
mite his residence on De- 
cember 19. 1892. 

John Mahin, editor of 
the Evening Journal of 
Muscatine, la. ; E. M. Kis- 
singer, treasurer of the 
County Temperance Alli- 
ance ; and N. Rosenberger, 
prosecuting attorney, had 
all three been active in 
prosecuting lawless r u m 
sellers; and on May 11, 
1893, at 1 130 a. m., their 
three residences were simul- 
taneously blown up with 
dynamite and almost utterly 
demolished. They were ail 
asleep with their families, 
consisting of twelve persons 
in the three households, all 
of whom were endangered, 
but escaped death as by a 
miracle. 

Dr. A. F. Henderson, of 
Grayson, Ky.. was waylaid 
and assaulted on the night 
of June 17, 1893, while 
walking along the road re- 
turning from a lecture, with 
his wife at his side and an 
infant child in his arms. 
A cruel blow from a stone 
struck him on the head, 
near the temple, dashing the 
blood over his babe. 

Charles Park, of Marion, 
Ind., had his residence 
wrecked by an explosion of 
dynamite on November 20, 
1893. Liquor men were re- 
sponsible for the crime. 

The Rev. Wm. P. F. 
Ferguson, of Whitesboro. 
N. Y., had a dynamite bomb 
exploded in his sleeping 
apartment about 2:30 a. m., 
June 4, 1894. 

W. O. Morris, editor of 
the Journal of Groesbeck, 
Tex., was assaulted by a 



i 9 6 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 



saloon keeper on August 2, 
1894, sustaining a broken 
arm and a severe wound in 
the head. 

Jacob Wolf, a prominent 
prohibitionist of Carthage, 
Ind., was shot and seriously 
wounded in the abdomen by 
a saloon keeper, John Mc- 
Carthy of that place, be- 
cause he had used his influ- 
ence in opposing license. It 
occurred October 6, 1894. 

Daniel B. Garry, a prom- 
inent citizen and manufac- 
turer of Zanesville, O., and 
head of the Civic League 
of that city, suffered by 
having his manufacturing 
plant and his home both 
partially wrecked by dyna- 
mite on October 16, 1909. 

W. C. Sanders was called 
to the door of his home at 
McKey, Indian Territory, 
on the night of June 25, 
1907, and shot thru the side 
of his head. His life was 
despaired of for weeks, but 
he finally recovered. San- 
ders had aided former Chief 
Officer William E. Johnson 
just before this in cleaning 
up the locality. 

Dr. E. J. Sapper was 
shot thru the side of the 
head on July 5, 1907, but 
recovered. Sapper was a 
deputy of former Chief 
Officer Johnson and was 
assisting Sam Roberts in 
raiding the Titsworth joint 
at Porum, Indian Territory, 
when shot. 

Omer D. Lewis, deputy 
under former Chief Officer 
Johnson, while in the per- 
formance of his duty, was 
horribly stabbed in the 
throat on Flathead Indian 
Reservation, Montana. He 
nearly bled to death while 
being rushed to a hospital 
at Missoula on a special 
engine loaned by the North- 
ern Pacific Railway. He 
finally recovered, but the 
cut thru the larynx of the 
throat ruined his voice. He 
is now able to talk only in 
a whisper. 



Liquor thugs dynamited 
the residence of the Rev. 
A. C. Hacke, Dickinson, 
N. D., April, 1911. It after- 
ward developed that the 
outrage was perpetrated on 
the wrong man, the explo- 
sive being intended for the 
Rev. Mr. Watson, who lived 
near by and who had fear- 
lessly led in law enforce- 
ment work. 

The Rev. R. E. Mc- 
Clure, D.D., pastor of 
United Presbyterian Church, 
Blairsville, Pa., was shot 
for his activity in law en- 
forcement there in 1913. 
The Bible carried in his left 
pocket saved his life; the 
bullet passed thru the book 
and spent its force. 

The Rev. C. C. Wilkins, 
pastor of the Methodist 
Episcopal Church at Scam- 
mon and West Mineral, 
Kan., was seized from be- 
hind while on the public 
street, thrown into the gut- 
ter, and beaten into insensi- 
bility. Fifteen men were in 
the mob. The attack was 
instigated by the proprietor 
of a brewery in another 
State. Mr. Wilkins's left eye 
was nearly ruined, he had 
three teeth knocked out, his 
jaw broken, his nose broken, 
and was left for dead. He 
has not entirely recovered 
yet, tho he is pastor at Clif- 
ton. Kan. Mr. Wilkins had 
a chance to shoot his as- 
sailant a few minutes be- 
fore, when he stood off an 
attack, but did not do so. 

In 1916 the Rev. W. J. 
Moore, district superin- 
tendent of the Anti-Saloon 
League, residing at Carbon- 
dale, was beaten up by a 
mob of the wets at Percy, 
111. He and Attorney W. O. 
Edwards, of Pinckneyville, 
had charge of the temper- 
ance fight; -the election ma- 
chinery was entirely in the 
hands of the wets, and it 
had been their habit to steal 
the election year by year. 
When some of the illegal 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 197 



voters were put under ar- 
rest the lawless saloon advo- 
cates organized to perpe- 
trate this outrage, which 
resulted in so stirring up 
sentiment that the place 
went dry by 62 votes. 

The Rev. H. J. Stans- 
field, pastor of the Mora- 
vian Church at Canadensis, 
Pa., had his home dyna- 
mited by a number of the 
rummies for his activity in 
urging more stringent laws 
regulating the liquor traffic. 
The two men indicted for 
this offense were Rufus W. 
Snow, a road supervisor 
and contractor, and George 
Coslar, a Canadensis black- 
smith. A series of outrages 
had been going on in Bar- 
rett township. While Clar- 
ence Price left his automo- 
bile unguarded on the streets 
in Canadensis some one 
slashed the tires with a 
knife. Then a valuable 
horse owned by Henry Ben- 
der, who was a witness 
against Brown's saloon, was 
found bleeding to death in 
a stable at his Mountain 
Home. The blood came 
from three knife wounds. 
One dark night, four or 
five sticks of dynamite were 
set off on the property of 
Price, known as The Pines, 
blowing up the entire water- 
works. On the night of 
July 6 the midnight marau- 
ders again set off some 
dynamite, this time under 
the Rev. Mr. Stansfield's 
new home, in which he, his 
wife, his child, and Mrs. 
Stansfield's aged mother 
were asleep. It was re- 
garded as a miracle that 
the entire family was not 
killed. 

Robert W. Crabbs was 
attacked by gamblers near 
Finan's saloon in Muncie, 
Indiana. Arthur Bunker, a 
well-known gambler, made 
this attack and was doing it 
in conspiracy with William 
Finan, the Democratic boss 
of the place. The assault 



was intended to intimidate 
him as a State's witness 
about to testify in impor- 
tant liquor cases. 

During the week of June 
17, 1916, liquor sympathizers 
of Deadwood, South Da- 
kota, completely wrecked 
the plant of the Deadwood 
Telegram, a dry daily paper 
of that city. The destruc- 
tion was accomplished at 
night, so the editor and pro- 
prietor was not injured. 
The week was also marked 
by the murder of Judge 
Lawler in Alabama. 

On April 8th, the Rev. 
A. E. Frederick, assembly- 
man, pastor, and leader of 
the Prohibition Party in 
western Wisconsin, was 
mobbed at West Salem 
after delivering a speech on 
the liquor question. Mar- 
shal Wilcox, who went to 
his aid, was severely beaten 
at the hands of this liquor 
mob. 

John Hawk, editor of the 
Momence Progress in a 
township of Will County, 
Illinois, had been doing 
good work with his paper, 
and C. F. Hayden and Mike 
Hoag, two saloon hoodlums, 
went to the editor's house 
and attempted to drag him 
into the street, but his 
brother and wife joined in 
the melee and the three 
succeeded in throwing the 
assailants out of the house. 
On May 12th, E. L. 
Amidon, a campaign 
worker for the reelection of 
Congressman McArthur and 
a notorious police court 
character, assaulted Super- 
intendent R. P. Hutton, of 
the Anti-Saloon League in 
open court, smashing his 
glasses into his eyes. This 
wet slugger has been used 
as a stool-pigeon by the 
disreputable McArthur, who 
represents a bonedry State 
in the House of Represen- 
tatives and constantly serves 
the wets and similar in- 
terests, and has succeeded 



i 9 8 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 



a downtown store, knocked 
senseless, and left bruised 
and bleeding by a cowardly 
assassin. Mr. Milliken is 
an elderly man in feeble 
health and was at the time 
circulating a petition to be 
presented to the State Legis- 
lature asking for the pas- 
sage of Statewide prohibi- 
tion law. The drunken 
coward, who nearly killed 
the old man, is a big brute 
weighing two hundred 
pounds, whose wife has to 
help support him by cook- 
ing for one of the saloons. 
C. T. W. 
ferences. 



in so facing both ways as 
to get the votes of some of 
the good people and always 
use his position for serving 
the wets. It was shown that 
the wife of Mc Arthur's 
slugger had been in the 
Anti-Saloon League offices, 
first trying to get a position 
as stenographer, and on 
failing in this, hanging 
around to steal valuable 
papers. 

The latest victim of a 
booze bully is James B. 
Milliken, 51 Monument 
Place, Indianapolis, who on 
January 9 was assaulted in 

Refs. — See Lawlessness and re 

HIGH COST OF LIVING— 'Why is it that so many 
people cannot make ends meet?" some one asked John 
Burns, the famous labor leader of England. "Because," 
he replied, "so many people make one end drink." 

The high cost of living is a direct result of the failure 
to meet the present necessity for economy and efficiency 
with a national prohibition law. 

The supreme issue of the day is the high cost of necessi- 
ties. This problem confronts not the voter alone. It 
faces the housewife in the diminished size of the roast, 
the lengthened service of her winter coat, the lowered 
quality of the ribbon with which she lovingly ties her 
little daughter's hair when she dismisses her to school in 
the morning. It is THE question of the hour. 

There is no need to present the sickening array of 
figures which picture this bitter problem. It is familiar 
to all. 

There is no providential or justifiable reason for this 
distress in a continent of virgin lands, untold mineral 
reserves, and comparatively scant population. There is 
opportunity and material a-plenty. The land is not sup- 
porting too main-, nor more than a large fraction of the 
number it might support in abounding luxury. 

The People Who Work Are Too Heavily Loaded 

Xo. the land is not supporting too many, but the people 
who work arc doing so. For. be it understood, the men 
who manufacture and distribute liquor do not "work," 
they merely waste labor. The criminal who, having 
drowned his higher aspirations in whisky, preys upon 
society, does not work; he lives upon the work of others. 
The insane, the impoverished, the delinquent, and degen- 
erate of many classes — these, the victims of a demoniacal 
traffic, do not work, but they cannot continue to exist with- 
out work. Since this is true, their neglect to toil at that 
which produces what they consume must be supplied by 
redoubled toil upon your part. 

The cost of the luxurious living of the brewer and 
distiller, the cost of the living of every man who con- 
tributes to the production and distribution of liquor, the 
cost of the living of all dependent upon them, the cost of 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 199 

the decreased efficiency of drinkers, the cost of drink- 
caused crime and the living of the officials required to deal 
with it, the cost of the maintenance of poorhouses, insane 
asylums, prisons, penitentiaries, and houses of refuge, the 
cost of the cumbersome legal machinery made inevitable 
by licensed drink — all of this is being added to the cost 
of living of the producer and the burden is almost greater 
than he can bear. 

A Critical Time 

Since the war began the country has been agitated from 
one border to the other on the question of food distribu- 
tion and food prices. The high cost of living is making 
life itself almost prohibitive. The liquor traffic is respon- 
sible. It is a raid on the American pantry. All the ele- 
ments tliat enter into food prices are deleteriously affected 
by the liquor trade. Take, for example, raw material. 
Alcohol cannot be made except by destroying carbohydrate 
foods, such as sugar and starch, and while sugar is mount- 
ing to fifteen cents a pound the liquor traffic is consuming 
each year enough sugar to supply the entire country for 
thirty days. We are taking sugar from the mouths of 
babies to enrich the brewers. A vast amount of labor 
is wasted in producing, transporting, and distributing alco- 
holic beverages. It is estimated that the muscular man- 
power expended, not in making, but merely in handling, 
the output of the liquor factories is sufficient to set up 
and pull down the Great Pyramid of Egypt nine times a 
year, altho it took one hundred thousand men a generation 
to build it. 

The papers have been reciting in flaming headlines the 
stories of food riots in New York because of a car short- 
age, but the liquor trade uses the equivalent of thousands 
of cars each year. It wastes millions of cubic feet of 
space in our export and import shipping; crowds our 
docks ; fills our freight cars, crowding out of them articles 
of food. The labor efficiency-loss each year to America 
because of drink is equivalent to the entire nation standing 
idle for thirty days. 

In these times of high taxes and high prices every dol- 
lar wasted buys misery for large parts of our population, 
and all this is saying nothing of the vice, crime, disease, 
sorrow, and pain resulting from the drink traffic. 

The question is, "Shall American women and children 
be underfed that American men may be full beered?" 

What Is the Remedy? 

The government held, in 1910, 711,986,409 acres of land. 
There are vast areas privately owned and admirably suited 
to the production of valuable commodities. Let us return 
to the motto of Old John Smith, "He who works not, 
neither shall he eat." Stop the manufacture of liquor, of 
criminals, of idiots, and lunatics. Let those who now 
waste labor go to the land and there begin to WORK, to 
produce, themselves, by the sweat of their brows, those 
things which are necessary to life. When they come to 
you to procure valuable things which you have made by 
tilling the soil or manipulating machinery, let them bring 
products equally valuable. Thus will no man take from 
the common store of good and necessary things aught 



200 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

which he does not replace with something equally good, 
equally adapted to the maintaining or lightening of life. 

The men engaged in the liquor traffic are economically 
comparable to the thief, the prostitute, and the highway- 
man. The next time you purchase food or clothing, think 
how much less would be the cost if these liquor non- 
producers were making shoes or hats or growing corn, 
wheat, cattle, and cotton. 

Refs. — See Business and references; Cost of the Liquor Traffic; 
Farmers; Grain; and Labor. 

HIGH LICENSE— See License. 

HISTORY OF THE TEMPERANCE REFORM— 

A detailed history of legislative prohibition in the United 
States is as follows : 



State 



Pop. 



Law 
Passed 



Law 

In Effect 



Votes 
For 



Votes 
Against 



Alabama . 
Arizona. . 
Arkansas . 
Colorado . 
Georgia. . 
Idaho. . . 
Indiana. . 
Iowa 



Maine 

Michigan 

Mississippi.. . . . 

Montana 

Nebraska 

North Carolina. 
North Dakota. . 

Oklahoma 

Oregon 

South Carolina . 
South Dakota.. 

Tennessee 

Utah 

Virginia 

Washington 

West Virginia. . 



,332,608 
255,544 

962,060 
856,065 
428,586 
816,817 
220,321 
829,515 
772,489 
054,854 
951,674 
459,494 
271,375 
402,738 
739,201 
202,081 
835,741 
625,475 
698,509 
288,004 
434,083 
192.010 
534,221 
386,038 



Jan. 14, 

Nov. 3, 

Feb. 6, 

Nov. 3, 

Feb. 
Feb. 
Feb. 

Nov. 2, 

Nov. 7, 
Feb. 

Nov. 7, 

Nov. 7, 
May 

Oct. 1, 

Nov. 3, 

Sept. 14, 

Nov. 7, 
Jan. 
Feb. 

Sept. 22, 

Nov. 3, 



I 
1915 July 

1914 Jan. 

1915 Jan. 

1914 Jan. 

1907 Jan. 

1915 Jan. 
1917 Apr. 

1915 Jan. _ 
1880 Nov. 23 
1851 

1916 Apr. 30, 

1908 Dec. 31, 
1910 Dec. 31. 
1916 May 1, 

1908 July 1, 
1889 Nov. 2, 

Nov. 16, 

1914 Jan. 1, 

1915 Dec. 31, 

1916 July 1, 

1909 July 1, 

1917 Aug. 1, 
1914 Nov. 1, 
1914 Jan. 1, 
1912 July 1, 



1915 

1915 25 
1916; 

1916 129 
1908 
1916 
1918 
1916 
1880- 92 
185L- 
1918 353, 
1908 
1918 

1917 i 
1908 113 

18 



1907 

1910 
1915 

1917 
1909 

19 1; 
1916 

1910 



Ma- 





Legislat. 


m 


22,743 




Legislat. 


589 


118,017 




Legislat. 




*Legislat. 




Legislat. 




Legislat. 


302 


84,304 




Legislat. 


378 


284,754 




Legislat. 


,70 


73,890 


.-,74 


117,132 


612 


69,416 


552 


17,393 


301 


112,258 


842 


100,362 


735 


16,809 


867 


53,092 




Legislat. 




Legislat. 


251 


63,886 


Mil 


171,208 



3,144 
11,572 

7,998 

68,624 

28,886 
29,442 
44,196 
1,159 
18,103 
36,480 
24,926 
11,775 



30,365 
18,632 
92,342 



This imposing status of the temperance reform has not 
been achieved suddenly. 

Egyptian frescoes reveal ale-brewing as an industry 
five thousand years ago, and Hackwood records that a 
reformer one thousand years later "demanded a reduc- 
tion in the number of places selling it to the people." 

But it is the Saxon who has been especially involved in 
the legislative and moral struggle with the eala-hus and 
the winhus. 

The legislative attitude of both the British and Ameri- 
can governments toward this great evil has been Janus- 
faced since the earliest time. The first decided govern- 
mental distrust of the liquor traffic in Great Britain was 
evidenced in the licensing law of 1552 in the reign of 
Edward VI, in which the position was taken that liquor- 
selling was an evil to be tolerated only where it was 
demanded by the public. Since the beginning of the seven- 
teenth century the British government has passed fifty- 

* On November 7, 1916, Idaho made its prohibition constitutional by a vote of 
3 to 1. 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 201 

nine measures designed to curb or partially prohibit the 
liquor traffic, but the contrary impulse struggling within 
the government has expressed itself in ten distinct laws 
designed to encourage the liquor traffic, either because of 
the assumption that beer is a temperance agent, or be- 
cause of the need of the revenue. 

Before the reign of Henry VII the apothecary was the 
only dispenser of ardent spirits in Great Britain. The 
titles of some of the bills proposed in that early period 
illustrate the attitude of the hostile element in the gov- 
ernment toward the traffic. In the eleventh year of the 
reign of Henry VII a law was passed under the significant 
title, "An Acte against Vacabounds and Beggars." This 
act contains the germ of the licensing system. It says, 
in part: 

"And it be lawful to ij (two) of the Justices of the 
Peas (Peace), whereof one shal be of the quorum within 
their auctorite to rejecte and put awey comen ale selling 
in townes and places where they shal thinke convenyent, 
and to take suretie of the kepers of alehouses of their 
gode behaving by the discrecion of the seid Justices, and 
in the same to be avysed and aggreed at the time of their 
sessions." 

Fifty-seven years later this law was extended into a 
full-fledged licensing measure, the preamble reading: "For- 
asmuche as intolerable hurtes and trobles to the Comon 
Wealthe of this Realme, doth daylie growe and encrease 
throughe such abuses and disorders as are had and used 
in comon Alehouses and other houses called Tiplinge 
houses." 

The Wheel Turns 

Since that time British enactments designed to restrict 
the trade have gradually embraced such modern features 
as partial Sunday closing, the prohibition of the sale of 
liquor to minors under certain circumstances, the forbid- 
ding of the payment of wages of miners near licensed 
drink shops, and the limiting of hours in which liquors 
can be sold. The various acts since that time also em- 
brace a number of prohibition features, and express their 
hostility to the drink trade in terms like these: "For 
repressing the odious and loathsome sin of drunkenness" ; 
"For reformation of alehouse keepers"; "For the better 
repressing of drunkenness," etc. Two bright spots in the 
record are the years 1758-59 and 1796-97, when distillation 
was prohibited, causing a much diminished consumption 
of spirits and a marked improvement in the condition of 
the people. 

The ten measures passed for the encouragement of 
the traffic in liquors either for the production of more 
revenue, or because it has been deemed that light liquors 
are the foes of stronger drink, have, without exception, 
proven unfortunate in their operation. The most unfortu- 
nate act passed by the British Parliament was put through 
by the government of the Duke of Wellington in 1830. 
This law repealed the duty on beer and otherwise encour- 
aged the consumption of malt liquors. No measure ever 
passed by a British Parliament was so proline of disaster; 
and if the ■colicy then inaugurated had been followed cut 
to the present day ; there is no reason whatever to doubt 
that England would be a second-class power. 



202 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 



How It Has Been with Us 

*In America the prohibition movement may be legiti- 
mately called "the long result of time.T It is not an 
hysteria, the quick growth of a warm emotionalism. It 
has developed slowly and by orderly stages. The time of 
its beginning is clearly written in the records, and each 
period of change in its nature is marked on the calendar 
almost to the very day and hour. 

It began in 1808. It changed about 1826; again in 1840 
and 1842; once more in 1847; still again in 1907. The 
movement may be said to have written its own biography 
in the pledges of the various temperance societies which 
have existed in America during the past one hundred 
years. 

Dr. Benjamin Rush, a signer of the Declaration of Inde- 
pendence, is credited with being the father of the anti- 
alcohol movement in the United States. He was the 
author of "An Inquiry Into the Effects of Ardent Spirits 
On the Human Body and Mind," a document which vigor- 
ously preached moderation in the use of spirituous liquors. 
The teachings of Dr. Rush furnished a vivid illustration 
of the ultraconservatism which not only marked the early 
temperance movement but which has always characterized 
its development. For men who desired to bring their 
drink appetites within bounds he advised the use of sub- 
stitutes, and the substitutes recommended were opium, 
morphine, and cocaine. 

Dr. Billy James Clark, another distinguished physician, 
was so impressed with the teachings of Dr. Rush that in 
1808 he formed the first temperance society in America. 
The pledge taken by its members reads : 

No member shall drink, rum, gin, whisky, or any distilled spirits 
or composition of the same or any of them, except by the advice 
of a physician or in case of actual disease, also except at public 
dinners, "under the penalty of twenty-five cents; provided that this 
article shall not infringe on any religious rite; no member shall 
be intoxicated under a penalty of fifty cents; and no member shall 
offer any of the above liquors to any person to drink thereof under 
the penalty of twenty-five cents for each offense. 

Very similar and equally interesting is the 1812 pledge 
of the Maine Temperance Society: 

We will be at all times sparing and cautious in the use of spirit- 
uous liquors at home, in social visits decline them so far as possible, 
avoid them totally in retailing stores, and in general, set our faces 
against the intemperate use of them, conceiving as we do, that, 
except in a very few cases, as of medicinal use, spirituous liquors 
are the bane of morals and a drain of health, piety, and happiness. 

These two pledges crystallized the spirit and sentiment 
of the moderation stage of the temperance movement, 
giving form and body to the generative work of Dr. Rush. 
In the early years of the nineteenth century they were 
more radical than the modern proposal of national prohi- 
bition. It was not until 1826 that the organized temper- 
ance forces became convinced that moderation in the use 
of spirituous liquors as a solution of the problem was 
impracticable. Thomas Jefferson was one of the first men 
of that day to become convinced of this, and it was he 
who proposed the substitution of light liquors for ardent 
spirits. 



*From an article by Deets Pickett in The Forum. 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 203 

A Step Forward 

In 1026 this conviction had become common to all tem- 
perance people of the day, so the pledge of the American 
Temperance Society in that year called for total abstinence 
from the stronger drinks : 

We, whose names are hereunto annexed, believing that the use 
of ardent spirits as a drink is not only needless, but harmful to the 
social, civil, and religious interests of men; that it tends to form 
intemperate appetites and habits, and that while it is continued the 
evils of intemperance can never be done away with; do, therefore, 
agree that we will not use or traffic in it; that we will not provide 
it as articles of entertainment, or for persons in our employment, 
and that in all suitable ways we will discountenance the use of it 
in the community. 

The pledge of the Andover Society in the same year 
is very similar and indicates the uniform progress of the 
movement : . 

We, the subscribers, for the purpose of promoting our own 
welfare and that of the community, agree that we will abstain from 
the use of distilled spirits, except as a medicine for bodily infirmity, 
that we will not allow the use of them in our families, nor provide 
them for the entertainment of our friends, or for persons in our 
employment; and that in all suitable ways we will discountenance 
the use of them in the community. 

In 1840 the famous "Washingtonians" launched a 
formidable movement based upon a further extension of 
the principle of abstinence to cover not only strong alco- 
holic liquors, but beer, wine, and cider. The 1840 pledge 
of that Society reads : 

We, whose names are annexed, desirous of forming a society 
for our mutual benefit to guard against a practice — a pernicious 
practice — which is injurious to our health and standing, do pledge 
ourselves as gentlemen that we will not drink any spirits, malt 
liquors, w T ine, or cider. 

The Washingtonian movement produced a profound 
impression upon the country. In 1842 the Sons of Tem- 
perance pledged their members against the making, buying, 
and selling of alcoholic beverages, as well as their drink- 
ing: 

I will neither make, buy, sell, nor use as a beverage any spirituous 
or malt liquors, wine or cider. 

By 1847 this pledge was still further strengthened by 
the Order of Good Samaritans : 

I do furthermore promise that I will neither make, buy, sell, nor 
use as a beverage any spirituous or malt liquors, wine or cider; 
that I will discountenance the use and traffic in alcoholic drinks 
of every kind; that I will use all moral and honorable means within 
my power to put a stop to the practice of legalizing the same, and 
will, so far as practicable, seek to reclaim the inebriate from the 
error of his ways. 

A Full-Grown Movement 

And so was reached the stage of opposition to the use 
of alcoholic beverages in any form and of antagonism 
to the legalizing of the liquor traffic. The latter phase 
of the movement developed rapidly from this time for- 
ward, especially when the federal government in 1862 
included in the war revenue measure a provision for 
federal liquor licenses. The first federal liquor license 
law enacted March 1, 1791, had proven so offensive to the 
people it was speedily repealed and the second attempt 
to ally the drink traffic with the federal government in 



204 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

1813 was repealed within four years. When the 1862 
federal revenue law again tampered with the liquor traffic, 
the economic and political motives of the trade were 
intensified ; centralization and political alliance began to 
develop. The crossroads taverns began to be replaced by 
an institution having modern characteristics, aligning it- 
self with practices of prostitution, gambling, and ballot- 
box corruption ; extending the drink habit and propagat- 
ing the drink appetite by every device of trade promotion. 
Temperance organizations of the period were not slow 
to recognize the changing character of the trade, and they 
fell upon it with the early "prohibition" legislation which 
was so generally repealed. 

The Early Prohibition Movement 

The coincident change in the character of the drink 
trade and the temperance movement resulted, during the 
period roughly approximated by the decade of 1850-60, 
in a mass of legislation all termed prohibitory which was 
"without form and void." These laws blanketed by the 
one word "prohibition" differed from each other to an 
amazing degree, and some of them would to-day be con- 
sidered very mild regulative and restrictive measures. 
Students of the period to-day are not able to agree even 
as to the number of States which may be said to have 
had prohibition in the mildest form. By some the figure 
is placed at twelve, by others as high as nineteen. 

The most casual investigation shows the absurdity of 
attacking the highly efficient prohibition laws of to-day 
by pointing to the States which "tried and rejected 'prohi- 
bition' " more than half a century ago. Illinois is often 
mentioned as such a State, but the Illinois prohibition law 
was subjected to a referendum and was rejected by the 
people without being tried at all. The Indiana law was 
declared unconstitutional and had no trial. The Xew 
York law was overthrown by the courts after operating 
for a very brief time, during which, however, it produced 
results which prompted Governor M. H. Clark to inform 
the Legislature of 1856, "The influence [of the law] is 
visible in a marked diminution of the evils which it sought 
to remedy." 

The Michigan "prohibition" law in its final form per- 
mitted the sale of beer. wine, and cider, and the Xew 
Hampshire law. while prohibiting the sale, permitted the 
manufacture. Ohio's constitutional provision forbade the 
State to license the traffic, but the sale of liquors was 
never prohibited, and yet Ohio is included in the list of 
States which, we are told, "tried and rejected prohibition"! 

Other "prohibition" laws limited their prohibition to the 
consumption of liquors on the premises of sale, some only 
fixed a minimum quantity which might be sold, and several 
prohibited the traffic in ardent spirits without molesting 
the traffic in beer, wine, and cider. Certain States forbade 
the sale within State bounds but permitted the manufac- 
ture for exportation. 

Ten-Dollar Fines 

Xo machinery for the enforcement of the law was 
provided, and the usual fine was $10 ! Contrast these 
"prohibitions." with their fines which in practice were 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 205 

not fines at all, with their exemptions, farcical penalties 
and weak character, with the modern laws of North Da- 
kota, Kansas, Arizona, Idaho, and North Carolina, laws 
in which the chain-gang and the penitentiary, hard labor 
and heavy fines, ouster provisions and the search and 
seizure hold place. 

The latter-day extreme difficulties of prohibition in 
Maine were in great part due to the fact that the Maine 
laws and prohibition administrative traditions owe their 
form and color to the early days of the reform. It is 
perhaps not strange that these laws were ill considered 
and not tamped firmly with educational propaganda. In 
view of the fact that they came when a sectional war 
was about to break over the country, they were fated 
not to have the benefit of evolutionary processes. 

As they gave way one by one the liquor traffic began 
to feed strong upon the day of the country's weakness. 
When the principle of taxation by the federal government, 
inevitably involving the suggestion of -permission, protec- 
tion, and promotion, was again introduced in 1862, the 
organization of the trade began to assume the character 
of a strong defensive alliance and a still stronger alliance 
for aggressive promotion of the drink custom by all the 
modern methods of trade expansion. 

The immigration which followed hard upon the heels 
of the Civil War came from countries where no prejudice 
against alcohol existed, and with it came a beer in- 
vasion which resulted in an enormous increase in the use 
of the bulky liquors which loom so large in the statistics. 
For the tavern of former days, with its minimum of 
abuses, there began to be substituted a centralized and 
highly efficient trade using every device of modernity to 
exploit human weakness ; a trade corrupting government, 
warring against the church, business, and sources of com- 
mon information, laying its finger upon the lips of poli- 
ticians, fostering vice, promoting gambling, and handing 
a part of the proceeds to the treasurer of the federal 
government. 

A Trench Warfare 

Then began the "nibbling" process by which the tem- 
perance forces hoped to eat into the strength of their 
enemy. They trained themselves in methods, perfected 
themselves in the writing of statutes, inquired diligently 
after every weakness in their program. The clearing 
away of the imperfect, ill-established prohibitory laws of 
1850-60 had left the new movement unhampered by tradi- 
tion and precedent. 

Experimentation in restrictive legislation soon proved 
to be a process of elimination. The prohibition of chairs, 
screens, tables, music, free lunches, and games in saloons 
soon convinced the people that it was the alcohol in the 
saloons, and not the chairs, which was doing the damage. 
Low license failed, and high license only proved a strong 
motive for political corruption and the addition of vicious 
money-making features. Sunday closing and short hours 
did not suffice as a remedy. Local option and "home rule" 
were tested, but local option threw the country and the 
city into direct conflict with a trade nationally organized, 
so that "home rule" proved to be "money rule," and an 
outside money rule at that. 



206 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 



The Modern Movement 

Upon the wreckage of these experiments arose a mighty 
sentiment for State and national prohibition. Only Kan- 
sas, North Dakota, and Maine had prohibition laws in the 
year 1907, but during that year the moment became ripe 
and was plucked. There had been a generation of scien- 
tific temperance instruction in the public schools. The 
alcohol experiments of the German universities had pro- 
duced a profound impression upon American thought. 
The strong opposition of eminent British physicians to 
the drink custom had reacted upon American medical 
opinion. The saloon had become intolerable, and the 
resentment against prevailing corruption was very close 
akin to resentment against the traffic which was largely 
responsible for it. 

In the cities the saloons had climbed on from arrogance 
to arrogance. Big business, concerned with the efficiency 
of its labor and the conservation of the public's buying 
power, began to turn against the licensed bar. Temper- 
ance organizations showed a disposition to get together, 
sink their differences in union, and consult on those 
methods of practical organization which would bring final 
achievement. 

And so in that year prohibition began once more to ride 
the waxing tide. But it was not the prohibition of 1850. 
To-day if any recalcitrant official thinks that it is within 
his power to nullify a State prohibition law, he is quickly 
"oustered." In Idaho the law prohibits even the posses- 
sion of alcoholic liquors, except that wine may be pos- 
sessed for sacramental purposes and pure alcohol for 
scientific and mechanical purposes. In North Dakota 
there are men in the penitentiary for their first offense of 
"boot-legging," and there are in some places laws which 
permit a place to be padlocked if alcohol is found on the 
premises. There is as much similarity between the early 
and later prohibitory legislation as there is between a 
continental flint-lock musket and a forty-two centimeter 
howitzer. 

To-day 25 prohibition States, with an electoral vote of 
218 out of 531 for the entire country, have approved the 
policy. These States have a majority in the United States 
Senate and 161 members of the House of Representatives, 
and still the movement gains momentum. The most recent 
elections point to certain prohibition victory at an early 
date in Ohio, California, and Missouri, as well as other 
States which will readily occur to the mind. In Ohio the 
wet majority was decreased 29,000 in one year; in Cali- 
fornia, 124,000 in two years ; in Oregon, an average wet 
majority of 6,000 for each congressional district was 
changed to a dry majority of 12,000 per district in 4 
years ; in Colorado a wet majority of 41,000 was changed 
to a dry majority of 11,000 in 2 years, and that State 
overwhelmed a proposal to return to the sale of beer by 
a vote of more than 2 to 1 in 1916. In 1914 Denver, Port- 
land, Seattle, and Spokane gave wet majorities ranging 
from 95 in Portland to several thousand in Denver. In 
1916 these same cities gave dry majorities ranging from 
2,400 to 20,000. 

Refs. — See Prohibition Situation on May 1, 1917; Drinking 
Customs; Fathers, The Early; Great Britain, etc. 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 207 

HOBSON-SHEPPARD BILL— The Hobson-Shep- 
pard Bill as votecl upon in the House of Representatives 
December"" 22, 1914, read as follows: 

Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the 
United States of America in Congress assembled (two thirds of 
each House concurring therein), that the following amendment of 
the constitution be and is hereby proposed to the States, to become 
valid as a part of the constitution when ratified by the Legislatures 
of the several States as provided by the constitution: 

Article 

Section i. The sale, manufacture for sale, transportation for sale, 
importation for sale, and exportation for sale of intoxicating liquors 
for beverage purposes in the United States and all territory subject 
to the jurisdiction thereof, are forever prohibited. 

Section 2. Congress shall have power to provide for the manu- 
facture, sale, importation, and transportation of intoxicating liquors 
for sacramental, medicinal, mechanical, pharmaceutical, or scien- 
tific purposes, or for use in the arts, and shall have power to enforce 
this article by all needful legislation. 

The amendment presented by Mr. Hobson in behalf of 
the friends of the measure which was adopted before the 
bill was finally placed on its passage: 

Section 2. The Congress or the State's shall have power inde- 
pendently or concurrently to enforce this article by all needful 
legislation. 

The vote in Congress was a great triumph for the 
national prohibition movement. Of the 435 members of 
the House, 386 declared themselves on the Hobson resolu- 
tion for constitutional prohibition. 

The vote in favor of the amendment was 197 to 189 
against, a majority of eight of those voting. 

The form of amendment to be offered in the 65th Con- 
gress will omit the words "for sale" and will almost 
certainly have the two thirds needed for submission. 

HOLLAND — Until 1881 there was no restriction on the 
sale of intoxicating liquors in Holland, but in that year 
regulation began. During the thirty years since 1881 the 
consumption of spirits has decreased from 9.38 liters per 
capita to 5.19. The present struggle is toward total 
abstinence and local option. Voluntary votings in Holland 
have shown a decided majority for reduction in the num- 
ber of licenses and for prohibition. The University of 
Utrecht is conducting courses in the alcohol problem. 

HOME RULE— The proposition of "home rule" is 
usually advanced by the liquor traffic as a barrier to the 
adoption of State-wide prohibition. It ignores the fact 
that the cities frequently ask assistance of the rural vote, 
and it also ignores the fact that all the State must care 
for the drink-caused delinquency bred by the city saloons. 
In Nebraska the urban counties of Hall, Douglas, and 
Lancaster, containing one half of all the saloons in that 
State, furnished 236.5 inmates per 100,000 of population 
to the State institutions. The remainder of the State 
furnished only 99.5. 

Miss Cora Frances Stoddard, of the Scientific Tem- 
perance Federation, calls attention to the matter of alco- 
holic insanity as an illustration of the undue burden placed 
upon rural communities by the urban tendency to tolerate 
the drink traffic : 

"According to census statistics for 1910, 1 case of 
insanity in every 8 admitted to insane hospitals from urban 
communities (2,500 population up) had alcoholic insanity. 
There was only 1 case in 16 from rural districts. 



208 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

"Urban communities had 10.7 cases of alcoholic insanity 
per 100,000 population ; rural districts only 2.6 cases. 

"Thus while the cities sent a little more than twice as 
many insane of all classes as the country, they sent over 
four times as many alcoholic insane, according to popula- 
tion. 

"Now, the rural districts of the United States consti- 
tuted in 1910 a majority of the people of the nation. Yet 
they had to pay taxes to help care for the city's dispro- 
portionate amount of alcoholic insanity. The cities sent 
4,553 cases of alcoholic insane. Had the country rate of 
alcoholic insanity prevailed, there would have been only 
2,345 alcoholic insane from the cities, that is, 2,208 fewer 
cases. 

"In Rhode Island the average cost of commitment is 
$21 per patient. Using this as a basis for estimate, those 
extra cases sent by the cities would have cost the tax- 
payers $46,368 for commitment alone. 

"The Rhode Island insane cost for support is an average 
of $3.56 per week per patient. On this basis, these extra 
2,208 alcoholic insane from the cities would cost the tax- 
payers — rural as well as urban — $7,860.48 per week, or 
$408,744.96 in a year. 

"These additional amounts are not, of course, large in 
themselves, but they suggest the boost given the county 
and State tax-rates in all departments caring for the 
results of the cities' saloons, and indicate one of the 
practical reasons why the country has a right to express 
its opinion concerning city saloons in a vote on State- 
wide prohibition." 

The Argument Arrayed 

The case against home rule has been summed up by 
Dr. Clarence True Wilson, general secretary Board of 
Temperance, Prohibition, and Public Morals of the Meth- 
odist Episcopal Church, as follows: , 

"The most impudent affront to the intelligence of Amer- 
ican voters comes as a double-header. First, a systematic 
attempt to write into the constitutions of American States, 
thru the initiative in all States that have it and by the 
older process in States that do not, the principle of 'Home 
Rule for American Cities,' exempting them from the local 
option law of the county or the prohibition law of the 
State. The second defense of the liquor traffic will be a 
plea for compensation of losses ; and these two flank 
movements must be met. The points that we may make 
on the proposed home rule amendments are : 

"First. To give cities and towns exclusive power to 
license, regulate, and control the liquor traffic within their 
limits is to annul all present restrictions upon the traffic 
now on the statute books of our several States. We have 
a law against selling liquor to minors, against selling to 
inebriates while intoxicated, against having women In 
saloons, against selling liquor on election day, against 
selling on Sundays. All of these will be at once annulled, 
so far as cities and corporate towns are concerned, and 
we shall be left in all the towns to such restrictions as 
we can get in the form of ordinances passed by the several 
city councils. 

"I lived in the city of Portland, Oregon, for eleven 
years and made a list of twenty-one city reforms or uplift 






PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 209 

movements that actually were put across in that city, but 
it is a notorious fact that not one was ever passed by our 
city council nor even proposed by any bird in that dirty 
nest. They all came thru State laws and were enforced 
by State and county officers, notably our sheriff and dis- 
trict attorneys. 

"Second. The home rule amendment is unjust from 
the dollar viewpoint in that a corporate city takes all the 
license money for its city treasury, but leaves to the 
county unit the expense of maintaining the circuit courts, 
jails, almshouses, houses of correction, etc., to be sup- 
ported by rural taxpayers and that the saloon in the wet 
towns would cause most of the expense of these while 
all the revenue would go to the towns, and all the citizens 
outside these cities while taxed to pay the expense in- 
curred will be disfranchised on the liquor question from 
any vote as to whether the county shall be wet or dry. 

"Third. This amendment is un-American and out of 
accord with our form of government. The county is the 
unit of taxation and of government. To allow a little 
rum-hole municipality to run wet within a county where 
the sentiment is dry is to set up confusion and disorder. 
Take Yamhill County in my State (Oregon). Four fifths 
of its assessable property and four fifths of its taxpayers 
live outside the corporate limits of cities. The home rule 
amendment excluded those four fifths of the taxpayers 
from any say as to the regulation of the liquor traffic, but 
taxed them to maintain the courts, sheriff, jail, poor farm, 
etc. Likewise the entire State was taxed to support the 
supreme court, penitentiary, asylum, reform school, and 
all State institutions, maintained principally to care for 
the product of the saloons and wet cities. Besides, our 
local option law and prohibition law are State criminal 
laws. Wherever you set up separate principalities inde- 
pendent of the State criminal law, you introduce con- 
fusion and disorder of the worst type. 

"Fourth. These 'home rule amendments' emanate from 
those interests that propose to exploit the vices of city 
life for their own benefit and care little for the integrity 
and moral welfare of the State. First, it proposes to 
exclude the State from the control of the liquor traffic; 
second, to intrench the saloon and nullify the local option 
law, and preempt the ground to be covered by prohibition 
law ; third, to throw the towns and cities of a given State 
wide open in defiance of the prevailing sentiment for 
better things ; fourth, to deceive the voter in the very act 
of stamping his ballot by putting the false and misleading 
wording: 'Subject to the Provisions of the Local Option 
Law,' when the purpose of the amendment is to nullify 
said local option law in all corporate towns. Our present 
ideal makes the county a unit of government and the 
State supreme in the regulation of police matters. A vice 
which shocks the sentiment of mankind and endangers 
public welfare sufficiently to be prohibited by State law 
cannot be permitted in our cities without overriding the 
laws of the commonwealth, undermining the laws of the 
State, and introducing the worst form of minority rule, 
vicious and anarchistic in its tendencies. 

"Fifth. The whole principle is wrong; our cities and 
counties are not separate, but go up and down together 
with the State; and it is unfair and un-American to 



210 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

deprive every man who lives outside the city of his vote 
concerning the liquor traffic in his county, thus putting 
absolute control in the hands of the lowest who would 
form in every town a corrupt ring to debauch politics and 
exploit c:v It would limit the moral sentiment of 

a State to mere precinct and township lines and take the 
enforcement of temperance laws away from district attor- 
iad grand juries and permit city authorities 
to scoff at the power e reign State. It usually 

takes the authority of a State arrayed against a city to 
close open gambling, nickel-in-the-slot machines, red-light 
districts, or the saloons on Sunday, as in Chicago recently, 
where Mayor Thompson invoked the State law. not an 
ordinance passed by his city council 

ih. Inasmuch as the saloon is the fertile source of 
crime and the twin brother of vice, their aider and abettor, 
it would be monstrous to release it from the criminal laws 
of the State. Imagine your city saloons subject to no 
higher power than your city council, and imagine what 
kind of council every" city would soon have under 
conditions. It would be an easy matter under this amend- 
ment to colonize all cities and keep them wet for all time 
to come: for your city council would be the stake for 
which the saloon would play. How does the prospect 
please you? Like a decayed apple in a box. a wet city 
in a county reaches beyond itself and starts decay in the 
whole body politic. 

•':. It is unfair to exclude the people most con- 
cerned from their rights in the government of all t 
The man from the country comes to town to trade and 
sends his son and daughter to town for school and church, 
boys and girls in the country look forward to a city- 
career, and to rear them in a dry territory and then sub- 
ject them to the vices and debaucheries of a wet city is 
often dangerous. Best the farmer that makes 

the town and the town that makes the city. Who created 
your capital city, your metropolis, and your college towns, 
the people who used to live there, or the people who are 
raising the produce to feed them, the cotton and wool 
to clothe them and raising the men and women who are 
to make these places grow? Every farmer in the 
shares the interest with the city resident as to what moral 
conditions shall prevail in the capital and metropolis and 
the college town. 

:htk. Our present governmental mode makes the 
entire State subject at least to the criminal laws of the 
State, while this amendment proposes to exclude^ the 
crime-producers of the city from the control of the State 
criminal laws. It is the liquor traffic's stone wall about 
the incorporated towns and cities to save them to the 
traffic 

"The problem of the nation is the city. The problem 
of the city is the saloon. The saloon debauches manhood 
and creates a venial purchasable vote and is headquarters 
for it so that when wanted to further the purpose of 
special interests is at hand. Until this debauchery is 
ended the problem of the city is hopeless and the tools 
of every iniquity and special privilege will fill the offices 
of the land and govern in the interest of their masters. 

"It is the snare of the liquor traffic to trade a little 
countrv territory for a perpetual right to the towns. It 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 211 

is the earnest thought of many patriotic men that out- 
nation cao only be saved by turning the pure stream of 
country sentiment and township morals to flush out the 
cesspools of the cities and so save civilization from pollu- 
tion. The scheme of modern liquordom is to turn this 
stream back on itself and build a stone wall around the 
towns, leaving their fate in the hands of the corrupted city 
and slum vote and keep themselves out of the hands 
of the entire citizenship of the State." 

Refs. — See Amendment, Constitutional and references. 

HOMICIDES— An indictment of prohibition States is 
frequently based upon the high rate of homicides in dry 
territory. But careful scrutiny reveals that there is no 
just foundation for the implications of the indictment. 
The Southern prohibition States have a high rate of homi- 
cides for two general reasons : the presence of the Negro 
race in large numbers there, which inevitably brings about 
frequent fatal conflicts between the whites and blacks, and 
the standard of personal honor which prevents the sub- 
mission of certain things to the arbitrament of law. 

The mortality statistics of 1914 issued by the Census 
Bureau covered only the registration area of eighteen 
States, but from them may be gathered the following 
comparisons : 

Homicide Death Rate per 100,000 Population, 1914 

Whole registration area 7.3 

MAINE— 

Rural 2.0 

Cities 1.7 

MASSACHUSETTS— 

Rural 2.4 

Cities 3.5 

•NEW HAMPSHIRE— 

Rural 2.8 

Cities 3 • 8 - 

VERMONT— 

Rural 2.2 

Cities ... 

CONNECTICUT— 

Rural 2.9 

Cities 3.4 

RHODE ISLAND— 

Rural 

Cities 4.4 

KANSAS— 

, Rural 4.6 

Cities 1 2 . s 

'COLORADO— 

Rural 18.5 

Cities 9.7 

MISSOURI— ' 

Rural 4.6 

Cities 17.3 

*UTAH— 

Rural 7.3 

Cities 144 

•MONTANA— 

Rural 12. 1 

Cities 17.4 

It should be borne in mind that Maine has a great deal 
of lumber country, where violent crime is to be expected, 
and in Kansas the presence of a federal penitentiary with 
its frequent discharge of criminals accounts very much 

* Not then dry. 



212 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

for the rate_ there. Also the absence of a capital punish- 
ment law affects the situation in that State. 

Perhaps more enlightening is the fact that Denver- did 
not have one murder for three months after prohibition 
went into effect, and that thirteen dry counties of Ohio 
failed to record a single murder during the first nine 
months of 1916, and of the 277 for the entire State two 
thirds of them were committed in the counties of Cuya- 
hoga. Hamilton. Franklin. Lucas. Montgomery, and Sum- 
mit, in which are located three fifths of the State's saloons. 

During the six months before Arizona voted dry there 
were 30 murders in that State. 

During the last eighteen months, while Arizona has 
been under State-wide prohibition, the number of murders 
has been 

Refs. — See Crime. For effects of prohibition on homicide rate see 
various prohibition States by name. 

HOSPITALS— See Medical Practice. 

ICELAND— While Iceland is a dependency of Den- 
mark, it is self-governing and has its own Legislature. 
It has the distinction of being the first dry country in all 
the world. Its prohibition law was passed in 1909. the 
importation-prohibition to become effective in 1912. and all 
sale to cease in 191 5. In signing this law the king said, 
Tew, if any, of my acts since I became king have given 
me more satisfaction than that of signing the prohibition 
law for Iceland : and if the Parliament of Denmark will 
a similar law. I shall be more willing yet to approve." 

IDAHO — In February. 1915. the Idaho Legislature 
i a statutory prohibition law becoming effective 
January 1. 1916. This is the strictest possible law, for- 
bidding the possession of brandy, whisky-, and beer under 
any circumstances, and allowing wine and pure alcohol 
to be possessed only for sacramental and medicinal pur- 
poses. On November 7, 1916. the people of Idaho voted 
by about three to one for a constitutional amendment, effec- 
tive May 1. 1 91 7. fortifying the prohibition law. 

The operation of this drastic law in Idaho has been 
highly beneficial, according to the testimony of innumer- 
able business witnesses. The banks show increased de- 
posits, more legitimate goods are being sold, fewer acci- 
dents occur in the mines, and drunkenness has generally 
decreased. 

Mr. J. L. Ballif. Jr.. of Rexburg. Idaho, calls special 
attention to the large number of che cashed in 

grocery and other stores, which were formerly cashed in 
saloons. Governor Moses Alexander declares that prohi- 
bition is almost universally approved. "We no longer 
even discuss it." he says. "Merchants are selling more 
goods, small accounts are paid promptly, working efficiency- 
has increased, accidents in the mines are fewer than ever 
before, saving deposits have gone up 200 per cent, our 
jails are nearly empty-, and police courts are idle. Here 
in Boise two policemen could do all of the work necessary 
without trouble." 

Refs. — See Anti-Prohibition; Cri— e : Insanity; Juvenile Delin- 
quency: Ba and Savings 

ILLICIT DISTILLING— The report ::" the z:~~:i- 
£:;ncr c: ir;.:ernal re" er.ue for the 3 ear ended June 30, 






PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 213 

1916, gives the number of illicit distilleries seized as 
3,286, or 5^6 fewer than in 1915. 

A great effort is made to make it appear that the 
amount of whisky produced illicitly is greatly increased 
by prohibition. It is shown that the number of illicit 
distilleries seized in certain prohibition States is quite 
large, and it is also shown that the total number seized 
has increased during recent years. 

Several things should be kept in mind : there is much 
more illicit whisky seized in license States than in prohi- 
bition States ; the prohibition States where illicit distilling 
is prevalent to any extent are few and are those States 
where it has always prevailed and where it prevailed, in 
most instances, to a greater extent before prohibition ; in 
dry territory illicit stills are almost invariably very small 
affairs, but in wet States they frequently produce a con- 
siderable output. 

The total number of gallons of spirits reported "for 
seizure" in prohibition States during the fiscal year, 1916, 
was 1,969 gallons, while in the States where license pre- 
vailed there were 26,900 gallons "reported for seizure." 
This indicates the relative importance of the stills seized 
in wet and dry territory. The number of gallons "re- 
ported for seizure" in any one of the States Illinois, 
Kentucky, Massachusetts, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Vir- 
ginia, then under license, was much greater than in any 
prohibition State. 

Taking the number of illicit stills seized as a basis of 
opinion, it will be found that illicit distilling in prohibition 
territory is largely confined to Alabama, Georgia, North 
Carolina, South Carolina, and Tennessee. There was not 
a single still "reported for seizure" in the prohibition 
States of Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Kansas, Maine, North 
Dakota, Oregon, or Washington ; and there were only 6 
in Mississippi, 4 in Arkansas, and 16 in West Virginia. 
The number of illicit stills in the Southern prohibition 
States first named is largely accounted for by the presence 
of mountain population who experience difficulty in 
marketing their corn because of the absence of roads. 

As far back as government reports go, we find only 
a very few illicit stills seized in the veteran prohibition 
States of Kansas, Maine, and North Dakota. If all of 
the whisky seized in the prohibition States were divided 
among the inhabitants, it would make about enough to 
wet the end of the tongue of each inhabitant once a month. 
It seems clear that prohibition increases somewhat the 
number of persons who attempt illicit distilling, but de- 
creases the amount of liquor illicitly distilled. 

Refs. — See Blind Pigs. 

ILLINOIS — Has 52 dry counties, 50 wet under town- 
ship, city, and village local option law. Seventy county 
seats are dry, with 32 wet; 94 counties have less than 4 
wet spots; 1,240 townships are dry and 190 are wet. The 
wets declined to bring on elections in 800 townships during 
1916^ Women, under partial suffrage, vote on liquor ques- 
tion in Illinois. About 73 per cent are shown by separate 
ballot-box system to vote dry. During 1916 200 saloons 
were closed and dry majorities in many large towns were 
increased. Saloons in Chicago are now closed on Sunday. 

The year 1916 showed in a striking way the benefits of 
local prohibition to Illinois cities. In Rockford, a dry 



2i 4 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

town, the cost of improvements ran up into the millions, 
bank clearings increased, realty interests boomed, and 
business was active. The same was true of Freeport. 
Galesburg. Decatur, Elgin, Canton, Carbondale. and 
Bloomington. In a striking contrast was the condition of 
Peoria at the end of the year. 

IMMIGRATION — The problem of the foreigner in 
America and the problem of the new citizen is simple. 
even if difficult. The great nations of history have been, 
in almost every case, homogeneous peoples — peoples who 
have absorbed into themselves such new blood as has 
come to them without altering the fundamental character- 
istics of their racial stock. 

The original settlers of this country were almost entirely 
of Teutonic and Celtic blood. Even the French Huguenots 
had a very large proportion of Teutonic blood. Since 
1821 the country has received about 32.000.000 immigrants. 
It has been said by some that all of us were at one time 
immigrants, but a nation cannot receive immigrants until 
it has established a national life and the people who are 
the agents of achieving that nationality are. so to speak, 
charter members. They constitute the stock upon which 
subsequent additions are grafted. 

In large part the immigration to America up to 1850 
partook of the same racial characteristics as the people 
who accomplished the American Revolution, and conse- 
quently they rapidly became an integral part of the nation, 
not affecting the homogeneity of what might be properly 
termed the American race. Even as late as 1867 not 1 
per cent of the total immigration came from Austria- 
Hungary. Italy. Poland, and Russia, but by 1902 the per- 
centage was over 70. Out of this new immigration has 
grown the inevitable tendency to establish racial colonies, 
to retain ideals which are in some cases antagonistic to 
American ideals, and gradually to develop antagonism be- 
tween the imported ideas and American principles. Sixty 
per cent of the population of Milwaukee is German. Ger- 
man immigration has been valuable to the United States, 
but obviously the congregation of so many Germans in 
one city will make German customs rather than American 
customs dominant in that city. Where the German custom 
of beer-drinking in the home is reenforced by the preju- 
dices of 60 per cent of the population, conflict with the 
American hostility to home consumption of liquors, or 
to any consumption of liquors by women and children, 
will inevitably arise, and the absorption of this immigra- 
tion is delayed to the detriment of all parties concerned. 

Mr. Eliot Xorton has well said in words which we do 
not necessarily indorse because we quote: "If one con- 
siders the American people from say 1775 to i860, it is 
clear that a well-defined national character was in process 
of formation. What variations there were, were ail of 
the same type, and these variations would have slowly 
grown less and less marked. It needs little study to see 
of what great value to any body of men, women, and 
children, a national or racial type is. It furnishes a 
standard of conduct by which anyone can set his course. 
The world is a difficult place in which to live, and to 
establish moral standards has been one of the chief occu- 
pations of mankind. Without such standards, man feels 
as a mariner without a compass. Religions, rules, laws, 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 215 

and customs are -only the national character in the form 
of standards of conduct. Now, national character can 
only' be tormed in a population which is stable. The 
repeated introduction into a body of men, of other men 
of different type or types, cannot but tend to prevent its 
formation. Thus the millions of immigrants that have 
landed have tended to break up the type which was form- 
ing, and to make the formation of any other type difficult. 
Every million more will only intensify this result, and 
the absence of a national character is a loss to every man, 
woman, and child. It will show itself in our religions, 
rules of conduct, in our laws, in our customs." 

The Task Calls for Heroism 
These thoughts are not advanced in opposition to im- 
migration. It is crudity to assail the strength of the new 
races coming to us just because they are strange. The 
greatest blessing ever coming to the English nation was 
the conquest by and immigration of the Normans. The 
native Americans of both the Northern and Southern 
States are all of "Northern" European blood, and conse- 
quently there is a tendency, especially in the South, to 
draw a line across Europe and say, 'The people south of 
this line are inferior to the people north of it," but such 
a statement ignores such major facts in history as the 
Carthaginian, Egyptian, Phoenician, Grecian, Roman, 
French, and Austrian contributions to power, civilization, 
and culture. The peoples now arriving are not inferior ; 
they are simply met with difficulties which, by hindering 
the grafting of their excellencies upon the fundamental 
character contributed by the makers of the nation, imposes 
upon us new obligations. We need their art ; we need 
their music; we need their sense of beauty; we need their 
generous impulses ; but, above all, we need to establish 
these characteristics as branches upon the sturdy trunk of 
Americanism. But it is none the less true that we cer- 
tainly do not need them in the capacity in which many of 
them are to be found. 

The Races Represented Among Liquor Dealers 

In Baltimore, for instance, barely 13 per cent of the 
saloon keepers were born of native stock ; 40 per cent of 
them were German or born of German parents. 

Other nationalities in the business include : 

Russian 10.8 per cent 

Polish 10 per cent 

Italian 5.9 per cent 

Bohemians 4.4 per cent 

Lithuanians 4.6 per cent 

and a scattering of French, Swedes, Hungarians, Rou- 
manians, Greeks, Austrians, Slavs, and Norwegians. 

Mr. Charles Stelzle gives the following figures from 
the census of 1910 showing the comparative foreign-born 
population of the dry and wet States: 

Dry States Percentage of Foreign-born 

North Carolina .3 

Mississippi .5 

Georgia .6 

Tennessee .9 

Oklahoma 2.4 

West Virginia , 4.7 

Kansas 8.0 

Maine 14-9 

North Dakota 27.1 



216 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

And here are the percentages for the States which were 
wettest prior to January, 1915 : 

Wet States Percentage of Foreign-born 

Rhode Island 33.0 

Xew York 30. 2 

Connecticut 29 . 6 

Xew Jersey 26.0 

Montana 25.2 

Nevada 24.1 

Arizona 23.9 

Pennsylvania 18.8 

Xew Mexico 7.1 

However, the actual number of foreign-born in these 
wet States is over ten times greater than it is in the dry- 
States, the figures being as follows : 

Dry states 550,272 

Wet states 5,546,203 

Drink as a Hindrance 

Foreigners drink. If they drank lightly in Europe, they 
drink heavily here, because of different conditions. In 
the mining towns of Pennsylvania it is nothing unusual 
for judges to grant a license for every one hundred per- 
sons, men, women, and children. Saloon keepers are 
frequently the most effective leaders of the new industrial 
immigrants. There is hardly a drinking place in a foreign 
colony which does not have its political club. 

The brewers do everything possible to create a feeling 
of antagonism among the units of the new immigration 
against the "Puritanism" of the "Anglo-Saxons." At 
times their press frankly comments upon the necessity of 
creating and capitalizing this antagonism, and "they make 
use of the saloon as their agency in so doing. "The drink 
habit is un-American," says Roberts in "The Xew Immi- 
gration," and he speaks from a close scrutiny of the 
saloon in centers of foreign population. 

1. Immigration will prove a blessing only if the immi- 
grants take on the main characteristics of native Ameri- 
cans. 

2. The greatest hindrance to this absorption of the new 
immigration is the saloon and the liquor traffic. 

Therefore the saloon is the keystone in the arch of the 
immigrant problem. Destroy the keystone and the prob- 
lem will crumble. 

The liquor interests very carefully ignore the close con- 
nection between immigration and drink consumption, but 
a careful study of comparative statistics shows that this 
connection is a vital factor of both the immigrant and 
drink problems. In 1895 258.536 immigrants arrived and 
the per capita consumption of liquors was 16.57 gallons. 
In 1896 the immigrants numbered 343.267 and the per 
capita consumption of liquors rose to 17.12 gallons. In 
1897 immigration fell to 230,832 and the per capita liquor 
consumption likewise fell to 16.50 gallons. By 1900 the 
arrival of immigrants had reached the figure of 448-572 
and the per capita consumption 17.56 gallons. From this 
time until 1906 immigration and the per capita consump- 
tion of liquors both rose together rapidly to about 1.300.- 
000 arriving immigrants and 22.6 gallons of liquor as the 
per capita consumption. In that year a decline began in 
both connections and in 1909 immigration had fallen to 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 217 

750,000 and the per capita consumption of liquor had fallen 
to nearly % 2i gallons. 

The falling off of immigration during the war has been 
attended by similar continued falling off in the per capita 
consumption of liquors. A diagram of immigration and 
liquor consumption would show that the fall and rise of 
the two have been almost invariably coincident. 

Loyalty as an Issue 

The tests of the European war and of the war between 
the United States and Germany have revealed clearly that 
the disloyalty among the Germans is almost entirely con- 
fined to those who are actively interested in the liquor 
traffic. 

The Brewers' Journal, of June 1, 1910, declared exult- 
ingly, "The Anglo-Saxon element, from which we inherit 
the abominable remnants of Puritanism, is fast disappear- 
ing in this country"; and in its issue of July I, 1913, this 
same liquor trade periodical gloatingly foresaw the end 
of the Saxon's day in America and called Greek and 
Italian, Hun and Slav, Ethiopian and wanderer to aid in 
shoving the miserable remnant from the loins of Puritan 
and Cavalier over the brink and into outer darkness. Par- 
ticularly intense is the hymn of hate which the journals 
of the beer trade regularly sing when they consider the 
"nativist" churches, to which The Brewer and Malster, of 
June 15, 1912, referred as the "Anglo-American churches 
— those hotbeds of narrowness and fanaticism." 

Before the war, one prominent administration official 
is said to have stated that the anti-American propaganda 
within the country had received more encouragement from 
the liquor interests than from the German government. 

"If one will only take the trouble to inquire," he said, 
"he will find that the German papers which are denouncing 
everything English, everything American, and everything 
except what they call German, are largely owned or con- 
trolled by the liquor interests. I need only to point to the 
Illinois Staats Zeitung. 

"Horace L. Brand is the owner, editor, and publisher. 
Horace L. Brand also owns the Horace L. Brand Brewing 
Company. German sentiment in Milwaukee is wholly 
liquor sentiment. Unfortunately, it is the case thruout 
the country." 

The Chicago Journal testifies to this fact by showing 
that the brewery interests are run by the same persons 
who manage the recently blatant disloyal element in the 
German-American press. Says the Journal: 

"In handling that traffic, they have violated every in- 
stinct of decency, broken or evaded every law made for 
their control, with the single exception of the law requir- 
ing them to pay tax." 

But the truth is even more clearly revealed by the 
Philadelphia North American , which attributes to the 
president of the German-American Alliance the following 
statement : 

"The National Alliance is waging war against Anglo- 
Saxonism, against the fanatical enemies of personal liberty 
and political freedom ; it is combating narrow-minded, 
benighted, know-nothingism, the influence of the British, 
the enslaving Puritanism which had its birth in England." 
'By "Puritanism," the North American says, is meant 



2i8 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

prohibition, which these Philistines of Potsdam call "a 
shameful and despicable propaganda," a "criminal activity," 
the "work of a dark brood." 

It is the belief of this organization that "In order to 
obtain for German-Americanism the place in the sun 
which has always been denied to it, it is absolutely essen- 
tial that personal liberty be guaranteed and that it be not 
curtailed by the attacks of nativists and prohibitionists." 

The ambition of the Alliance, as reported by the Xorth 
American, was thus expressed in a speech by President 
Hexamer. before ten thousand German-Americans in 
Milwaukee : 

"We have suffered long the preachment that 'you Ger- 
mans must allow yourselves to be assimilated, you must 
merge in the American people,' but no one will ever find 
us prepared to descend to an inferior level. No! We 
have made it our aim to elevate the others to our level. 
. . . We will not allow our two thousand-year culture to 
be trodden down in this land. Many are giving our Ger- 
man culture to this land of their children, but that is 
possible only if we stand together and conquer that dark 
spirit of muckerdom and prohibition, just as Siegfried 
slew the dragon. Let us stand up for our good right and 
hold together: Be strong! Be strong and German." 

The American people are learning what the leaders of 
the prohibition movement have long known — that nearly 
every brewery is creeping with the maggots of treason 
and that the fight for prohibition is a fight for the sturdy 
old Americanism for which every true American, whether 
of Saxon or German blood, stands. 

INDIANA — By a vote of 72 to 28 in the House, and 
38 to 11 in the Senate, the Indiana Legislature passed a 
stringent prohibition law to go into effect April 1, 1918. 
At the time the law \va- parsed there were 58 wet counties 
and 34 dry. 

INDIANS — The service for the suppression of the 
liquor traffic among Indians, headed by Chief Special 
Officer Henry A. Larson, instituted during the fiscal year 
ended June 30. 1916, 1,619 new cases, and obtained during 
that same period 906 convictions with a total of 2,603 
months' imprisonment for offenders, against whom fines 
aggregating $88.-62 were assessed. Operations were con- 
ducted in twenty-seven States, and in connection there- 
with 21.539 gallons of various kinds of liquors were 
seized and destroyed. Over 300 deputies were commis- 
sioned during the year, of whom approximately 70 devoted 
their time exclusively to this work. 

Congress increased the appropriation for the ensuing 
year from $100,000 to $150,000, and provided that the 
possession of liquor should be prima facie evidence of 
introduction, and also made beer and other intoxicating 
liquors subject to the same provisions regarding seizure 
and destruction as were whisky and ardent spirits under 
the provisions of Section 2140. 

Under the provisions of an old treaty between the Chip- 
pewa Indians of northern Minnesota, dated February 22. 
1855. approximately seventeen counties of northern 
Minnesota have been made dry. The result of this has 
been very beneficial to the Indians as well as to the whites. 

During the year a number of court decisions, of both 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 219 

the trial and appellate courts, including the Supreme 
Court of the United States, have been handed down, most 
of which have been favorable to the enforcement of pro- 
hibitory legislation. The most important of these was 
the case of United States vs. Nice, arising in South Dakota 
and involving the sale of liquor to a Rosebud allottee. 
The Supreme Court in this case reversed the familiar Heff 
decision, 197 U. S. 488, and held that the allottee was 
subject to restriction until a patent in fee was granted 
and he was wholly released from federal supervision. 

The adoption by many States of State-wide prohibition 
has had a beneficial effect upon Indian liquor conditions. 
Less drunkenness and fewer brawls and similar difficulties, 
together with increased application to farming, stock- 
raising, and other industries by the Indians, are the notice- 
able effects of the adoption of State-wide prohibition. 

During the past year special attention has been devoted 
to the improvement of conditions among the Apaches, 
who have been for a number of years past manufacturing 
from corn a native beer known as tulapai. Special efforts 
have also been put forth to eliminate the use of peyote 
among Indians. Peyote is a dried portion of a cactus 
which grows along the Rio Grande, the effects of which 
when used being similar to that of hasheesh, or Indian 
hemp. Congress is considering a special bill prohibiting 
its use, and many of the State Legislatures are acting upon 
local measures having for their purpose the prohibition of 
its use. 

Within the last few weeks the most notorious of the 
boot-leggers, with whom the Indian service has had to 
contend, entered a plea of guilty in the eastern district of 
Oklahoma and was sentenced to the federal penitentiary 
at Leavenworth for a period of two years. His name is 
William J. Creekmore, and he was known as the king of 
Oklahoma boot-leggers. 

INDUSTRY — "Th-e liquor question has ceased to be a 
mere moral question ; it is now a business problem," said 
Mr. William H. Ridgeway, of the manufacturing firm of 
Craig, Ridgeway & Co., of Coatesville, Pa., in address- 
ing the Philadelphia Foundrymen's Association, and they 
applauded him vigorously. 

There is no doubt as to the present attitude of industry 
toward the liquor traffic. Industrial publications and the 
greatest of America's industrial kings have declared war 
on drink, attributing to it a large majority of accidents, 
decreased output, and uncertain labor conditions. Hun- 
dreds of -industrial plants thruout the country have anti- 
alcohol posters on their walls ; safety and trade conven- 
tions have passed the most radical resolutions ; reports 
of improved conditions under prohibition are common. 
The Manufacturers' Record, of Baltimore, one of the 
leading industrial publications of the country, makes the 
following typical statement : 

"We are absolutely, teetotally, and in every way possible, 
opposed to the whisky industry, not only because of its 
immoral influence, but from the economic standpoint. It 
is a curse to the country of such gigantic proportions that 
the sooner it is blotted out the better it will be for man- 
kind. The billions of dollars that are annually spent in 
this country constitute one of the most fearful curses ever 
brought upon the land, and every dollar thus expended 



220 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

is an economic waste and a drain upon the physical, men- 
tal, moral, and financial stamina of the country. More- 
over, the alliance of the saloon interests with the politics 
of the country is another curse, and to this influence is 
due much of the rottenness in American politics. . . . 
Whisky and the saloon business are an unspeakable curse, 
without one single, solitary redeeming quality." 

An editorial from C rawing, published for the crane and 
engineering trade, is even more outspoken. In part the 
editorial says : 

"The worst effect of alcohol is the result of its use by 
women while bearing offspring. The child has been drunk 
many times before it has been born. Scientific men have 
stated in a very positive manner that children generated 
and born under the influence of liquor frequently do not 
have an equal chance with better-born children ; they are 
not brought into the world with normal minds. Often 
the bodies too are puny. Men and women who do not 
wish to be under the curse, till they die. of having borne 
undersized, shrunken, mentally stunted children, will study 
up on the effect of alcohol on the cells of the human body." 

Indeed, the liquor press now seems to recognize that 
industry is the chief opponent of the liquor traffic in 
America. Bon fort's Wine and Spirit Circular asserts that 
'"The new force against us is that of business. This new- 
force in the movement for the restriction or abolition of 
liquor treats the matter from the economic standpoint. Its 
arguments are longer life, greater safety in railroad trans- 
portation and industrial labor, and a greater degree of 
efficiency in every department of the world's work." 

This industrial movement seems in large part to have 
been brought about by recent scientific experiments dis- 
closing the loss of working efficiency caused by even the 
most moderate use of alcoholic liquors and by the passage 
of industrial compensation laws rendering employers of 
labor liable for accident damages to employees. 

Mr. Lewis Edwin Thiess. writing in The Outlook, quotes 
one man who "typifies all that we associate with the term 
'big business.'" as saying: "Manufacturers are strong for 
prohibition. Most of our accidents are due to whisky. 
Until booze is banished we can never have really efficient 
workmen. We are not much interested in the moral side 
of the matter as such. It is purely a question of dollars 
and cents. They say corporations have no soul. From 
this time forth corporations are going to show mighty 
little soul toward the man who drinks." 

On January i. 1914. the Diamond Match Company 
issued the following order to its employees : "Commencing 
with Tune 1, 1914, all employees of the company must 
refrain from using intoxicating liquors, and all officers 
shall refuse employment to men known to frequent 
saloons." 

Some Big Concerns 

A similar stand has been taken by the Hershey Chocolate 
Company, the Sherwin-Williams Company, the Sheffield 
Works, the United States Steel Corporation, the Western 
Electric Company, the Pullman Company, Cambria Steel 
Company, Edison Company. Interborough Company. 
Standard Oil Company. Sears. Roebuck & Co., the Phila- 
delphia Quartz Company, the Carnegie Steel Company, 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 221 

t£ie American Sheet and Tin Plate Company, and many 
other concerns of giant size. 

The Philadelphia Quartz Company declared an increase 
of 10 per cent in wages to abstainers, indicating anything 
but a selfish motive in their attitude toward liquor. The 
United Natural Gas Company, of Franklin, Pa., in a 
statement declared that "Everywhere the use of intoxicat- 
ing liquors is being regarded with increasing disfavor," 
and that "hereafter promotions will be made from the 
ranks of the non-drinkers, and that continuance of the 
drinking habit by employees will be cause for dismissal." 

"The drinking habit," says a circular of the company, 
"as we all know, greatly reduces a man's efficiency and 
makes him unreliable." 

The United Steel Corporation, in the Youngstown Dis- 
trict, notified their heads of departments and foremen 
that they would not be allowed to advance men who were 
known to use liquor. The order affected more than 6,000 
men and was based upon the belief that even the most 
moderate drinking greatly decreases working efficiency. 

Later the entire Mahoning Valley was placed under the 
same order by direction of the Superintendent, Mr. Mac- 
Donald. The Delaware, Lackawana, and Western Coal 
Company went even further and forbade their foremen 
to enter saloons or in any way fail as personal examples 
to the men of abstinence. 

The officials of the Harbison-Walker Refractories Com- 
pany posted this notice : "Hereafter any employee who 
brings beer, whisky, or any other intoxicating liquors into 
any house or upon property of the company will be dis- 
charged." This order affected the largest silica brick plant 
in the world. 

B. S. Royal, general superintendent of the Victor Talk- 
ing Machine Company, a concern which employs 10,000 
men at Camden, N. J., gives this testimony : "The com- 
pany is firmly of the conviction that liquor and efficiency 
in business will not mix any more than will oil and water." 

Men Who Count 

Mr. Alexander Winton, president of the Winton Motor 
Car Company, of Cleveland, a concern employing 1,200 
men, summed up the present attitude of the business world 
toward the moderate drinker by saying: 

"We do not allow any man to enter our plant with 
liquor on his breath or to drink at any time, if we know it. 

"No well-regulated plant can afford to employ men who 
drink. Men who use liquor cannot be at their best, and 
certainly cannot do efficient work if they are even slightly 
under alcoholic influence." 

"No greater single benefit can be conferred upon work- 
men than by reducing the amount they waste on liquor 
and increasing the efficiency of the service they render 
by bringing them to work sober and in fit condition." So 
declared Wallace R. Rowe, president of the Pittsburgh 
Steel Company, in filing a remonstrance against a pro- 
posed liquor license in Westmoreland County, Pennsyl- 
vania. 

His attitude is the same as that of industry in all the 
thousand local option and State prohibition contests of 
the past several years as, for instance, in the local option 
election held in the dry town of Three Rivers, Mich. 



222 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

The big industry of the town is the Sheffield Car Works. 
The management of these works issued a circular letter 
to the many thousand workmen advising them that if they 
signed wet petitions they would by that act be placing 
themselves in opposition to the interests of the company. 

The Effect of Prohibition 

Presenting its case to the excise board of New Jersey 
the United States Cast Iron and Foundry Company, of 
Burlington, declared that it estimated the total loss to it 
from the saloon in eleven months at $100,000. Part of 
this loss was shared by the workmen who were absent 
because of indulgence in liquor. It had 100 employees 
50 of whom were known to be abstainers and 50 o 
whom were moderate drinkers. In eleven months th 
drinkers lost 4,156 working days 'and the abstainers a 
average of one day a month, making 600 days for all 50. 

Before the Delaware County (Pa.) license court firms 
with total capitalization of $11,167,431, protested against 
the granting of liquor licenses. 

Berwick, home of the American Car and Foundry Com- 
pany, which employs 5,000 men, is dry. Results obtained 
since saloons went show that liquor was responsible for 
most of the accidents. W. S. Johnson, general superin- 
tendent of the company, says: 

"At a recent conference of twenty-two department 
heads, the matter was automatically raised, and it was 
general opinion that never, since the big plant started, 
had there been such fine help offered, and never have 
they had such men knocking at their door for work. The 
cause was discussed and all agreed it was due to the fact 
that the town was dry." 

In fact, he had letters from men who stated that since 
Berwick was a dry town they wanted to work there, be- 
cause there were fewer accidents occurring. 

W. E. Jarrard, head of the safety department of the 
Berwick district, says : 

"One of the most dangerous influences at v/ork against 
the efficiency and safety of workmen is the use of alco- 
holic liquors. As in the case of fatigue, I believe alcohol 
even when used moderately, distorts the nerve cells and 
weakens them to such an extent that the very muscles 
which are most vital in the performances of the daily 
duties are gradually rendered incapable of ready response, 
and the individual, bereft of self-control, is placed in a 
position of constant danger to himself and to others." 

The following unequivocal statement, posted in all its 
mines by the Anaconda Copper Mining Company, is en- 
lightening : 

"Never go to work after drinking liquor ; and, if you 
must drink, stay home. 

"Experience has proved that a great many accidents are 
caused from drinking intoxicating liquors. It will be re- 
membered that from September 1, 1914, to September 14. 
all saloons in Butte were closed; that from September 14 
to September 24 they were open only from eight o'clock 
in the morning to seven o'clock at night, and that for the 
remainder of the month they were open from seven in 
the morning to ten o'clock at night. 

"The accident records of the Anaconda Copper Mining 
Company show the following significant figures : Number 



1 1 

:; 






PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 223 

of accidents per -10,000 shifts; July, 6.22; August, 11.25; 
September, 4.21 ; October, 7.58 ; November, 6.07." 

Scarcely less emphatic is the following made by Dr. 
W. Stewart Whittemore, factory inspector for the New 
England Confectionery Company in Boston : 

"Small quantities of alcohol, such as would produce 
no visible signs of intoxication, are yet sufficient to inter- 
fere with mental alertness. The effect of these small 
doses on the consumer is that he is unable to concentrate 
his mind as closely on his work as when he is free from 
alcohol. He becomes careless and is apt to take chances 
which he would not think of taking in his natural condi- 
tion. The result is that the wage-earner who has a 'drink 
or two' on his way to work is making himself liable to 
injury." 

Even the city of Philadelphia pinned the blue ribbon on 
its 12,000 employees and it was followed by the Water 
Department of Trenton, N. J. The Pittsburgh Board of 
Trade declared for federal constitutional prohibition and 
the National Safety Council, with 2,000 delegates in ses- 
sion at Philadelphia, moved among exhibits and in an 
atmosphere similar to that of a prohibition conference. 
The Michigan Workingman's Compensation Mutual of 
New York issued a letter to its members urging them 
to dispense with the services of drinking men as a means 
of reducing the number of industrial accidents. The letter 
is in part : 

"The careful consideration of all moral hazards in- 
volved under the compensation law reveals the fact that 
booze is the biggest. 

"Booze is so insidious in its workings that even though 
an employee may not be actually under the influence of 
liquor at the time of an injury, a very large percentage 
of all injuries are either directly or indirectly due to the 
drinking of liquor. 

"Therefore, w T e are earnestly recommending to all of 
our members that the service of the booze fighter, whether 
he drink much or little, be dispensed with as promptly 
as possible, providing he cannot be made to see the error 
of his ways and become an abstainer. 

No Valid Argument for Liquor 

"The records disclose that after holidays, pay days, and 
Sundays, depending upon the character of the employees, 
the aggregate of injuries is materially increased, and aside 
from any moral consideration and judged only from the 
standpoint of efficiency and pecuniary profit, there is no 
valid argument in favor of booze." 

Why Business Fights Booze 

The Pittsburgh Steel Company, employing 5,250 men 
and having a monthly pay roll of $300,000, went so far as 
to address a letter to the license judges of Westmoreland 
County, Pennsylvania, protesting earnestly against the 
licensing of saloons. In part, the letter said : 

We have experienced a growing inefficiency of the services of 
these men and increased carelessness in the mills, resulting in acci- 
dents and deaths, largely attributable to the excessive use of beer, 
whisky and other alcoholic drinks. 

One of the largest steel companies in this district, after an ex- 
haustive examination of the causes of accidents in the mills, makes 
the broad statement that 85 per cent of such accidents are attribut- 



224 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

able directly or indirectly to liquor. The efficiency of our men has 
been so reduced in recent years as to show that at least, if not 
more, than one tenth of our pay roll is paid out for services not 
rendered, and at least 20 per cent of the money we pay our men 
is spent upon liquor and lost to the use of their families. 

It is also further declared that an investigation con- 
ducted by the steel company showed that 83 out of 106 
prosecutions and trials in the town of Monessen were due 
directly to drink. "We feel safe in saying." declares the 
company, "that the workmen spend at least 20 per cent 
of the wages we pay them for liquor, and their families 
are deprived of the benefit of much of their earnings." 

The Lukens Iron and Steel Company, of Coatesville, 
Pa., vigorously protested against the return of saloons 
to that town because they increased the rate of accidents 
and caused the discharge of needed men, while Mr. James 
B. Mansfield, vice-president of the J. E. Bolles Iron and 
Wire Works, testified: 

"Forty per cent of our accidents are among men who 
take intoxicating liquor. Ninety per cent of serious acci- 
dents occur among men who drink. Not a single serious 
accident has happened to an employee who was a total 
abstainer since our compensation law went into effect. 
We now discharge and refuse recommendation to an 
employee who comes to work Monday morning smelling 
of whisky." 

A typical case was that of the Pottsville, Pa., hoisting 
engineer, who, after drinking two beers and two whiskies, 
caused the death of six miners by crushing. 

Originated Among the Railroads 

The industrial prohibition movement may be said to 
have had its origin with the railroads which rigidly en- 
force an abstinence rule. The Pennsylvania Railroad 
system reports that its Eastern line conducted an investi- 
gation to ascertain how its employees are complying with 
the train safety rules, and it is asserted that 689,099 
observations showed a percentage of perfect performance 
of 99.9. 

From many quarters comes testimony that the work 
done by the companies themselves and the operation of 
prohibition laws have been most beneficent in results. The 
Butte (Mont.) Mining Review and Oil Journal stated: 

"Prohibition is proving a blessing in disguise to the 
mining camps of Idaho, Arizona, Colorado, Oregon, and 
Washington. The miners, being compelled to save their 
money, seem to have decided that it is good business for 
them to be more closely identified with the dividend-earn- 
ing end of the industry, and their success is proving re- 
markable. The ratio of fatalities in the prohibition dis- 
tricts is a good deal less than it was under the old condi- 
tions." 

A signed statement by Mr. W. B. Reed, chief accountant 
of the White Oak Coal Company of West Virginia, shows 
the good effects of prohibition as regards the output of 
its mines on pay day and the Monday immediately follow- 
ing, before and since the State went dry : 

White Oak Coal Company 

Macdonald, W. Va., Oct. 22, 1915. 
We have made a comparison for three months prior 
to June 30, 1914, and for three months subsequent 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 225 

thereto, combirjing the production of these days for 
all mines, and the result is shown in the tabulation 
below : % 

Two Sat. Pay Days and Two Sat. Pay Days and 

Mondays Following Mondays Following 

Saloons . No Saloons 

April 10,960.50 tons July 24,852.65 tons 

May 7,902.20 tons August .... 16,199.55 tons 

June 16,752.70 tons Sept 26,761.45 tons 

35,615.40 tons 67,813.65 tons 

35,615.40 tons 

Increase 32, 198 . 25 tons 

It will be noted that the increase is 32,198 tons in 
favor of "No Saloons" in the period mentioned. It is 
safe to assume that the same rate of increase would be 
carried out on the corresponding four days each 
month thruout the entire year, and if that be the 
case, the result would show an increased production 
per annum, due to the absence of liquor in the field, 
of 128.793 tons. 

The production of our mines has increased con- 
siderably since that time. I believe that there are 
more men in the field than there have been for a num- 
ber of years, all of which w T ould go to combat the 
theory that it is impossible to secure and keep miners 
unless they can be regularly supplied with booze. 

Colorado Experience Similar 

A bulletin from the Colorado Fuel and Iron Company, 
issued to deny the report that they operate saloons for 
their men, stated : 

"The officers of the Colorado Fuel and Iron Company 
believe in the policies adopted by certain important rail- 
roads prohibiting the use of intoxicating liquors by their 
employees, both on and off duty. With the advent of the 
federal troops, all saloons in the coal mining districts were 
closed, and as a result the efficiency of the workmen has 
greatly improved. The average production of coal per 
man has greatly increased. 

"The production at this company's mines in the southern 
district of Colorado for the first eighteen days of April 
averaged 5.85 tons per day for each miner at work. That 
was before the federal troops closed the saloons. 

"Jbor the first eighteen days of June (with all saloons 
closed) each man produced 6.52, tons, which meant an 
average increase in wages of over 11 per cent per man. 

"This has confirmed the view long held by us, that if 
saloons and drinking could be eliminated from the coal 
districts, not only the miners, but the companies would 
be greatly benefited." 

In Colorado the coal production for the first six months 
of 1916, the first dry year, showed an increase of 1,026,836 
tons over the same months of 1915, the last wet year. 

According to A. F. Jackson, former chief of police of 
Coatesville, Pennsylvania, prohibition reduced drunken- 
ness in that town from more than 1,000 cases in the last 
wet year to 188 in the first dry year. Accidents in mills 
were reduced 54 per cent. 

The Safety Movement 
To return again to the safety movement. On October 



226 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

6, 1914, after a debate which seemed to be all affirmative, 
the other side being either not present or cowed, the 
"Safety First" Congress of business men in Chicago 
adopted a unanimous resolution in favor of business 
prohibition and total abstinence. The greatest enthusiasm 
prevailed among the seven hundred delegates when the 
congress gave its unbroken and official voice in favor of 
temperance, "safety first," and efficiency. The members 
of the National Safety Council employ more than a million 
men. 

Also, at the last meeting of the National Foundrymen's 
Association, held in Chicago, a committee was appointed 
to secure legislation keeping saloons away from industrial 
plants. 

Mr. C. L. Close, manager of the Bureau of Safety of 
the United States Steel Corporation, gave it as his opinion 
that within a few years the combined effort of American 
industries would end the manufacture and sale of liquor 
in America. 

What the Companies Are Doing 

Thru their industrial medical departments and their 
safety organizations the companies are fighting drink on 
their own account. 

The Bessemer and Lake Erie railroad shops, a sub- 
sidiary of the United Stages Steel Corporation, has in- 
serted in the pay envelopes of their employees a slip 
bearing the pictures of a keg of beer and a sack of flour, 
with the query, "Which do you buy?" The company is 
exerting itself to the utmost to make all of its men total 
abstainers as a matter of business efficiency. 

This concern has also organized a waterwagon club 
and it has succeeded in enrolling thousands of its em- 
ployees. A typical poster is as follows. 

THE LAST MAN 
HIRED; 

THE FIRST MAN 
FIRED; 

THE MAN WHO 
DRINKS! 

And the Athol Machine Company heads one remarkable 
poster, "Rum Raises Hell !" 

In the office of the Board of Temperance of the Meth- 
odist Church is a poster, mutilated by tacks and covered 
with machine grease, taken from the wall of the Gier 
Pressed Steel Company, Lansing, Mich. It is as follows : 

YOU CAN'T DRINK AND MAKE GOOD 






MODERN BUSINESS SETS PACE TOO FAST 

FOR DRINKING MAN'S MIND TO KEEP UP- 

HE IS NOT IN THE RUNNING 



Science Proves By Delicate Instruments of Pre- 
cision that He Thinks, Sees, Hears, and Acts 
More Slowly than the Man Who Doesnt Drink 



NOTHING will destroy the usefulness of a strong 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 227 

brain as quickly as alcohol — it is just as disastrous to 
man's ^delicate mental machinery as a handful of sand 
to the mechanism of a watch. A dollar watch will 
stand a great deal more sand than a hundred-dollar 
one. That will explain why some men can drink 
quantities of liquor and brag that it doesn't injure 
them — and it will explain why a few drinks are so 
injurious to another. 

Bright business ideas, ambition, energy, and execu- 
tion fade under the influence of alcohol like a dream, 
to be replaced by air castles, "large talk," laziness, 
sluggishness, and neglect. 

These conditions are not only found in the drunk- 
ard who drinks all the liquor he can get, but are even 
more strongly marked in the steady three-or-four- 
drinks-a-day drunkard. He, of this latter class, lays 
great stress on the declaration that he is not a drunk- 
ard — yet his system and brain are fully as saturated 
with alcoholic poison as the other man's. One takes 
his poison quickly — the other slowly. 

Slow Poisoning — Quick Poisoning — and physicians 
have always reckoned slow poisoning the surest. 

How the Saloon Preys on Industry 

That the saloon is a leech on business is well illustrated 
by the following "Want Ad" clipped from the Chicago 
Tribune: 

SALOON— FOR SALE— GOOD CORNER, near factories; have 
other business; doing good business. Address W 304, Tribune. 

The good effect of prohibition in industrial communi- 
ties fully warrants the strenuous warfare of employers 
against liquor. Mr. Charles L. Huston, vice-president of 
the Lukens Iron and Coal Company of Pennsylvania, says 
there was a decrease of 54 per cent in the number of acci- 
dents the first six dry months in Coatesville compared 
with the corresponding months of the previous year when 
the town was wet. The decrease in applications for aid 
during the same period was 75 per cent, while the decrease 
in absence from work on Mondays or days following pay 
days was 80 per cent. 

The medical directors of three great life insurance com- 
panies estimate that from 7 to 43 per cent of accidents 
are due, directly or indirectly, to alcohol. Seven per cent 
of the railroad accidents, 8 per cent of the street car 
accidents, 10 per cent of those caused by automobiles, 8 
per cent of those due to vehicles and horses, 43 per cent 
of heat prostration and sunstroke, 7 per cent of machinery 
accidents, 8 per cent of the accidents in mines and quar- 
ries, 13 per cent of the drowning, and 10 per cent of the 
gunshot wounds are brought about, entirely or partially, 
by alcohol. 

In view of these facts, it is no wonder that industrial 
prohibition spreads, that the Insurance Department of the 
State Industrial Accident Commission in Los Angeles has 
ruled that an employee injured after drinking is not 
entitled to compensation, and that the United States gov- 
ernment found that 77 per cent of more than 7,000 em- 
ployers discriminate against moderate drinkers. 



228 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 



A Notable Investigation 

On September 20, 1915, the Board of Temperance pub- 
lished the result of a survey covering the iron, coal, and 
steel trades of Ohio, West Virginia, Pennsylvania, and 
Illinois. The result of that investigation was published 
as follows : 

"The Illinois Steel Company located at Joliet, 111., 
maintains a club house for the use of its men. During 
the winter months many bowling clubs are formed. Re- 
cently a member of one of these clubs secured a position 
in Pittsburgh. Before his departure his fellow members 
gave a banquet in his honor at one of the hotels with 
twenty-five guests, foremen, and men holding clerical 
positions with the Illinois Steel Company present. When 
these men went to the table there was a glass of cocktail 
at each plate. When they left the table there was still 
a glass of cocktail at each plate. Not one had been 
touched." 

How Liquor Views Industrial Prohibition 

"One of the most pregnant signs of the times is the 
steady and increasing tendency of big corporations to 
encroach on the personal liberties of workers," says Mida's 
Criterion, a standard liquor trade magazine. And the 
Brewers' Journal remarks : "There are even companies 
and individual employers who threaten to discharge em- 
ployees for drinking alcohol at any time. They do not 
care if that is social and economic slavery. Their main 
object is to protect their pocketbooks." 

Scope of This Investigation 

The public press for the past year has said much in 
regard to this growing hostility to alcohol on the part of 
industry. In order to determine the extent of this feeling, 
and to throw a broad shaft of light on the attitude of all 
industry toward the movement for abstinence and prohi- 
bition, the Board of Temperance has conducted a careful 
investigation covering the iron and steel trades of Penn- 
sylvania, Ohio, Illinois, and West Virginia. Information 
was "secured from 140 companies, many of which have 
more than one plant. 

The Tendency of "Big Business" 

This investigation reveals conclusively that the tendency 
of industrial corporations is to take every practicable meas- 
ure to prevent drinking on duty or off. Almost without 
exception they testify that the abstainer is more efficient 
in his work and that he alone is considered when a place 
of responsibility is open. Many of these concerns are 
conducting extensive propagandas to induce their men to 
abstain at all times. The motto of the Illinois Steel Com- 
pany is "Safety, Sobriety, Cleanliness," and that motto is 
typical. 

Not so many years ago it was quite the custom for 
workmen to send boys out for beer during working hours. 
Of 120 concerns replying, only 6 say that they permit this 
at the present time. 

(Here follow the names of 120 concerns, aggregating 
a billion dollars and more in capital.) 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 229 

Absolute- Prohibition Undertaken by Some 

Ten Concerns not only prohibit drinking during work- 
ing hours, but absolutely prohibit it at any time. One 
hundred others, in giving information on this point, say 
that they do everything possible to prevent drinking by 
their employees out of hours, but that the practical 
difficulties prevent their announcing a blanket policy of 
prohibition. The ten concerns which have undertaken the 
Herculean task of preventing all drinking by their em- 
ployees are : 

(Here follow the names of ten great steel corporations.) 
"Any attempt to interfere with the habits of the men 
outside of working hours would be resented by them, but 
we recognize that even the moderate use of liquor is hurt- 
ful, and we exert every moral influence to promote absti- 
nence among our employees," says the Lockhart Iron & 
Steel Company of Pennsylvania. "It is impossible to 
prohibit the use of intoxicating liquors by employees while 
they are off duty, but we use every means to discourage 
and prevent it," says the Jackson Iron & Steel Company 
of Ohio. The American Car Foundries Company of 
Pennsylvania dismisses men who go into saloons on the 
way to or from work, and the Lukens Iron & Steel Com- 
pany of the same State suspends an employee one week 
for his first offense ; for the second he is often discharged. 
The Lukens Company prohibits drinking both during 
working hours and out of working hours. These replies 
indicate the nature of many others. 

No Progress for the "Moderate" Drinker 

Eighty-three of the concerns queried discriminate against 
those who use alcoholic liquors in employing and advanc- 
ing men. Even the most "moderate" use is fatal to a 
man's chance of advancement. 

(Here follow the names of eighty-three concerns.) 

A Scientific Interest Manifested 

Sixty-three concerns have taken steps to determine the 
influence of the moderate use of liquor on working effi- 
ciency and reliability, and without exception they testify 
that it is bad. These are the concerns : 

(Here follows a list of sixty-three steel companies.) 

Some Constructive Policies Pursued 

Some exceedingly interesting information was gathered 
as to the steps being taken by various establishments to 
promote abstinence among their employees. No less than 
sixty-three of these great industrial corporations are un- 
dertaking constructive abstinence work. 

"The doctrine of heaven and hell has not made the 
appeal necessary to get results, but the doctrine of per- 
sonal efficiency is doing and will do a great deal," writes 
the Union Steel Castings Company of Pennsylvania. 

The American Manganese Steel Company of Chicago 
Heights, 111., is one of the great industrial concerns of 
America. At this plant the men have not only been 
warned that total abstainers are given the preference in 
the matter of promotion, but they have also been given 
to understand that frequenting saloons or bringing liquor 



2 3 o THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

into the plant means instant discharge. A club which 
furnishes clean amusements has been started. At this 
club liquor and gambling are absolutely prohibited. The 
company has installed a lunch room, providing soup and 
coffee inside of the plant at a nominal sum. This is 
intended as a substitute for the warm free lunch to be 
obtained at saloons. A saloon garnishment notice means 
the immediate discharge of the employee. 

The Interstate Steel & Iron Company of East Chicago, 
Ind.. has been conducting a bulletin board campaign and 
requiring instruction in the principles of abstinence thru 
the foremen. The company says : "We are succeeding 
famously. Most important is the fact that our men also 
see the good of it." 

What the Illinois Steel Company Does 

The Illinois Steel Company of Joliet, 111., when running 
to its full capacity, employs 4,000 men. About three years 
ago this concern stopped men from going out of the gates 
during the noon hour without a special pass, because of 
the fact that there were saloons close to the main entrance 
of the plant. Realizing the gravity of the problem, the 
Illinois Steel Company instituted well-considered measures 
to promote the abstinence and efficiency of its men. This 
campaign was under the direction of Mr. H. B. Smith, 
inspector of safety and labor. When it started one of 
the saloons across the street from the plant used eight 
bartenders. At the present time it uses two. The em- 
ployees were definitely requested to abstain from liquors 
on their way to work. Striking posters were prepared for 
the bulletin boards, and the Mixer, the plant's publication, 
contained temperance material in each issue. Mr. Smith 
himself holds frequent conferences with the foremen. 
Every opportunity is given to the men to procure milk 
and similar substitutes. 

"When we employ a man," says Mr. Smith, "he is asked 
if he is in the habit of drinking alcoholic liquors. If he 
is, he is informed that he might as well not go to work, 
as he would be laid off sooner or later." 

"Safety First" is the Battle Cry 

The industrial abstinence propaganda has become closely 
allied with the "Safety First" campaign. The whole move- 
ment is conducted in the name of efficiency, and abstinence 
campaigns are managed in the great industrial plants of 
the country in an attitude of sympathetic cooperation with 
the men themselves. 

Employers give detailed information as to the splendid 
effect of these abstinence campaigns upon the accident 
rate and the work output. Several of them announce 
that they are adopting more drastic rules because of new 
compensation laws which are going into effect, and many 
of them take pains to express their sympathy with prohi- 
bition laws as an effective aid to the promotion of absti- 
nence. 

Perhaps the most significant thing developed by the 
whole inquiry is the universal recognition of the fact that 
moderate drinking has a distinctly bad effect upon the 
efficiency and reliability of workingmen. There do not 
seem to be two opinions upon this point. 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 231 

(Here follow -various miscellaneous extracts from let- 
ters.) > 

In commenting upon this report the Manufacturers' 
Record said: 

"This very remarkable survey of the work that the 
foremost iron and steel people of the United States are 
doing to lessen the drink evil is one of the most interesting 
reports ever issued in this country. The very magnitude 
of the interests represented and of the statements made 
by them makes it impossible for any business concern or 
any newspaper to ignore their views, entirely without 
regard to what employers and employees may have be- 
lieved in the past as to this subject." 

Industry Awaking in Europe 

The movement, while strongest in America, is not en- 
tirely confined to this country. In Germany the Prussian- 
Hessian Railroad finds that its orders against the use of 
alcohol not only make the men more fit for service, but 
affairs move with greater certainty and more smoothly, as 
the employees show more consideration and willingness, 
cases of insubordination and disputes have become less 
frequent, and the number of cases of sickness resulting 
from the use of alcohol has diminished. 

"Little by little," says the Metal Arbeiter Zeitung (Metal 
Workers' Journal), "business managers have come to see 
that a higher degree of efficiency can be sustained by the 
men when sober." Knowledge of the dangers of the use 
of alcohol is making constant headway, especially among 
the younger men. The railroads are not only requiring 
sobriety, but are making it easy for the employees to 
obtain nonalcoholic drinks by opening counters where tea, 
coffee, milk, mineral waters, and cheap but nourishing hot 
food can be obtained. 

Premier Lloyd George of England has testified that 
prohibition in Russia increased labor efficiency 30 to 50 per 
cent, and Mr. J. E. Hurley, late general manager of the 
Santa Fe Railroad, showed the effect of prohibition in 
Kansas upon this problem in the following words : 

"The railroad men of Kansas are, in my opinion, the 
best railroad men all around, in the United States for 
efficiency, on account of the absence of saloons in Kansas, 
owing to our State prohibition law. I make this statement 
unqualifiedly after thirty years of railroad experience." 

Everywhere laboring men are showing a disposition to 
fall in with these efforts to promote their own good. 

An interesting feature of the Pacific Coast crusade 
against the drinking of liquor by workingmen was the 
prohibition in Los Angeles of the cashing of pay checks 
in saloons. 

Refs. — See Business and references. 

INITIATIVE, REFERENDUM, AND RECALL— 

The Initiative is defined as the giving of the people the 
right of proposing legislation to be acted upon ; the Refer- 
endum as referring all legislation to the people for final 
rejection or acceptance. As generally advocated it re- 
quires that no law save a strictly defined class of urgent 
measures for the public peace, health, and safety, which 
usually must have a two-thirds majority to pass, shall go 
into effect without waiting a fixed time, say ninety days. 



232 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

If during this time a part of the voters, say 10 per cent, 
sign a pi-tition for a referendum on that law. it would 
not go into ettect till the next regular election when the 
people vote on it; and if a majority vote xo it would be 
as though never enacted. A majority of one yes makes 
it a people's law. 

Under the Initiative, if a certain percentage of the 
voters, say 10 per cent, sign a petition for a law and file 
it with the proper official, the law is published by the 
State as a campaign document, and is properly designated 
on the omcial ballot, so that the people can vote on it by 
yes or xo. 

The Referendum measures are divided into Optional 
Referendum, referred on the basis of a petition for it. 
or Compulsory Referendum, where the law requires that 
legislation of that subject-matter be referred to the people 
with or without their petition. 

The Initiative and the Referendum provided for what 
is known as direct legislation by the people rather than 
indirect legislation thru representatives, and in some States 
the people have taken over so much of the power of mak- 
ing and unmaking laws, electing and recalling officers, that 
the phrase "popular versus representative government" 
has come to be a standard of measurement. 

In all this modern movement to put the power of gov- 
ernment back in the hands of the people, Oregon has been 
a leader. She early instituted the Australian ballot, which 
assured honesty of elections. She adopted a registration 
law to guard the integrity of American privilege of par- 
ticipation in the government. She next annexed the 
direct primary, which even prevents a man running for 
office until the people have chosen him for their candi- 
date, and makes the politicians a servant of the electorate 
rather than of any political boss or special interest. 

The Initiative and Referendum then became the key- 
stone of the arch of popular government, and the State 
publishes a State book of measures in which arguments 
on both sides of each proposition may be presented by the 
individual or committee responsible for_ bringing up the 
measure, or the one that would be affected should the 
measure pass. This book is mailed by the State to every 
registered voter and becomes the political Bible of the 
Oregonian ; and though at one time this State voted on 
thirty-two measures at one election, the average man could 
discuss every one of them, giving the pros and cons of 
the arguments with the ease of a practiced lawyer. 

Additional Measures 

The next great forward step in restoring to the people 
the rights of governing themselves was the adoption of a 
Corrupt Practices act which prevents any abuse under the 
Initiative, the Referendum, the Direct Primarv, or the 
Recall. 

The Recall is a plan by which the people, having trusted 
any man with one of their offices, can. upon learning that 
he has been unfaithful in the discharge of duty, has been 
corrupt or drunk or treacherous or unmindful of the peo- 
ple, be removed by them as easily as he was elected by 
them ; the theory being that any power that has the right 
to employ for its own service ought to have the right 
to discharge for a failure to render the service. 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 233 

Those States -that have adopted all this paraphernalia 
of popular government have been the first to adopt the 
commission plan for their cities with amazingly good 
results in almost every place. Under the old system, 
by which a city council of wardheelers, with no sense of 
responsibility to their own constituents, a system that 
became so corrupt that in a thousand cities the council 
was the open sore of the place, has been superseded by 
the Galveston plan of electing a mayor, who supervises 
the business and the executive work of the city, and plac- 
ing a responsible head, not to represent each ward, but to 
represent the city as a whole in the management of a 
given department for which he is held responsible. This 
more nearly resembles the President's Cabinet than a 
general collective body of irresponsible politicians. 

These reforms are essential to adapt a government to 
modern civilization, and should be adopted quickly by the 
States that our laws may conform to our present needs, 
as the bark of a growing tree expands with the swelling 
trunk. Any reform which brings the government nearer 
the heart of the people and enables the convictions of the 
people directly to bear upon legislation and law enforce- 
ment is not only good American doctrine but it is divine 
doctrine, for it is in harmony with Him who said, "Let 
us make man in our image, . . . and let them have do- 
minion." 

The sensitiveness which has been displayed in the mortal 
dread of what is known as the Recall applied to judges, 
has never in America experienced a single fact to justify 
it. There is no logical reason why the courts should not 
be within the power of the sovereign people as well as 
the executive and legislative departments. What is there 
about judges that makes them so sacred that the people 
who elect them and pay them and submit to their decisions 
should not discharge them if they betray the people's 
trust? Oregon has had this system for twelve years and 
has never proposed to use it upon one judge, but that does 
not prove that she does not need the system, for we might 
have it for a thousand years and never use it, but there 
are States that do not have it but need it all the time. 

Most of the moral reforms that have been adopted, 
especially the prohibition of the liquor traffic, have come 
about, not thru legislative enactments, but thru the initia- 
tive of the people themselves, or by referendum to them. 
A list of the bad measures rejected by the people and an- 
other list of the good laws adopted since the people had 
the power to pass upon such things, would be the most 
powerful argument for this method of legislation. More 
beneficent laws were passed in Oregon in ten years of the 
people's reign than in the entire history of the State be- 
fore. 

Aristotle said that "Solon bestowed upon the people as 
much power as was indispensable — the power to elect 
their own magistrates and to hold them to accountability. 
If the people have less than this, they will not remain 
tranquil — they will be in slavery and become hostile to the 
constitution." Surely, the American people are entitled 
to and are capable of as much power as the Athenians of 
twenty-five hundred years ago ! They should both elect 
and remove magistrates at will. C. T. W. 

INJUNCTION LAWS— Injunction laws have been 



234 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

found one of the most valuable agents for the suppression 
of the liquor traffic in prohibition territory. Under these 
laws courts can proceed against any place where liquors 
are sold as a common nuisance, enjoining it from further 
violation of the law. The injunction rests upon the law 
violator and upon the property as well, and continued 
violation brings severe penalties for contempt of court, 
the property suffering as well as the violator. 

IN SANITY— According to Dr. Rosanoff, of Clark Uni- 
versity, 25 per cent of insanity is chargeable to the use 
of alcoholic liquors. Other students place it as high as 
3$ to 50 per cent. 

Dr. F. W. Terflinger, medical superintendent of the 
Xorthern Hospital for the Insane, places the proportion 
of insanity due to the use of alcohol at 20 per cent, and 
Dr. William G. McAllister, superintendent of the Phila- 
delphia Hospital known as Blakeley. asserts that 30 per 
cent of the inmates in the insane wards of the Phila- 
delphia Municipal Hospital are insane because of drink. 
Practically all professional men agree that the percentage 
is large, but they differ as to its exact size. Surgeon E. A. 
Sweet, of the United States Public Health Service, puts 
it at 15, with a much larger percentage brought about 
indirectly by operation of the same cause. 

Dr. Joseph Wiggles worth of England, testifying before 
the Interdepartmental Committee on Physical Deteriora- 
tion, estimates the percentage of alcoholic insanity in that 
country as 29 per cent. But all of them agree that the 
brain damage done by alcohol is much greater than is 
indicated by the percentages named. 

Dr. W. A. Evans, medical editor of the Chicago Tribune, 
says that there are not less than 250.000 insane people in 
the United States, and if we were to include all mental 
defectives the number would be 300,000. -He also says 
that only a small portion of these (33,000) are segregated 
in institutions. 

In nearly every State the expense of caring for the 
insane is mounting rapidly, due to a growing social con- 
science, but in view of the fact that such a small propor- 
tion of our mental defectives are now sheltered, the ques- 
tion of checking the increase of insanity is pressing. We 
are in great danger of not being able to stand the burden 
if it increases as rapidly as it has in the last ten years. 

The effect of prohibition upon insanity statistics is made 
very apparent by the following tables which contrast three 
representative prohibition States with three of the "wet- 
test" States: 

Comparative Insanity Rate 



Maine 


169 




196 




185 


North Dakota 


108 


Nevada 


283 



A comparison between the representative prohibition 
States we have selected and their respective geographical 
divisions, as well as a comparison with the United States 
as a whole, also shows to the great advantage of the prohi- 
bition policy. In the table below we give the insane in 
hospitals in the United States as a whole, in New England, 
in Maine, and in the other New England States: 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 235 
Comparing Eastern States and Maine 

United States 204 

Maine 169 

Vermont 278 

Rhode Island 229 

New England 298 

New Hampshire 211 

Massachusetts 344 

Connecticut 321 

And the following comparison shows how North Dakota 
and Kansas stand in their section : 

Comparing Kansas, North Dakota, and West 

West North Central Division 194 

Iowa 241 

North Dakota 108 

Nebraska 166 

Minnesota 228 

Missouri 187 

South Dakota 148 

Kansas 172 

A comparison is also available between certain insane 
hospitals of Eastern States and insane institutions in prohi- 
bition States. The average percentage of insanity due to 
alcohol in Manhattan Hospital, Xew York; Stockton 
Hospital, California ; Farnhurst Hospital, Delaware ; 
Northern Hospital, Wisconsin ; Mendota Hospital, Wis- 
consin ; State Hospital, Nevada ; Springfield Hospital, 
Maryland; Worcester Hospital, Massachusetts; iewks- 
bury Hospital, Massachusetts ; Bridgewater Hospital, 
Massachusetts ; Taunton Hospital, Massachusetts ; Over- 
brook Hospital, New Jersey ; and Norwich Hospital, Con- 
necticut, was 26.Q per cent, but the average in the follow- 
ing hospitals in prohibition States : Eastern Maine Hos- 
pital Maine ; State Hospital. Maine ; Osawatomie Hos- 
pital, Kansas ; Topeka Hospital, Kansas ; State Hospital, 
Kansas ; Eastern Mississippi Hospital, Mississippi ; Mor- 
ganton Hospital, North Carolina, was a little less than 
6 per cent. 

The limitations of this book prevent us from giving 
space to voluminous studies by experts. In brief, this 
mass of information reveals that from 25 to 50 per cent 
of insanity is caused by drink, and the discrepancy be- 
tween alcohol-caused insanity in prohibition States and in 
license States is about one to five. 

Dr. L. V. Guthrie, superintendent of the State Hospital 
at Huntington, W. Va., says : "Since the prohibition laws 
have become effective in West Virginia, there has been 
a decrease of 75 per cent in the number of cases of 
alcoholic insanity coming under my observation." 

At the annual meeting of the neurologists and alienists 
of America held in Chicago July, 1914, the following 
resolution was presented by the committee on Alcoholism 
and adopted : 

RESOLVED, THAT ORGANIZED MEDICINE 
SHOULD INITIATE AND CARRY ON A SYSTEM- 
ATIC, PERSISTENT PROPAGANDA FOR THE 
EDUCATION OF THE PUBLIC REGARDING THE 
DELETERIOUS EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL; AND BE 
IT FURTHER 

RESOLVED, THAT THE MEDICAL PROFESSION 
SHOULD TAKE THE LEAD IN SECURING ADE- 



236 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

QUATE LEGISLATION TO THE ENDS HEREIN 
SPECIFIED. 

See Brain and references. 

INSURANCE— See Mortality from Alcohol. 

INTERCOLLEGIATE PROHIBITION ASSOCI- 
ATION— See Colleges. 

INTERNAL REVENUE— The term applied to revenue 
other than that derived from tariffs. 

Refs. — See Federal Government; History of the Temperance 
Reform; and Revenue. 

INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS ON ALCOHOL- 
ISM — This congress, which held its latest session in Milan, 
Italy, was to have met in Atlantic City, New Jersey, in 

1916, but the war prevented. The United States govern- 
ment has made an appropriation of $40,000, which was 
maintained by an additional appropriation, for the enter- 
tainment of delegates and has regularly sent delegates 
to the congress when held in other countries. Men from 
forty countries will probably be in attendance when the 
next congress is held. The International Prohibition 
Confederation usually holds its meetings in connection 
with the Congress on Alcoholism. 

INTERSTATE TRAFFIC— Under the United States 
constitution all traffic between the States is under federal 
control. Consequently, interstate commerce of liquor can- 
not be prohibited by any State, excepting under the pro- 
visions of the Webb-Kenyon Bill. 

Refs. — See Webb-Kenyon Law; and Courts. 

INTOXICANTS— See Alcoholic Beverages. 

IOWA — In February, 1915, the Legislature repealed the 
Mulct law, causing prohibition to go into effect January 
1, 1916. A constitutional amendment for prohibition was 
also submitted by this Legislature, and as required by 
law, was submitted a second time by the Legislature of 

1917. The good effects of prohibition in Iowa have been 
most noticeable. The Des Moines Capital sums up the 
results in that State as follows : 

"Intoxication has decreased approximately 40 per cent 
in the city of Des Moines since the saloons were closed, 
according to Police Court records. 

"The total arrests during the 12 dry months is about 
20 per cent smaller than that for the last 12 months dur- 
ing which the saloons were open. 

"Five hundred and nineteen boot-leggers were appre- 
hended during the first dry year which ended last night. 

"During the period from February 15, 1914, to Febru- 
ary 15, 1915, when the saloons were open, the local police 
placed under arrest for intoxication 4,434 persons. 

"During the period from February 15, 1915, to Febru- 
ary 15, 1916, the first dry year in Des Moines in a gen- 
eration, there were 2,287 persons arrested for intoxica- 
tion. 

"The total arrests for the last wet 12 months was 11,166. 
The arrests for the first 12 months that the city was dry 
totaled 9,221. 

"The arrests for intoxication last month were 215 under 
the total for January a year ago, the month prior to that 
in which the saloons were closed. 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 237 

"Fines collected in Police Court for all offenses totaled 
during the dry period much more than those assessed for 
the last 12 months of the saloon era. During the last 
saloonless year there was paid into the city treasury 
$20,728.03. During the 12 months preceding the court 
collected $12,40672. Fewer fines were suspended and as- 
sessments for law violation have been stiffer since the 
saloons went. The rule has been to make the guilty pay 
before they were released. 

"Crime in Polk County has decreased 50 per cent since 
Des Moines went dry as shown by the Grand Jury record. 

"Three hundred and ten indictments, irrespective of 
liquor true bills, were returned in 1914. This figure was 
cut exactly in two in 1915. The complete figures : 

"1914 — Indictments of all kinds, 378; liquor indictments, 
68 ; cases considered, 622. 

"1915 — Indictments of all kinds, 285; liquor indictments, 
130; cases considered, 602. 

"1914 the Grand Jury examined 2,154 witnesses. The 
ranks of this small army were thinned appreciably in 
1915, as only 1,366 persons were called upon to testify 
— a difference of 788. 

"The decrease in the number of witnesses enables the 
county to save $1,453.70 in fees. The sum of $3,151 was 
paid to witnesses in 1914 as compared with $1,697,30 
during the following 12 months. 

"Incidentally the arid wave enabled Polk County to lop 
off a $19,000 -expenditure for court maintenance and State 
institutions. 

"Forty-eight inebriates were sent to Knoxville for treat- 
ment during the period from February 15, 1914, to Febru- 
ary 15, 1915, as compared with 27 for the _ subsequent 12 
months. One hundred and forty-four inebriate complaints 
were filed during the first period ; 106 during the second. 
Sixty men were committed to Knoxville during the first 
period as compared with 29 during the latter period. 

"With the saloons out of commission the insanity com- 
mission also got a rest. -One hundred and two persons 
were given hearings during the first period; 90 during 
the period from February, 1915, to February, 1916." 

Refs. — See Anti-Prohibition; Crime; Insanity; Juvenile Delin- 
quency; Pauperism; Race Suicide; and Savings. 

IRELAND— See Great Britain; also Catch-My-Pal 
Movement. 

ITALY — "The opinion as to the great danger in which 
Italy stands from alcoholism is practically unanimous/' de- 
clares Dr. Amaldi, the Florentine alienist. This does not 
seem to indicate that wine has "solved the problem" there. 

Until the last few years wine-drinking in Italy was 
practically universal, but a few years ago the government 
sent a circular to the various prefects of the provinces, 
asking their cooperation in combating the evil, and since 
that time conditions have bettered somewhat. 

Of 23,292 admissions of men into 49 lunatic asylums 
during the years 1905-1907 there was a percentage of 14.2 
of alcoholic psychoses. In 26 of these asylums the propor- 
tion of cases due exclusively and partially to the heredi- 
tary alcohol habit is given as 28.3 per cent. 

Said the Lancet, the leading British medical journal, for 



238 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

September, 1910 : "Drunkenness in Italy has become com- 
mon enough to lose much of the disgrace attached to it." 
Between 1887 and 1908. while the number of deaths in 
Italy declined by more than 100,000, the number of deaths 
from alcoholism doubled. 

Refs. — See Light Drinks and references. 

JEFFERSON, THOMAS— Mr. Jefferson was one of 
the most radical temperance men of his day. He realized 
to the full the evil of whisky which he asserted "kills one 
third of our citizens and ruins their families," and while 
he advocated beer and wine as a substitute, he did so 
under conditions which had not as yet brought about the 
realization of the truth in regard to these beverages. No 
one living in that day opposed them. 

As tor whisky, he advocated taxing it out of existence, 
and was the first one to secure the passage of a national 
prohibitory law, which in that case applied to the Indians. 

Refs. — See Fathers, The Early. 

JUVENILE DELINQUENCY— The liquor interests 
frequently make use of comparisons between prohibition 
States and selected license States which seem to indicate 
that there is more juvenile delinquency in the prohibition 
territory. It should be borne in mind that juvenile delin- 
quency laws vary greatly in the different States, especially 
in their history, standards of commitment, administration, 
etc. 

For instance, Maine had, on January 1. 1910, 343 juvenile 
delinquents. During 1910 J? were discharged or paroled, 
a percentage of 21. Pennsylvania had, on January 1, 1910, 
2.138 juvenile delinquents, and during 1910. 1.019 of them 
were discharged or paroled, a percentage of 50. It is 
obvious that such a difference in the methods of paroling 
and discharging delinquents makes it impossible to com- 
pare these two States and arrive at any correct con- 
clusions. 

Frequently the liquor publicity organizations compare 
Kansas or Maine with some other single State, when prac- 
tically any other State selected in their respective terri- 
tories would show the prohibition States to an advantage. 
They compare Maine and Kansas with Nebraska and 
Minnesota, but avoid comparing them with Colorado, Con- 
necticut. Delaware. Maryland. Michigan, New York. 
Rhode Island, Massachusetts. Vermont, and other States. 

A number of States have no juvenile deliquency system 
at all. and in some it has hardly developed. The follow- 
ing table has been compiled by Mr. William P. F. Fergu- 
son : 

New England and Maine Delinquency 

States Rate per 100,000 

New England 50 

Maine 46 

New Hampshire 46 

Vermont 48 

Massachusetts 44 

Rhode Island 66 

Connecticut 62 

It is observable from this table that Maine, altho under 
poor law enforcement, had a rate lower than the States 
in its section, and as low as any other State in the group, 
save one. 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 239 

If we take the. West North Central Division, we find 
several interesting things in the following table : 

Kansas, North Dakota, and the West North Central 

States Rate per 100,000 

West North Central 22 

Minnesota 18 

Iowa 25 

Missouri 28 

North Dakota 9 

South Dakota 15 

Nebraska .• 11 

Kansas . . 25 

North Dakota, a prohibition State, has the lowest rate 
in this group, and Kansas has a rate next to the highest. 
This is a striking illustration of the difficulty of getting 
any "lesson" from such comparisons in the consideration 
of juvenile delinquency. The seeming inconsistency is 
accounted for by the different age of the juvenile delin- 
quency systems of the States in this group, the varying 
percentage of discharges and paroles, etc. 

Judge Fred H. Taft, of the Los Angeles Juvenile Court, 
says : "Eliminate liquor, and at a single stroke you re- 
lieve the Juvenile Court of more than 50 per cent of its 
business. Directly or indirectly, more than one half of 
the cases of juvenile delinquency in this country can be 
traced to the use of intoxicating liquors. There is no 
other influence for evil, as demonstrated in the treatment 
of juvenile delinquents, that compares with that of the 
liquor traffic." 

Refs.— See Child Welfare. 

KANSAS — A prohibition law was approved by a major- 
ity of 7,837 on May 1, 1880. It excepted liquor for medici- 
nal, mechanical, and scientific purposes, . but drug stores 
abused the medicinal exception, and this was wiped out. 
For the past fifteen years all parties have stood for pro- 
hibition. In 1914, an Independent re-submission candidate 
was beaten by ten to one in a vote of more than 480,000. 

Early in 1917 the Legislature passed a bonedry law, 
prohibiting the importation or even the possession of 
liquors, by a vote of 37 to 1 in the Senate and 103 to 7 
in the House. 

The results are seen in prosperity, reduced insanity, 
crime, poverty, and disease. The approval of the law by 
the State is almost unanimous. 

The brewers attempt to attack Kansas by false state- 
ments and statements, which, tho not false, are totally 
misleading. For instance, they say that the United States 
government discontinued 76 post offices in Kansas during 
one year, but do not say that these post offices were dis- 
continued because of the perfection of the rural free 
delivery service. In that same year 1,210 post offices were 
discontinued in the country at large. They point to a 
high rate of death from homicide in Kansas, but derive 
their figures from only a few cities, altho implying that 
they are State figures. Dr. S. J. Crumbine, of the Kansas 
Board of Health, says : "The death rate in Kansas per 
100,000 population is less than in the registration area 
for every reportable cause of death." 

The following table shows the death rate from certain 
diseases in the United States registration area, according 
to the Census Bureau's report for 1913, and in Kansas, ac- 



240 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

cording to the figures of the State Health Department for 
1915: 

Rate per 100,000 
Registration 

Area Kan. 

Tuberculosis (all forms) 147.6 61.8 

Organic Heart Disease 138.6 81.0 

Diabetes 15.3 12.9 

Pneumonia (all forms) 134.4 85.5 

Brights Disease 102.9 64.5 

The place of the State in the crime and insanity records 
of the country is handled more fully under those subjects. 
For the United States as a whole, alcoholic insanity aver- 
ages 10.1 per cent of all insanity; the average in Kansas 
is only 1.7 per cent, according to Dr. Philip Newcomb, of 
the State Hospital for the Insane at Osawatomie, Kansas. 

Another favorite method of assailing the State is to 
say that it has a higher rate of crime, insanity, or whatever 
the matter may be, than a certain number of other States. 
Such a statement is, of course, meaningless, as it does not 
attempt to find a common basis of comparison nor to point 
out the significance of States which do not show so well 
as Kansas. 

Still more common, perhaps, is the use of false figures 
in comparing Kansas with some specific State. Before 
Nebraska voted for prohibition, that State was usually 
selected for these comparisons. A true comparison made 
before Nebraska voted for prohibition is as follows : 

Nebraska Kansas 

Population 1,192,214 1,690,949 

Increase in population, 1 890-19 10 12.2% 18.4% 

Per cent increase in paupers, 1890-1910.. . . 68. % 4-1% 

Paupers, per 100.000 population, 1910 92.3% 24.9% 

Feeble-minded, per 100,000 population 403 348 

Insane (Abs. 1914. Pg- 59) 166.9 172.2 

Increase in School District debts, 1 002-10 1 3 62. % 42.3% 
Commitments to county jails and work- 
houses, 1910 2,599 1,282 

Commitments to municipal jails and work- 
houses 2,960 1,604 

Commitment to both, per 100,000 popula- 
tion 466 177 

Commitments to prison, 1910 482 200 

Pool tables 4.368 3.092 

Tax rate actual value $ 1 . 56 $1.20 

Savings bank deposits, average 155 .32 231.09 

Paid liquor revenue to United States 1,973.030.34 10,021.28 

Indebtedness of towns per capita 64. 10 49-36 

Government cost of counties per capita. .. . 5. 32 3. 98 
Governmental cost of incorporated places 

over 2,500 population 1 . 26 86 

A Senatorial Break 

Still another method of attacking Kansas is typified 
by Senator Martine. of New Jersey. Speaking in the 
Senate, he said that during one month there were imported 
into the city of Topeka "90,062 gallons of whisky, to 
say nothing of beer." The figures were correct, altho 
they were not gallons but quarts, and not whisky alone, 
but whisky, beer, wine, and all kinds of alcoholic liquors. 
The importations of that month were greatly in excess 
of normal. When Senator Charles Curtis wired to the 
county clerk to verify these figures, he received a reply in 
which the county clerk gave figures for September, 1916, 
as follows : 

Have to-night made compilation of receipts according to reports 
of all express and railroad companies for September complete. The 
2,823 shipments totaled 29,079 gallons, of which 26,404 were beer and 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 241 

the balance other hquors, as whisky, wine, and alcohol, an average 
of 1.6 gallons per inhabitant. I have written ioo letters denying 
this same N story and proving the records. 

O. K. Swayze, County Clerk. 

The Methodist Board of Temperance made an investiga- 
tion several years ago covering typical communities in the 
entire State which showed the per capita consumption 
of liquors in Kansas to be 3.67 gallons annually. Pro- 
fessor F. M. Blackmar, of the State University at 
Lawrence, gives the following testimony on liquor con- 
sumption in that state : 

Lawrence, Kan., December 20, 1916. 
Senator Charles Curtis, 

Washington, D. C. : 
As assistant attorney-general, made careful investigation of liquor 
shipments into every county Kansas during year 19 14. Average 
per capita shipment of all kinds of liquor, including alcohol, was 
2.47 gallons. Allowing for consumption not recorded in shipments, 
the annual consumption did not exceed 3 gallons per capita. In 
same year average per capita consumption in United States was 22.5 
gallons. In their vilification of Kansas, liquor advocates seem to 
have lost all standards of truth and honesty. 

F. M. Blackmar. 

But suppose we dismiss tiresome figures and call the 
people of Kansas as witnesses. No fair-minded man can 
question their testimony. 

Call the Witnesses 

If anyone should know, they should know, for they 
live with it and under it : 

The governor of Kansas says prohibition is a great 
success. 

Every State official who has spoken out says prohibition 
succeeds. 

More than 700 editors and newspaper men of Kansas, 
in State convention, unanimously indorsed prohibition. 

Every political party in Kansas favors the prohibition 
law. 

No minister has ever opened his mouth in favor of re- 
turn to license ; neither has any school teacher. 

The president of Kansas Retailers' says prohibition pays. 

The president of the State Bankers' Association believes 
that prohibition is a tremendous asset to Kansas. 

One hundred and sixty-six bankers have filed their testi- 
mony in favor of the law with the Board of Temperance 
of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and only six could be 
found in all the State who doubted the wisdom of this 
legislation. 

The president of the Kansas Medical Society believes in 
prohibition. 

The president of the Commercial" Clubs of Kansas has 
said that prohibition has added real value to every acre 
of Kansas land. 

The Supreme Court has testified in the following strong 
language to the benefits of the prohibition law : 

'The prohibitory law is well enforced thruout the State. 
It is as generally well enforced as any other criminal law. 
The enforcement of the law distinctly promotes social 
welfare and reduces to a minimum economic waste con- 
sequent upon the liquor traffic and allied evils. The saloon 
keeper and his comrades have been excluded from effective 
participation in the politics of the State." 

And to completely settle the question for all time the 



242 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

Legislature of Kansas, not by a majority, but unanimously, 
passed the following concurrent resolution : 

Senate Concurrent Resolution Xo. 33, by Senator Kinkel — Concern- 
ing the Welfare of Kansas Under Prohibition. 

Whereas, The liquor interests thruout the country, and those allied 
with them in their nefarious business, are publishing abroad in form 
of paid advertising in the newspapers, certain false and defamatory 
statements to the effect that prohibition in Kansas has caused increase 
in crime, death rate, homicide, suicides, divorces, and juvenile delin- 
quents; and, 

Whereas, The saloon trust is making use of juggled statistics, false- 
hoods manufactured by criminal interests, allied to the alcohol 
venders and derogatory statements made by a few unreliable and 
irresponsible citizens of Kansas, all with the intention of creating 
prejudice in the minds of the legislators of other States, and. thus 
influencing proposed anti-liquor legislation; and, 

Whereas, There is a lobby, the members of which profess to be 
Kansas men, operating in the Legislature of the State of Utah, 
and alleging that evil follows in the train of prohibition, and that 
the enforcement of the prohibitory law in Kansas has resulted in 
multiplying crime, and deteriorating all the mental and moral 
faculties of the people of Kansas; therefore, be it 

Resolved, By the Senate, the House of Representatives concur- 
ring therein, That all such charges are libelous and false, and do 
but represent the sentiments of men who, when this State exiled 
the saloon, were compelled to leave Kansas for her good. 

Resolved, That the reverse of these statements is true; that the 
State of Kansas is cleaner, better, more advanced in mental culture, 
and stronger in moral fiber and conviction; that her homes are 
happier and more comfortable, her children better educated than 
ever before in her history; that crime is less prevalent and poverty 
general; and that all this is due largely to the fact that the 
saloon is such an outlaw that none of her school children have ever 
seen a saloon, and are unacquainted with the appearance of a saloon 
keeper; and be it further 

Resolved, That we, as representatives of the people of Kansas, 
hereby declare our allegiance to the cause of temperance, sobriety, 
and right living, as exemplified by the ultimate result of constitu- 
tional prohibition, and its enforcement in our midst, and that we 
are opposed to any return to the domination of intoxicating liquors, 
and that no proposition looking to a resubmission of the prohibitory 
amendment, and that no law which has for its object the reestab- 
lishment of places for the sale of liquor anywhere in Kansas will 
be given serious consideration, either by the Legislature or by any 
of its committees. 

Resolved. That a copy of these resolutions be spread upon the 
journals of the House and Senate, and that the chief clerk of the 
House and the secretary of the Senate are directed to send certi- 
fied copies of this resolution to all States of the Union which now 
have Legislatures convened and in session for the enactment of laws. 

Refs. — See Anti-Prohibition; Crime; Insanity; Juvenile Delin- 
quency; Pauperism; Race Suicide; and Savings. 

KENTUCKY— Of the 120 counties, 106 are dry. Seven 
of the wet counties have saloons in but one place, and 
three others have saloons in but two places. A State 
prohibition law for Kentucky is very probable in the near 
future. 

Kentucky is the leading producer of fine whiskies, but 
yields first place in the size of output to Illinois. 

KNIGHTS pF TEMPERANCE— This is a juvenile 
temperance society organized in 1885 and is one branch 
of the work of the Protestant Episcopal Church Temper- 
ance Society. It is designed for boys and young men from 
fourteen to twenty-one years of age. Every company has 
a captain and nine othe*" officers. Every boy joining the 
organization has to subscribe to its pledge. 

KORAN — The drinking of wine is forbidden in the 
Koran in more places than one. Because of this, liquor 
advocates often point to Turkey as a prohibition nation. 
But some of the same passages of the Koran in which 
Mohammed denounces the drinking of wine also carry a 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 243 

denunciation of ^gambling, and it would be just as fair 
to assert that the backward civilization of Mohammedan 
countries'* 'is the result of the prohibition of gambling 
as to say that it is because of the prohibition of wine. 
There is no just comparison between a religious injunction 
of Mohammed and a political policy. The one is merely 
a good feature of an abominable religion, a religion that 
obtains among a half-civilized people, but the other is an 
intelligent proposal to apply to a recognized evil a princi- 
ple of law of acknowledged validity. 

It is not correct, however, to say, as the liquor propa- 
gandists do, that Turkey is a featureless nation. Turkey's 
diplomacy, by which the "sick man of Europe" has main- 
tained his place in Europe for centuries, has been marvel- 
ous. The physical hardihood of her people and their 
prowess in battle rank them with the world's best soldiers. 
Some of the military feats of the Turks against the 
Russians rank with the achievements of the strategists 
of any other country, and the early history of their 
soldiery is too well known to need comment. 

They have produced such scholars as Hilali, Baki, Mihri, 
Nali, Raghib, and Naima. 

However, if we are to judge prohibition by its effect 
upon the Mohammedans, we should consider the Saracens 
at the time when they were truly obedient to the prohibition 
command of their great leader. Then they swept thru 
Europe like a besom of destruction and carried the 
Crescent to the Upper Danube. The world had up to that 
time never seen horsemen so wiry and tireless, so fearless 
and fierce, so all-consuming in their energy. 

LABOR — Every workingman carries on his back a 
nonproducer. The laborer who_ pays his bills is charged 
a higher price to cover the loss the storekeeper sustains 
l:ry failure of the drinking man to pay what he owes. 
When crime is committed or a family impoverished by the 
drink-debauchery of its natural support, the cost appears 
on the tax bill of the man who labors. 

Jobs are made by the consumption of products, and if 
money is not spent for booze, it will be spent for other 
things which must be produced by labor. It is true that 
some men will lose their jobs if prohibition becomes law 
thruout the nation, but the number of these men is much 
less than is popularly supposed. 

The producers of foundry and machine shop products 
alone number more than twelve times as many as the pro- 
ducers of all malt and distilled liquors. And it must be 
remembered that tens of thousands of working men each 
year lose their jobs because of the saloon. The saloon- 
insane, the saloon-sick, the saloon loafers, the saloon 
criminals have all lost their jobs because we did not have 
prohibition, and, what is worse, their jobs are not only 
lost but they themselves are unfit for any other positions. 

The custom of drinking which the saloon creates and 
perpetuates does more than any other single thing to 
reduce wages. Two men are employed in the same shop ; 
one drinks and is worth two dollars a day; the other 
does not drink and is worth three dollars; the employer 
pays them both two and a half. And the drinker does 
nothing to improve his conditions of labor and of life. 
Mr. Philip Snowden, the labor leader of England, says : 

"It is the sober, intelligent workmen who fight for bet- 



244 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

ter conditions. It is they who are the best supporters of 
the staple industries of the country. It is they who give 
their children a better start in life. It is they who are 
self-respecting and self-confident. When a drinker be- 
comes an abstainer he does not lower his expenditure, but 
he increases it. The drinker is satisfied with a miserable 
existence ; the sober workman is always striving to raise 
his conditions of life. 

"The sober workmen are the ones who realize that if 
the same amount of money now spent for intoxicating 
liquor were spent for bread and clothing, it would employ 
eight times as many workers, who would receive five and 
one half times as much wages, besides requiring five times 
as much raw materials." 

A million dollars invested in lumber and its manufactures 
employs 579 men ; invested in textiles and its products, 
it employs 578 men ; in leather and its products, 469 men ; 
in paper and printing, 367 men ; in iron and steel, 284 men ; 
in the liquor traffic 77 men. And while the average em- 
ployment in the dullest month of the year, for all in- 
dustries, is 88.6 per cent of the employment for the busiest 
month, the liquor traffic's percentage ranges from 36.6 for 
vinous liquors to 87.9 for malt liquors. 

The Labor Is Needed 

The men who would be put out of employment by pro- 
hibition include not only brewers, distillers, and saloon 
keepers, but bookkeepers, cashiers, clerks, stenographers, 
bottlers, engineers, blacksmiths, carpenters, coopers, elec- 
tricians, machinists, painters, plumbers, and firemen. If, 
as a consequence of their spending less for the drink, the 
American people spent much more for food, clothing, and 
legitimate luxuries, would not these people be immediately 
employed at higher wages in the production of useful 
commodities? 

The size of the retail liquor bill of the country is about 
$2,500,000,000 annually, and this exceeds by $500,000,000 
the total earnings of American trade unionists. In other 
words, the American people are supporting an army of 
idleness and vice just as generously as they are support- 
ing the great trade union army of industry and production. 

Mr. Irving Fisher, professor of political economy of 
Yale -University, says: 

"Economically the workmen lose immensely more than 
they gain by the existence of the liquor industry. The 
fallacy of the workmen in this, as in many other fields, 
is what we call in economics the 'make-work fallacy. 

"The 'make-work' fallacy arises in this case from the 
fact that it seems to the workman, if the alcohol business 
continues, so many jobs will thereby be kept in existence — 
that is, that so many jobs will be 'made' — whereas if this 
business is prohibited so many jobs will cease to be. But 
the workman does not stop to remember that the money 
now spent for alcohol would, if the business were pro- 
hibited, be spent for something else, and that whatever 
that something else was must also be produced, and must 
therefore employ labor. 

"The workman would not only not be injured by pro- 
hibition, but he would be benefited by the wiping away of 
all the liquor industries. He would be benefited : 

"First, by saving him from the physiological poison of 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 245 

alcohol, thus increasing his working (and therefore pro- 
ducing or earning) capacity. 

"Second, it would lengthen life and increase the work- 
ing period of life for workmen. 

"Third, it would save for productive and useful ends the 
vast amount of grain and grapes which are now worse 
than wasted. Whatever is saved to society as a whole is 
saved to labor as well. 

"Fourth, it would enable the workmen now engaged in 
these lines to turn their attention to producing in other 
more useful and more beneficial directions. 

"Even the dislocation which would be caused by sweep- 
ing away the production of alcohol is, I believe, much less 
than workingmen iriiagine, for many of the industries 
associated with the production of alcohol could be con- 
tinued without much jar by adapting them to somewhat 
related lines." 

The truth of this has been proved by actual experience. 
For instance, in Scranton, Pa., with 9 per cent of the 
capital invested in breweries, the average wage was $400 ; 
in Allentown, with 8 per cent in the breweries, the average 
wage was $440; in Reading, with 6 per cent invested in 
breweries, the average wage was $456 ; in Johnstown, with 
3 per cent invested, the average wage was $596; in New 
Castle, with one fiftieth of 1 per cent invested in breweries, 
the average wage was $725. 

The average wage in all no-license cities of Massachu- 
setts, according to the United States census report for 
1909, was $54375, and the average wage in all license 
cities was $486.66. 

In the prohibition State of Washington, organized labor, 
once bitterly opposed to prohibition, is now enthusiastic 
for it. 

Unions Prosper 

Washington Unionism is to-day in a more flourishing 
condition than ever before, leaders assert. 

Seattle's organized labor membership exceeds that of 
wet 1915, despite the loss of several hundred brewery and 
saloon employees. 

So testified James Duncan, secretary of the Central 
Labor Council. 

Predictions Unjustified 

"Results during eight months of prohibition," said Secre- 
tary James Duncan, of the Labor Council, "show how un- 
justified were the dire predictions of the brewery interests. 
Instead of 8,000 union men being thrown out of jobs 
in the State, as was prophesied, hardly 2,500 were affected. 

"Failure of these predicted woes to materialize, added 
to the fact that liquor interests here have openly opposed 
the eight-hour cause and other economic and humani- 
tarian progress, has turned many former Wets among 
trade unionists to dry ranks." 

Organized labor, tho formally neutral in the fight that 
resulted in the State-wide prohibition last January, gave 
considerable support to the liquor men in the interests of 
brewery workers and other fellow unionists who would 
be adversely affected. 

The same support for the same cause has usually been 
enlisted by the Wets from organized labor and socialists 
everywhere. 



246 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

Booze Harms Labor 

"But we have been learning here." resumed Duncan, 
"that we were doing labor vastly more harm by helping 
perpetuate an industry that has combated our progrcs> 
than by abolishing it at the sacrifice of a few hundred 
brewery employees." 

'Socialists or Seattle and the State." added C. H. McGill. 
a well-known leader, "are to-day dry on general economic 
grounds." 

The case of the longshoremen affords an interesting 
commentary. Always frankly wet in their sympathies, the>e 
men have decisively switched. 

Meetings Improve 

"Big improvement in local union meetings since the State 
went dry," is the report of the longshoremen's delegate 
committee. And that seems to be the general verdict of 
labor thruout the dry State of Washington to-day. Gains 
made by labor in Seattle under prohibition are enumerated 
as follows : 

Total union membership in Seattle to-day greater than 
in wet 1915. despite losses of brewery and saloon workers, 
according to Labor Council records. 

Dues more promptly paid and organization work flourish- 
ing. 

"Failure of predicted woes to materialize turns many 
former wet to dry advocates." assert labor leaders. 

Waitresses Employed 

Waitresses increased as much as waiters fell off in 
number employed. 

Garment workers increased over 30 per cent, showing 
growth of union label demand. 

Fifty per cent decrease in crime prosecutions over 1915 
lowers pro rata of court costs among laboring classes. 

Refs. — See Unions. 

LAW — Human laws are intended to be applications of 
the laws of nature to protect natural rights. And as 
Blackstone says. "A law that contravenes a law of God 
or a law of nature is no law at all." The Jewish and 
Christian Scriptures claim to be expressions of the laws 
of nature and the will of God: and. if it could be demon- 
strated that in any material fact they contravene or run 
counter to nature (which is the certain expression of 
the will of God), their teaching to that extent would be 
worthless. 

The object of human law is not to enact the laws of 
nature, but to enforce them by putting a penalty to their 
violation. But their execution is beyond the reach of 
all created intelligence. All violations of natural laws 
depend upon two causes — ignorance or inability. The first 
does not necessarily involve moral turpitude, tho it finds 
no excuse in the realm of nature. The second is the 
result of abuse that produced the inability. With the 
abuse human law has nothing to do. Nature demands the 
use of every faculty, settles her own accounts, and never 
pardons a delinquent. Her jurisdiction extends only to 
the realm of justice, "an eye for an eye and a tooth for 
a tooth" ; and while "eye" and "tooth" by abuse lose 
ability to perform their functions, they cannot escape the 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 247 

demands of nature nor the consequences of their inability 
to perform such natural functions. 

The people of a Western city were recently excited by 
the discovery of a living newly born infant on a pile of 
city rubbish, cut and bruised by being cast away. A 
charitable mother of natural instincts resuscitated and 
gave it a mother's care. The difference between these 
two mothers was not that nature had denied the one the 
natural instincts of a mother and bestowed them upon 
the other. Even admitting a difference by heredity, that 
difference can never . be traced to a gift of nature, for 
nature in a purely natural state never makes such dis- 
tinctions. No gorilla in the jungles of Africa or grizzly 
bear of the Rocky Mountains would cast off or refuse 
protection to an offspring, but would defend it at the peril 
of her own existence. 

When the infant above was discovered, the offending 
mother was sought for to be punished, but, to the astonish- 
ment of some of the wise jurists, no law could be found 
in statutes of our State to meet the case; and it is both 
interesting and instructive to learn that no human legis- 
lator ever attempted to legislate on this subject. To com- 
mand a mother to protect her offspring is a law which 
finite beings can neither make nor enforce. In vain do 
we seek to find such a law in the records of antiquity. 
Neither Solon, Lycurgus, nor Justin has jurisdiction here. 
None but the Creator can enact such a law, for the simple 
reason that no other has power to enforce it. No law 
but that of love can reach this point ; and this can never 
be produced by statutes, pains, and penalties. No law can 
compel a mother to take care of her offspring. Compulsion 
finds no place in moral actions. 

When a mother refuses, who can compel and in what 
way? God himself would be impotent, as he has but one 
remedy — to change her nature ; and this only by her own 
consent and cooperation ; for "a good tree bringeth not 
forth corrupt fruit ; neither doth a corrupt tree bring 
forth good fruit." Where is the remedy? Certainly not 
in law. If every human mother would refuse to own and 
care for her offspring, where would be the difficulty and 
what the remedy? The difficulty would be in the corrup- 
tion or loss of natural instinct; and the only remedy is its 
restoration. It seems startling that the perpetuity of the 
human race should hang on such a seemingly slender 
thread as maternal instinct, but no more so than that the 
whole material fabric of nature should hang on an in- 
visible and incomprehensible force we call gravity. Gravity 
unifies and upholds the material universe. Love does the 
same in the moral realm, while faith prompts the obedi- 
ence of all moral beings. Human authority may prevent 
an immoral act ; but neither human nor divine authority 
can ever compel an unwilling moral action. When crea- 
tive energy had been expended in the formation of the 
planetary system, had these planets been given volition 
and free will by a decree of the Creator, their motions 
and harmony would be no longer under his control. If 
in the exercise of their freedom they would refuse obedi- 
ence, but one remedy would be left — their destruction. 

Law and Its Penalty 

If we loot for the ultimate source of all progress, 



248 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

we find it in the words, "law and its penalty." Law 
to the obedient means protection. Penalty to the dis- 
obedient begets fear. To all inferior creatures the fear 
of penalty is the sum total of their wisdom. To man, 
an intelligent creature, "the fear of the Lord (lawmaker) 
is the beginning of wisdom." Fear to the whole animal 
world is the means of protection and progress. "Law- 
is a rule of action, " says Blackstone. This he took from 
the Hebrew idea of law answering to a line or straight 
edge (Hebrew, Torak). To verify this see examples of 
law in the New Testament. In Paul's controversy with 
the Jews they contended that law was a rule of justifica- 
tion. Paul contended that the law condemned us. See 
his analogy : "If there had been a 'law given which could 
have given life, verily righteousness should have been 
by the law." So if there had been a line that could make 
the crooked straight, straightness had been by the line. 
"The law maketh nothing perfect." The line maketh 
nothing straight. 

But says the psalmist. "The law of the Lord is perfect, 
the line of the Lord is straight." Paul says, "The law 
is our Schoolmaster (Pedagog) to bring us to Christ." 
The law put upon a bad man's character shows his de- 
parture from truth and right. The line put upon a stick 
of timber shows its bumps. To frame a building by a 
crooked square would destroy the material. To govern 
mankind by bad or false laws will destroy families or 
nations. A law that is not founded in the law of nature 
is not law (Blackstone). A falsehood has no absolute 
existence and as such 'must perish. A counterfeit is only 
a false representation, has no entity. A picture is only 
the shadow of a substance: a hypocrite is only the false 
reflection of a true character. A law reflecting false prin- 
ciples manufactures predatory individuals and nations. 
Law without a penalty is a mi-nomer; remove penalty 
from law and it becomes only advice. The whole uni- 
verse is under the "reign of law." and there is but one 
law. the law of nature (Blackstone) : and all just human 
laws are only true reflections from it: and all unjust laws 
are not "bad laws." but are "not laws" (Blackstone) ; 
they are only false reflections. No man is bound by the 
law of God or man that violates a law of nature. "Chil- 
dren." says the apostle, "obey your parents in the Lord" ; 
but a parental command is not obligatory on a child when 
it requires a violation of the law of God. 

Law the Educator 

Law is the only educator in the universe. The penalty 
affixed to and administered by the laws of nature regulates 
the actions of all creatures below man in the animal 
kingdom, and keeps every creature in the place nature 
assigned it. One step taken out of its natural sphere 
is met by the penalty of violated law, and it either dies 
or returns to its obedience. 

lid a downy young duck to a fluffy young chick, 

'Come down "to the water and swim: 
By the best kind of luck the right path I can pick, 

And the horse trough is full to the brim.' 
The chick saw him dive and come up still alive, 

And, full of ambition and pride, 
At the slip of his toe, he felt himself go, 

And fell into the water and died." 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 249 

Had that young "chick" made his escape from that 
"horse trough," never again would it have gone into 
water. A dog will never be caught in the same trap the 
second time, but a man may get drunk, and in that help- 
less condition get his ears, toes, and fingers frozen off, 
or meet with any other calamity, and instead of learning 
an effectual lesson (as in the case of all inferior creatures) 
he repeats the act. as we see by actual observation ; and 
every time the act is repeated, with less resistance, until 
nothing remains but appetite; and this in Scripture is 
called "fixedness" (see Luke 16. 26), and "an eternal sin" 
(Revised Version. Mark 3. 29), described in one word, 
"Lost." Separated from everything but himself, no re- 
gard for anything but himself, out of harmony with him- 
self, and no resources to draw upon but himself, and all 
knowledge of his natural relations forever lost. This is 
a finished character produced by disobedience to law and 
"sin is the transgression of the law" (1 John 3. 4), and 
"sin, when it is finished, bringeth forth death" (James 
1. 15). 

On this passage Dr. McKnight says : "The Soul, which 
the Greek philosophers considered as the seat of the ap- 
petites and passions, is called by Philo to thahn, the female 
part of our nature, and the spirit to aggcn, the male part. 
In allusion to that notion James represents men's lusts 
as an harlot who entices their understanding and will into 
its impure embraces, and from that conjunction conceives 
Sin, and Sin being brought forth, it immediately acts and 
is nourished by frequent repetition till at length it gains 
much strength, so that in its turn it begets death, which 
destroys the sinner. This is the true genealogy of sin and 
death. Lust is the mother of sin, and sin the mother of 
death, and the Sinner the parent of both." 

This idea is as old as Job 28. 22. In speaking of heavenly 
wisdom he says, "Destruction and death [abaddon vamaveth 
— literally, 'the devil and his offspring death'] say, We 
have heard the fame thereof with our ears." Here Christ 
is represented as wisdom (chochmoh) and the "life" and 
offspring of God ; and "death" the offspring of the devil. 
See in Rev. 9. 11 the "angel of the bottomless pit" is 
called Abaddon and Apollyon. Abaddon is his name in 
Hebrew, and the very word used b} r Job, and Apollyon 
is the same in Greek letters. The violation of law 7 pro- 
duces death, and the devil is the father of lies. The 
law of nature is the only rule of action that protects, and 
fear produces obedience to the law. Hence "fear" is the 
beginning of all wisdom. 

The Beginning of Wisdom 

Laws in all human governments are designed for pro- 
tection and education, and accomplish their purposes only 
as they are obeyed or enforced ; when no law is made no 
penalty can exist ; and where there is no penalty there is 
no fear ; and when there is no "fear" education cannot 
exist. 

While there is but one kingdom of nature, there are 
three kingdoms in nature : mineral, vegetable, and animal. 
A stone lives in but one, the mineral ; a tree in two, the 
mineral and the vegetable ; a man in all three. Each of 
these kingdoms has its own immutable laws, strictly ad- 
ministered in its own department. Death is the penalty 



2 5 o THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 



of transgression in all. And death has been defined by- 
Herbert Spencer, "to be out of harmony with environ- 
ment." A tree lives in two kingdoms, its root in the 
mineral and its stock and branches in the vegetable. Out 
of harmony with either kingdom means death to the 
whole tree. It can die thru its roots or thru its trunk. 
Out of harmony with either environment destroys root and 
branches. A man lives in all three kingdoms, and is 
circumscribed by the laws of each ; and if out of harmony 
with either, the whole man dies. Either kingdom had 
power to serve him ; but if the forces of either turn 
against him, he is ruined. 

Now apply these scriptural principles to the temperance 
question ! There is no law against drunkenness ; and, 
as there is no penalty, no man is afraid to get drunk. He 
is recognized and protected as one of the social compact 
and cannot be restrained until he performs an overt act 
by becoming disorderly, disturbing the public peace, or 
becoming a menace to public safety. As there is no law 
against drunkenness, a man commits no crime when he 
gets drunk and destroys his capability for self-govern- 
ment ; he is still a member of society, is protected, and 
cannot be restrained. Society must risk the danger and 
stand the consequences, take all the risks for the destruc- 
tion of life and property, and protect the man in what 
is termed a self-responsible condition. This is right under 
moral law, but under social law it will ultimately demolish 
the whole social fabric. Why not allow a man to build 
a combustible shanty on a corner lot of a densely popu- 
lated city, and make society take the risk of future 
danger? That shanty might stand for years before it 
takes fire causing the destruction of life and property! 
Why not wait till the danger develops into results? Why 
not allow a man to trot a horse or run an automobile a 
mile in three minutes thru the streets of a populous town? 
Simply for the reason that while in Society he should 
be made to obey the social law ; otherwise, he should be 
put out of society. No one disputes the right to go off 
from society and run an automobile or trot a horse where 
only danger to himself is incurred; and no one that under- 
stands natural or revealed law will deny a man the right 
to plant an orchard, make apple brandy, take it into the 
mountains and drink it, where the wolves will eat his car- 
cass and the devil get his soul; but when he wants to 
drink it in society and then take earnings from the sober 
and industrious, to pay for digging his grave and making 
his coffin, every member of society has a natural right to 
object; and a law that compels them to submit is a viola- 
tion of natural law ; and therefore, as Blackstone says, is 
"no law at all." 

It might be asked if this be so, have not the temperance 
people under this rule a right to- refuse to pay taxes in- 
curred by inconsistent legislation? Not if the law was 
the fairly expressed will of Society. In such a case it 
would be the duty of temperance people to obey the law, 
or (like the Pilgrim Fathers) leave the social compact. 
A refusal to obey such a law would not be a crime against 
nature, no violation of natural law, but it would be a 
crime against society, as resistance would engender greater 
evils and prevent moral reform. Resistance would change 
the field of contest, array the majority against the minority, 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 251 

and moral reform would c^me to an end by having arrayed 
against it <i superior force, taking it out of its own sphere 
of action. The "survival of the fittest" is the continuance 
of that which fits the environments. A moral reform can 
never succeed against superior numbers ; and in a political 
or physical contest nothing but moral forces can promote 
moral reform ; and when it gains a firm control over the 
moral sentiment of a people, it crystallizes in the form 
of law. It is then out of the hands of the moral reformer. 
Moral reformers are always in the minority, and moral 
force is their only weapon. When anything is substituted 
for this, the moral reformer abandons his post and moral 
reform is at an end. C. T. W. 

LAW, AN IDEAL FORM OF— Prohibitory laws 
should never be directed against "intoxicating liquors." 
They should always prohibit "alcoholic liquors," or "bever- 
age liquors containing alcohol." Courts hold many dif- 
fering opinions as to just what is "intoxicating liquor," 
but there is never any doubt as to what is "alcoholic 
liquor." 

A prohibition law should never be "mealy-mouthed." 
To secure the best results it must be drastic and all-inclu- 
sive." 

LAW AND ORDER LEAGUES— A device for com- 
bining citizens to do the work which they have elected 
officials to do. 

V -XAWLESSNESS— Early in 1915 Colonel Dan Morgan 
Smith, who was the attorney for the National Model 
License League, startled the liquor world by announcing 
that he was done, that from henceforth he was for prohi- 
bition. He gave as his reason that the liquor people had 
induced him to go over the country fighting prohibition 
with promises that the liquor business would contend for 
strict "model" license, but that as soon as prohibition was 
defeated by these promises the liquor men inevitably did 
everything possible to defeat model license laws and con- 
tinued as lawless as before. 

One does not need to go further than the liquor press 
itself or the public utterances of liquor men to convict the 
liquor traffic of incorrigible lawlessness. Mr. Timothy 
McDonough, at that time president of the National Liquor 
League, in addressing the Iowa Convention of Retail 
Liquor Dealers, said : "This talk of reforming the saloon 
on the part of the brewers and wholesalers is all rot. It 
sounds well in the form of resolutions, but if they were 
sincere in their resolutions there would not be a dive 
saloon in the country one week from to-day !" 

Whether or not this indictment was justified may be 
judged by the reader himself if he will turn to the subject 
"Brewers" and read the account of how decoy letters sent 
to Pabst, Schultz, Schlitz, Jung, Gutsch, and other promi- 
nent brewers, readily elicited from them offers to supply 
blind pigs and to aid in their protection from the law by 
the concealment of shipments. And they supply these 
blind pigs not only in prohibition territory, but in Chicago, 
as has been proved in court time and again. 

"Every time I arrest a man who is running a blind pig," 
complained Detective J. N. Flynn of Chicago, "I find, when 
I get to court, that the representative of the brewery has 
been there before me. He threatens whatever judge is 



252 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

sitting with political death if he does not 'listen to rea- 
son.' " And Lieutenant John McCarthy of the police of 
that city, declared. "If it were not for the influence of the 
breweries. I would drive the blind pigs . out of Rogers 
Park in four weeks." 

"I Am Guilty" 

The following confessions of guilt taken from the liquor 
press are typical : 

"The saloon as conducted is a nuisance — a loafing place 
for the idle and vicious," acknowledged the Wine and 
Spirit Gazette of August 23. 1902. "It is generally on a 
prominent street and is run by a sport who cares only 
for the almighty dollar. From this resort the drunken 
man starts reeling home. At this resort the local fights 
are indulged in. It is a stench in the nostrils of society." 

"Any man who knows the saloons well can honestly 
say that mo-t of them have forfeited their right to live." 
said the Wholesalers' and Retailers' Review of September, 
1907. 

"There is not a licensed saloon keeper in Illinois who 
does not lay himself liable to prosecution a dozen times 
a day," confessed the Champion of Fair Play, June 7. 
1902. 

Bon fort's JJ'ine and Spirit' Circular of January 10. 
1914, said : "I have heard a distiller and importer say that 
he would fight to the last ditch any attempt to establish 
a saloon in the neighborhood in which he resides. If the 
people engaged in this bu^ine^s feel that way about it. 
they cannot find fault with others offering the same objec- 
tions." 

Practically every report of the Commissioner of In- 
ternal Revenue tells of from 4.000 to 5.000 criminal cases 
pending against liquor dealers. All but 29 of the 129 saloon 
keepers of Joliet. 111., have been recently convicted of 
crimes against the law. 

A report of an investigation in Chicago in 1914 states 
that 14.602 women were discovered in the back rooms 
of 478 saloons on four main thorofares of that city. The 
facts were developed by a survey of Madison and Clark 
Streets and Wabash and Cottage Grove Avenues. It is 
further stated that out of 478 saloons visited only twenty- 
seven failed to contribute in some manner to the demorali- 
zation of women and girls. "Most of the women drink- 
ers in the saloons." says the report, "were amateurs who 
might be daughters of almost anybody." 

The action of a federal Grand Jury in Pittsburgh when 
it returned 101 indictments against the leading brewery 
trade officials of the country, is eloquent testimony to. the 
inherent lawlessness of the trade. In Texas several years 
ago the authorities uncovered in the brewing trade an 
astonishing system of corruption which resulted in the 
imposition of fines upon prominent brewers amounting to 
more than a quarter of a million of dollars. 

Refs. — See Brewers and references. 

LEAFLETS — "Tall oaks from little acorns grow," and 
great effects from little causes. 

Should any service seem small which may be helpful 
toward large results? Some methods have proven help- 
ful in my work as pastor and temperance campaigner 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 253 

which I wish to -.share with my fellow laborers in the 
Master's vineyard. One is a method of tract circulation. 

The old % way was to scatter 1,000 in the hope that fifty 
persons might read them. My method sends out fifty with 
the certainty that 1,000 will read them. 

At the close of my junior meeting I gave each child a 
tract, and a card bearing these words : "We, the under- 
signed, have read the accompanying leaflet," with the 
instruction that one week from that hour the roll would 
be called, and each one would report the number of people 
who had read the tract, and bring forward the list of 
names and addresses of the readers. Some little prize of 
book or other keepsake was given all who secured a cer- 
tain number of readers during the week. Usually I pre- 
sented a "Hymnal with Notes" to the one who secured 
the highest number. Our new Sunday School Hymnal 
only costs twenty-five cents, when purchased in quantities, 
and' is greatly appreciated by the children who can thus 
win a copy. 

No one will refuse to read a tract for a little boy or 
girl. Sometimes the entire household gathers around to 
hear the sweet message read. The boys and girls who 
thus engage in the work learn their tract by heart from 
hearing it read so many times. In seven churches — at 
Seaford, Del.; Sea Cliff, N. Y. ; Pasadena, Santa Monico, 
San Diego, Cal. ; Newark, N. J.; and Portland, Ore. — 
revivals of far-reaching influence owed their inception to 
this work under my pastorates. It has been helpful in 
preparing for every revival with which God has blessed 
my charges. It enlists the active cooperation of all the 
children of the church. It reaches every class in the com- 
munity. It is the quickest way I have found of making 
announcements, of disseminating missionary, temperance, 
or doctrinal information, or of pointing out duties to. non- 
churchgoers. 

A Rainy Day Stimulant 

In California, for example, once during the rainy season 
I selected that exquisite little tract by Frances R. Haver- 
gal, now published by our Board of Temperance, "Why 
I Go to Church on Rainy Sundays." The following Sab- 
bath it rained. In other years there would have been no 
services on such a day. The morning congregation was 
not less than on the Sunday previous. The explanation 
came at the Junior meeting in the afternoon when the 
roll call brought the names of more than twelve hundred 
who had read that tract during the week. 

I here give a single Sabbath's report. The tract was 
"How to Make Your Pastor Succeed," by Bishop Fowler. 
Fourteen children received copies of it. The roll call 
brought out the following facts : A little girl brought for- 
ward the names of 202 readers. Four boys had more 
than 120 each. Six children had more than 100 readers. 
Four secured 75 readers. Only one fell short of 50. You 
will see that these fourteen little workers found in a 
single week about 1,600 interested readers of that won- 
derfully helpful tract. All but two of them knew it by 
heart. 

As a Temperance Aid 

> Twenty years ago I originated this plan. As an effec- 
tive means of tract manipulation I have not heard of its 



254 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

equal, or as a practical means of employing sweet child- 
hood in the service of the Lord. It was used once in a 
temperance campaign and it electrified the community. 
I wrote a leaflet, "Won't You Vote Out the Saloons for 
My Sake?" Gave each boy and girl of all the Sunday 
schools one each ; offered a prize for the one in each 
school who would secure the most readers that week, and 
the effect was magical ; in twenty-four hours the town 
was ours. Three thousand persons read it and few could 
resist the appeal. 

In the recent Oregon campaign I used leaflets to great 
advantage by getting off trains at every stop and handing 
out literature to every man and boy at the station. The 
eagerness of all to secure one indicated the certainty of 
its being read. As soon as the first one is handed out, 
all hands are reached and everybody moves toward the 
car steps to get one. 

A Chicago Instance 

Some time ago, on one of the busiest streets of Chicago, 
I was walking from an office with a package of printed 
leaflets headed, "William Jennings Bryan Denounces the 
Liquor Traffic." This was in large letters. A gentleman 
-aw the title, stopped, and politely said : "I see you have 
something by an old favorite of mine. Would you mind 
letting me have one?" "Certainly, you shall have one," 
1 replied. Many other men were passing, and, seeing I 
had something good to give away, they stepped up, and 
without moving I gave forty to fifty away in three 
minutes, and it did my soul good to see as many men 
walking down the street reading the words of "The Great 
Commoner" on the rum traffic. 

When on trains I frequently take a hundred of "Why 
1 Quit Smoking," by McCain, or "Alcohol and Tobacco," 
by Riddell. and walk forward thru the smoker and hand 
every gentleman a copy. They invariably begin reading 
it ; and I have seen every man in a crowded car so en- 
gaged. No harm can come of this and possibly great 
good. 

Out West 

In Western campaigns I have taken long stage rides 
and entertained myself and my fellow passengers by 
assorting ray leaflets and dropping a package into every 
mail bag or box we passed on the road. I have put out 
three hundred packages of campaign literature in a single 
week's trip. 

I always carry tracts in my pockets to hand to strangers 
and busy people with whom I cannot get time to converse. 
Having a good assortment, when a conversation in shop 
or parlor, or street or car suggests one, no one will be 
offended if you say, "That reminds me of a leaflet I have 
by a noted man on that very point." It will be received 
with interest. For twenty years I have never been with- 
out leaflets and tracts, few days have passed without an 
opportunity to give one out, and no one was ever offended. 

"But don't you think tract peddling is small business?" 
My friend, you are not a bit too large for this job; the 
only question is, are you big enough for it? What this 
world needs is a class not above doing little things well ; 
men who will fight in the ranks whether there are any 
vacancies among the generals or not. 






PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 255 

Bishop Mallalieu, of Boston, was a big man, but he 
never sent out letfers, friendly, business, or official, with- 
out inclosmg some heart-stirring leaflets. I have received 
many letters from him, but never one without something 
additional that was good to read. And Wilbur F. Crafts 
has kept the church and state throbbing for twenty-five 
years by mailing to the right man at the right time the 
right leaflet on the moral reform then uppermost. 

How to Clinch the Point 

If pastors who preach on temperance or other speakers 
who lecture on prohibition would clinch their message 
by distributing at the door leaflets that more fully inform 
the people on the subject of the evening, the awakened 
interest would insure a careful reading and the reading 
would deepen the conviction already made. 

I have seen worldly men convicted and converted ; back- 
sliders reclaimed and made aggressive workers ; stingy 
church members become conscientious tithers ; absentee 
Christians become regular at prayer meetings, and indif- 
ferent voters become leaders in the temperance reform — 
all thru receiving at the proper time an appropriate tract. 

A Reading Club Without Books 

How to conduct a reading circle is a problem that almost 
every pastor and worker among the young has faced, 
has tried to force, and failed. The difficulty is this : The 
thoughtful and reading few may be able and willing to 
buy books, but the class that needs the books most will 
not. If you give them books they soon tire of them. But 
there is no selection of books the individual chapters of 
which surpass in worth and interest the leaflets, easily 
secured, on the great reforms. 

I have conducted a reading circle for months at a time, 
using, instead of books, leaflets distributed one week 
ahead, so that each had one, and having a week to study 
the same chapter, could participate in the discussion. 

Tracts can be mailed to absentees or sent personally 
by one of the members. 

Each chapter is in a convenient form to carry in the 
pocket. Being separated from the rest, it is more likely 
to be mastered than it would be if it were just one of a 
number of chapters in a book to be scanned, and laid aside. 
The pastor, in conducting this chapter, and furnishing 
free of charge the reading matter, removed the most 
prevalent excuse offered as a reason for not joining, 
namely, the expense of the books. 

In San ' Diego at the First Methodist Church I had 
great success with this for an eight months' course on 
Christian Citizenship, many years ago. One dollar will 
procure enough leaflets for eight meetings with fifty mem- 
bers, so that everyone may have the chapter in convenient 
form. 

What a lift it would give the temperance reform to 
have 10,000 study classes thus conducted with our leaflets ! 
We would raise up a generation of intelligent, well- 
equipped citizen soldiers who would fight rum with wea- 
pons more mighty than bullets. 

For any of these purposes, what an assortment we have 
to offer ! The classics of the Temperance Reform have 
been published as leaflets. 



256 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

If your heart is in this cause, you can well afford to 
invest some tithes for Temperance Tracts. 

Recently I spent a Sunday at Fort Smith, Ark., and 
visited six Sunday schools. I put out 1,500 leaflets with 
a card saying: "We, the undersigned, have read the ac- 
companying leaflet," and offered a copy of "Dry or Die" to 
the Sunday school scholar who would get the most people 
to read the leaflet, and sign the card. Numbers of chil- 
dren got over two hundred readers ; fifty workers got a 
hundred or more. Altogether, the readers totaled 20,000. 

Try it in your town ; use "Why I Go to Church" to stir 
up church attendance; "Why Put Prohibition Into the 
Constitution" to make sentiment for prohibition. 

Clarence True Wilson. 

LEAFLETS, WHERE SECURED— (15 cents per 
hundred, postpaid). The following leaflets may be pro- 
cured in any quantity of the Methodist Board of Tem- 
perance : 
Xo. 

1. "Leaflets as Ammunition," Clarence True Wilson. 

2. "Temperance Work for Sunday Schools." 

25. "What is the Board of Temperance, Prohibition, and 
Public Morals?" 

27. "The Three Bs, A Life Story," Bishop Mclntyre. 

28. "The Four Ds, or Why I Quit Smoking," Harry G. 

McCain. 

29. "A Love Affair," Clarence True Wilson. 
32. "Bob Burdette on Beer and Prohibition." 
36. "Snakes in the Stump," Bishop Mclntyre. 

2,7. "Child Labor and Liquor," Bishop Earl Cranston. 
38. "What the Bible Says," Selected by Clarence True 
Wilson. 

40. "Life in a Dry Country," Edwin Locke, D.D. 

41. "Why I Go to Church on Rainy Sabbaths," Frances R. 

Havergal. 

42. "How to Make Your Pastor Succeed," Bishop Fowler. 

43. "Won't You Vote the Saloons Out for My Sake? A 

Child's Appeal." 

44. "Alcohol and Tobacco," Newton N. Riddell. 

45. "Why a Boy Should Sign the Pledge," T. J. Everett. 

46. "Locating the Responsibility." John H. Willey. 

47. "What Would the Farmer Do?" Deets Pickett. 
49. "Liquor Robs Labor," Deets Pickett. 

53. "Is it Right?" 

54. "Hurrah for Kansas !" Deets Pickett. 

58. "Hanly's Hates — Telling Truth About Liquor." 

59. "100 Years of Temperance Reform," Clarence True 

Wilson. 

60. "Nineteen Counts Against John Barleycorn," Deets 

Pickett. 
62. "A Prayer for Prohibition," Clarence True Wilson. 

64. "Why Put Prohibition Into the Constitution," Clar- 

ence True Wilson. 

65. "Notice to Liquor Dealers to Quit," T. J. Scott. 

67. "Why Their Attorney Quit Them," Dan Morgan 

Smith. 

68. "Methodism Hot on the Trail of the Bandit Booze," 

Clarence True Wilson. 

69. "Beer or Business?" Deets Pickett. 

70. "The Challenge to the Present Generation," Ernest 

Dailey Smith. 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 257 

71. "Home Rule for Cities," Clarence True Wilson. 

72. "Compensation," Clarence True Wilson. 

73. "Why?" Deets Pickett. 

74. "Set in the Heavens," Clarence True Wilson. 

75. "Uncle Sam's Parade of Shame," Roland M. Brown. 

76. "What About the Revenue?" Deets Pickett. 

77. "Is Moderate Drinking Injurious?" Deets Pickett. 

78. "Efficiency and High Wages Reward the Man Who 

Abstains." 

79. "What the Voters Want to Know." 

80. "Germans and Prohibition," Deets Pickett. 

81. "Webster's Classic Modernized," Pearle Aikin-Smith. 

Spanish Leaflets 

38. "What the Bible Says," selected by Clarence True 
Wilson. 

53. "Is it Right?" 

60. "Nineteen Counts Against John Barleycorn," Deets 
Pickett. 

64. "Why Put Prohibition Into the Constitution," Clar- 
ence True Wilson. 

Leaflets Classified 

Abstinence, Total : Nos. 27, 31, 44, 45, 66, 77, 78. 

Boys: Nos. 27, 28, 32, 44, 45, 66. 

Children's: Nos. 27, 33, 41, 43. 

Church Work: Nos. 1, 22, 23, 24, 25, 52, 56, 63. 

Kansas: Nos. 40, 54, 61. 

Liquor: Nos. 21, 35, 36, 37, 38, 49, 50, 53, 58, 60, 63, 65, 

67, 69, 75, 76. 
Miscellaneous: Nos. 41, 42, 74, 81. 
Prohibition: Nos. 26, 29, 46, 47, 51, 55, 57, 59, 60, 62, 64, 

65, 68, 71, 72, 73, 79, 80. 
Tobacco : Nos. 28, 44, 66. 

Other Supplies 

Total Abstinence Pledge Cards, 25 cents per 100. 

Wall Rolls for framing with space for 400 names, 25 cents 

postpaid. 
Button-Badges of Methodist Temperance Society. One 

cent each, $1.00 per 100. 
Sunday School Temperance Programs for Temperance 

Day, free to all Sunday schools. 
Big Red Posters in sets of 12, 20 cents postpaid. 

LEUCOCYTES— See Health Defenders of the Body. 

LICENSE — A French prime minister once described 
alcohol as the beast of burden in a budget. At least, the 
liquor traffic does not complain of its burden. At the time 
Congress was considering increasing the beer tax in 1914 
the National Liquor Dealers' Journal of Pittsburgh said 
that the brewers "will make no complaint over the war 
tax." It continued : "The tax will not be one on them, 
altho they will act as the clearing house for the govern- 
ment in its collection. The taxpayers will be the ultimate 
consumers. Some of the big glasses of beer may be cut 
down a trifle, or a little more foam added to the ordinary 
glass will make up the difference." 

And these sentences are typical of the attitude of the 
liquor trade toward the system of license and taxation. 



258 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

They have ever considered it one of the bulwarks of their 
safety. 

What is Involved 

The United States government cannot derive revenue 
from the liquor traffic without affording that trade: 
i. Permission. 

2. Protection. 

3. Promotion. 

It is obligated by its acceptance of part of the profits 
to confer upon the trade these three things. The brewers 
are not wrong when they claim that the United States 
government cannot honestly accept revenue without per- 
mitting, protecting, and promoting their business. 

It is becoming fashionable for federal officers to refer 
to the federal license as "an occupation tax receipt," but 
the Internal Revenue Act of 1794 as well as the Act of 
1814 referred to it as a "license," the Act of 1862 desig- 
nated it a "license," all the argument on the measure, as 
well as all the Supreme Court decisions dealing with the 
legislation, referred t(» it as a "license." Not until the 
amended Act of 1868 was it changed to read "tax receipt" 
(not "occupation tax"). So that the term "license" applied 
to the thing sold has more precedent than "tax receipt," 
and the late designation of "occupation tax" is a novelty. 

The endeavor to change the name of the federal license 
from "license" to "occupation tax" is an effort to evade 
responsibility for issuing such licenses in prohibition terri- 
tory. At the present time the federal government collects 
the tax and issues a receipt without regard to State or 
local laws. 

The first two internal revenue acts distinctly provided 
that no recognition should be accorded liquor outlaws in 
the administration of federal revenue laws. In the in- 
ternal revenue acts of 1794 and 1813, respectively, the 
statesmen of that day were careful not to put the federal 
government, despite the pressing need for revenue, in a 
position to antagonize the reserved police powers of the 
States, or encourage lawlessness. 

The acts of 1794 and 1813 contain this provision: 

"Provided, always, that no license shall be granted to 
any person to sell wines or foreign-distilled spirituous 
liquors who is prohibited to sell the same by the laws of 
any State." 

Since the federal government has altered its former 
honorable policy and now connives at violation of State 
and municipal laws, the "license" becomes a "tax." 

But if we concede that, since the federal government is 
acting under the revenue clause of the constitution, it is 
theoretically levying a "tax" and not issuing a "license," 
how does that help the situation? The basis of taxation 
is protection, and if a government cannot protect the party 
"taxed" in his right of "occupation" on which the levy 
has been made, on what ground does it exact the pay- 
ment? Here is the legal theory of taxation: 

"The theory of all taxation is that taxes are imposed 
as a compensation for something received by the taxpayer. 
General taxes are paid for the support of the government 
in return for the protection of life, liberty, and property 
which the government gives." — "American and English 
Encyclopedia of Law" (2d Ed.), p. 581. 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 259 

And, indeed, the government acts upon this theory, for 
the department prohibits the internal revenue collectors 
from testifying against the holders of these "tax receipts" 
in State courts when they are indicted for violating State 
liquor laws, and the United States mails are freely used 
by the liquor interests to defeat such laws. 

The right of Kansas to prohibit the liquor traffic is in- 
disputable and its moral right to demand recognition of 
tliat prohibition from the federal government, no matter 
if the national revenue is affected, is impregnable. The 
constitution says : 

"The enumeration in the constitution of certain rights 
shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained 
by the people." — (Art. 9 of Constitution.) 

And if the law of uniformity of taxation is to be 
carried to the length of issuing the United States receipts 
in prohibition territory, logically the States have no right 
to pass prohibitory laws, since they conflict with the 
license fiscal policy of the federal government. 

If the coast States were to levy an "occupation tax" 
on smugglers, issue them an "occupation tax" receipt and 
prohibit- State officers from testifying against smugglers in 
the federal courts, we can fancy the cries of "shame" 
and "dishonor" which would resound through the halls 
of Congress. But when the Treasury Department, backed 
by Congress, deals hand in glove with liquor outlaws, it 
makes a vast difference because it is the State ox that is 
gored. 

The Practical Effect of License 

The practical effect of license has been to strengthen the 
liquor traffic. It has caused it to organize, both for trade 
purposes and for the corruption of politics. At the time 
high license was first proposed it was said that it would 
wipe out the low dives, eliminate the blind pig, and aid in 
regulation. None of these things have proven true. Very 
frequently, the low dive, more completely abandoned to 
corruption, to alliance with the social evil and gambling, 
to political affiliations, has been more able tb meet a high 
license than the shop which attempts to keep itself free 
from such things. The principle has not lessened the 
extension or the degree of the drinking custom, nor has 
it mitigated in the slightest its evil consequences. Upon 
the other hand, by giving the traffic something of social 
and political prestige, it has tended to contribute to its 
growth and to diffuse its evil effects thruout the popula- 
tion. 

Nor has high license regulation tended to keep out the 
blind pig. 

In 1850, before this accursed fraud of federal license 
was conceived in the bottomless pit and written into law 
over the protests and fears of patriotic congressmen, the 
per capita consumption of liquor in the United States was 
4.8 gallons. In 1914, after sixty-four years of "curbing" 
the liquor traffic by taxing it, the per capita consumption 
had risen to approximately twenty-three gallons. 

The most effective argument advanced by the opponents 
of prohibition is : "We cannot spare the revenue." 

It enables the brewer to pretend that he pays from his 
own pockets taxes really filched from the pockets of the 
man before the bar. 



26o THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

Eliminate the federal, State, and municipal revenues 
from the liquor problem and you at once remove the entire 
political motive for the continuance of that traffic. 

Refs. — See Federal Government; History of the Temperance Re- 
form; and Revenue. 

LIGHT DRINKS— The encouragement of the use of 
so-called light drinks contributes nothing to the solution 
of the drink problem. That problem is no less insistent 
for solution in the countries that are alleged to have "solved 
the problem" by the encouragement of the use of beer and 
wine than it is in America. The United States Bureau of 
Statistics several years ago prepared a table showing the 
comparative consumption of different kinds of liquors in 
various countries. 

Malt Liquors Wines Distilled Spirits 

Countries Million Gallons Million Gallons Million Gallons 

Gallons Per Cap. Gallons Per Cap. Gallons Per Cap. 
United States (1910)... 1851.3 20.09 60.5 0.66 133.5 1.45 

United Kingdom (1909). 1397.3 31.44 15.2 0.31 40.1 0.96 

Germany (1909-10).... 1703.5 26.47 74.6 1.16 94.2 1.48 

France (1909) 375.0 9.51 1541.4 39.36 70.9 1.81 

Austria (1908-9) 492.9 17.17 178.6 6.34 54.7 1.81 

Belgium (1909) 411.7 55.20 9.1 1.21 10.7 1.42 

Russia (1908) 231.4 1.46 No data Nodata 232.7 1.45 

Spain (1909) Nodata Nodata 345.9 18.23 Nodata Nodata 

Sweden (1908-9) 72.3 13.31 Nodata Nodata 8.6 1.57 

SwiUerland(1909) 64.6 18.00 52.2 14.55 3.6 0.99 

Denmark (1909) 61.7 22.98 Nodata Nodata 8.0 2.97 

Italy (1909) 17.4 51 1012.0 31.17 26.1 0.76 

Bulgaria (1909) 3.2 0.75 34.9 8.19 0.6 0.13 

Hungary (1908-9) 55.7 2.90 98.6 4.76 43.7 2.11 

Netherlands (1909) Nodata Nodata 2.3 0.40 10.8 1.84 

Norway (1909) 11.8 5.02 Nodata Nodata 2.0 0.87 

Portugal (1909) Nodata Nodata 146.3 27.39 Nodata Nodata 

Roumania (1909) 4.9 0.72 33.7 5.02 6.7 0.96 

Servia (1909) 2.9 1.02 10.5 3.70 Nodata Nodata 

Australia (1909) 56.9 13.20 5.8 1.30 4.6 1.07 

Canada (1909-10) 47.4 6.36 0.9 0.12 7.3 0.97 

Cape of Good Hope.... 3.3 1.32 3.5 1.44 1.2 0.53 

Transvaal (1909) 3.9 2.88 0.5 0.38 0.8 0.67 

Xotice particularly that Germany, which is so often 
set forward as an example for America by the brewers, 
uses nearly six and one-half gallons more of beer per 
capita than does the United States and ALSO uses more 
spirits per capita. 

By consulting this table closely, it will be found that 
other countries which have large consumptions of beer and 
wine also show more or but little less consumption of 
spirits. 

Denmark uses 22.98 gallons of beer per capita each year 
as compared to 20.09 Os^o) in the United States, but 
Denmark also uses 2.97 gallons of spirits per capita as 
compared to 1.45 (1910) for the United States. France 
used 39.36 gallons of wine per capita and in addition used 
1. 81 gallons of spirits as compared to 1.45 for America. 
And so it goes thruout. 

This table reveals the fact that those countries using 
the largest quantities of light liquors also use the largest 
quantities of spirits, as well as consuming a great deal 
more of absolute alcohol than those countries which have 
as yet put no faith in the claim that beer and wine promote 
moderation in the use of stronger liquors. 

Gabrielsson, the Swedish statistician, has also published 
the results of his researches in the various countries, and 
while the investigations cover a different time, they are 
more readily understood than those of the United States 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 261 

table, because they refer to the consumption of alcohol 
of 100 degrees strength, thus indicating the exact amount 
of the prison consumed in the various countries without 
regard to the beverage containing it. 

Gabrielsson's table, with the figures in quarts instead of 
liters, is given here. The figures on the right of the table 
indicate the per cent of the whole consumption which is 
represented by the favored beverage. "W" indicates wine ; 
"B" beer ; and "S" spirits. 

France 24 . 23 quarts (65 . 9W) 



Italy 18.27 

Spain 14.81 

Greece 14 . 66 

Switzerland 14-49 

Portugal 13 • 30 

Belgium 11 . 18 

Great Britian 10.22 

Austria 8.22 

Hungary 8 . 05 

Germany 7 . 89 

U. S. A 7.28 

Denmark 7.21 

Australia 5-97 

Serbia . 5-76 

Roumania 5-55 

Netherlands 5 . 29 

Sweden 4.58 

European Russia 3 . 60 

Canada 3 • So 

Bulgaria 3 • *9 

Asiatic Russia 2 . 76 

Norway 2 . 50 

Finland 1 . 63 

The figures are for the period 1906 to 1910. 



(96. 7W) 
(64. 5 W) 
(93- 8W) 
C60.9W) 
(9S-6W) 
(67. 8B) 
(76. 3B) 
(47- 6S) 
(61.0S) 
(49- oS) 
(55- 3B) 
(76. 6S) 
(58. 9B) 
(74- 3S) 
(52. 4S) 
(7i. SS) 

(79. 3S) 
(89. 3S) 

(63. 9S) 

(85. 2W) 

(73- oB) 
(60. oS) 
(75 -2S) 



Notice that France consumes more than three times 
as much alcohol as the United States per capita, due to 
its general use of wine. Italy consumes nearly three times 
as much, Spain twice as much, Greece twice as much, 
Switzerland twice as much, Portugal nearly twice as much. 
Belgium consumes considerably more alcohol, altho it is 
one of the leading beer countries. In Germany 49 per 
cent of the total drink consumption is of spirits, while 
in the United States more than 55 per cent of the total 
drink consumption is beer, which shows that the Germans, 
despite their beer prejudices, use considerably more spirits 
per capita than the United States. 

It is an important fact that the average drinks of beer, 
wine, and whisky contain approximately the same amount 
of alcohol. The proposition to prohibit distilled liquors 
and keep those that are fermented is utterly illogical, for 
the principle of prohibition is involved, and if wrong when 
applied to beer, it is wrong when applied to whisky. The 
waste which attends beer drinking is greater than the waste 
which goes with spirit drinking. 

Drunkenness is not the true measure of the drink evil. 
The experience of England and Germany with beer, of 
France and Italy with wine, lead to only one conclusion. 

Refs. — See Alcohol, Effects of; Beer; Brewers; Doctors on Drink; 
Food Value; Germany; Health; History of the Temperance Reform; 
Mental Efficiency; Moderation; Physical Efficiency; and Women. 

LIMITATIONS— Before the Supreme Court ruling on 
the Webb-Kenyon law, various prohibition States doubted 
the constitutional right to prohibit the importation of 
liquors for personal use, therefore some of them placed 
limits upon the amount which might be brought in. This 
caused them to be subjected to criticism, but as a matter 



262 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

of _ fact they thereby made their prohibition laws more 
strict than the States which had no such limitations. The 
passage of the federal bonedry law and of numerous State 
bonedry laws immediately after the Supreme Court ruling, 
has, of course, done away with the importation of liquor 
into any prohibition States. 
Refs. — See Bonedry Laws. 

LINCOLN, ABRAHAM— The liquor interests never 
fail to make use of the name of Abraham Lincoln to 
defend themselves in a prohibition campaign. They base 
their conclusions that Mr. Lincoln was an antiprohibi- 
tionist upon the following premises : 

The Liquor Men Claim This 

(i) That Mr. Lincoln said: "Prohibition will work great 
injury to the cause of temperance. It is a species of in- 
temperance within itself, for it goes beyond the bounds 
of reason in that it attempts to control a man's appetite 
by legislation, and in making crimes out of things that 
are not crimes. A prohibition law strikes a blow at the 
very principles on which our government was founded. 
I have always been found laboring to protect the weaker 
classes from the stronger, and I never can give my consent 
to such a law as you propose to enact. Until my tongue 
shall be silenced in death I will continue to fight for the 
rights of men." 

(2) That Mr. Lincoln and his partner, Berry, held a 
license to sell liquors in their store. 

(3) That Mr. Lincoln voted against State prohibition 
for Illinois when in the Legislature in 1840, and voted 
against a local option measure somewhat later. 

(4) That in one of the debates with Douglas, Mr. 
Lincoln interrupted Mr. Douglas when the latter accused 
him of having sold liquor over a bar with this retort, 
"Mr. Douglas is quite right; I did sell liquor over the 
bar, but while I was on the inside selling it, Mr. Douglas 
was on the outside drinking it." 

(5) That while the Battle of Shiloh was being fought, 
Mr. Lincoln sat up with a telegraph operator to get 
returns from the battle and drank beer. 

But Here is the Truth 

The contention that Mr. Lincoln ever said what is at- 
tributed to him in the paragraph numbered (1) is abso- 
lutely without justification. The statement never came 
to light until a local option election in Atlanta, Ga., long 
after the war, when it was used to influence the Negro 
vote. Various liquor men of prominence, including Mr. 
Tom Gilmore of the National Model License League, have 
admitted that there is no record of Mr. Lincoln's having 
made this statement, and Nicolay and Hay, his great 
biographers, have pronounced it spurious. 

It is true that a license to sell liquors was issued to 
Lincoln and Berry as is asserted in the paragraph num- 
bered (2). If Mr. Lincoln did sell liquors, the time at 
which he lived must be taken into consideration. But 
there is no evidence that he did sell liquors. There IS 
evidence that the liquor license was taken out by his part- 
ner, Berry, and that Lincoln disapproved of his partner's 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 263 

.action. Leonard .Swett, one of his most intimate personal 
friends, in the volume entitled "Reminiscences of Abra- 
ham Lincoln," brought out in 1886, wrote as follows of 
this period of Lincoln's life : A difference, however, soon 
arose between him and the old proprietor, the present 
partner of Lincoln, in reference to the introduction of 
whisky into the establishment. The partner insisted that, 
on the principle that honey catches flies, a barrel of whisky 
in the store would invite custom, and their sales would 
increase ; while Lincoln, who never liked liquor, opposed 
the innovation. He told me not more than a year before 
he was elected President that he had never tasted liquor 
in his life. "What!" I said. "Do you mean to say you 
never tasted it?" "Yes; I never tasted it." 

The result was that a bargain was made by which Lin- 
coln should retire from his partnership in the store. 

Lincoln retired from the partnership with Berry with 
a heavy debt resting upon him that it took him years to 
pay. 

In regard to the assertion in the paragraph numbered 
(3), that Mr. Lincoln voted against a prohibition law for 
Illinois ; it is true that in 1840, fighting against a drastic 
regulative law, a proliquor legislator, believed to have 
been the son of a Chicago dramshop keeper, introduced 
what read like a prohibitory bill in the Illinois Legislature 
— introduced it with a proliquor speech — and Air. Lincoln, 
as the recognized leader of the temperance forces, moved 
to lay it upon the table and was supported in the motion 
by every recognized temperance man in the Legislature. 

And, upon a somewhat later occasion, when Lincoln 
and other temperance legislators of Illinois were framing 
a law to give county commissioners the power to refuse 
licenses, the liquor men introduced an amendment sub- 
jecting the action of the commissioners to a local option 
vote. This Mr. Lincoln voted against. 

The retort attributed to Mr. Lincoln in paragraph (4) 
is not supported by any evidence that would convince a 
student that it was ever made. It is possible that Mr. 
Lincoln did make a whimsical retort, and if he did, it 
was probably taken as it was meant — as a jest. In the 
debate with Air. Douglas at Ottawa, August 21, 1858, Mr. 
Lincoln, speaking in the third person, did make this state- 
ment which no one can deny is authentic: "The judge is 
woefully at fault about his early friend Lincoln's being 
a grocery keeper. Lincoln never kept a grocery anywhere 
in the world." At that time "grocery" meant "groggery." 

As for the assertion that Air. Lincoln drank beer with 
a telegraph operator while awaiting returns from the 
Battle of Shiloh, we have the best of authority that it is 
untrue, for only eighteen months after that battle Lincoln, 
in addressing a committee of the Sons of Temperance 
which visited the White House April 29, 1863, said: 
"When I was a young man I, in an humble way, made 
temperance speeches, and I think I may say that to this 
day I have never by my example belied what I then said." 

In speaking on Washington's Birthday, February 22, 
1842, in Springfield, 111.. Air. Lincoln compared the over- 
throw of intemperance to the revolution of 1776. 

On that occasion Air. Lincoln said in part : 

"Turn now to the temperance revolution. In it we 
shall find a stronger bondage broken ; a viler slavery 



264 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

manumitted ; a greater tyrant deposed. In it more of want 
supplied, more disease healed, more sorrow assuaged. By- 
it no orphans starving, no widows weeping. By it none 
wounded in feeling, none injured in interest. Even the 
dram-maker and the dram-seller will have glided into 
other occupations so gradually as never to have felt the 
shock of change; and will stand ready to join all others 
in the universal song of gladness." 

Here is a typical case of how the liquor interests con- 
struct their Lincoln claims : A circular issued from Saint 
Paul quotes Abraham Lincoln as saying that the injury 
done by liquor "did not arise from the use of a bad thing, 
but the abuse of a very good thing." 

Here is what Mr. Lincoln actually said: "It is true that 
i tn then it was known and acknowledged that many 
were greatly injured by it (intemperance) ; but none seemed 
to think the injury arose from the use of a bad thing. 
but from the abuse of a good thing." 

This statement was made in Mr. Lincoln's address of 
February 22, 1842. 

By simply omitting the words "none seemed to think," 
the liquor interests changed the entire meaning of the 
sentence. 

What His Secretary Says 

Mr. William O. Stoddard, who was secretary to Mr. 
Lincoln while he was President, in his volume, entitled, 
"Inside the White House in War Times," after speaking 
of the general use of liquor as a feature of the social 
life of Washington, says: "There is nothing of the sort 
in the White House at present, for Mr. Lincoln is strictly 
abstinent as to all intoxicating drinks." Major William 
H. Crook, who was executive clerk at the White House 
during Lincoln's administration, sajd only a few years 
ago : "Nowhere, while I was present, did I ever see or 
hear of Abraham Lincoln's drinking one drop of liquor 
of any kind." And former Senator Shelby M. Cullom, 
of Illinois, who knew Mr. Lincoln for many years before 
lie became President, is reported in the Chicago Record- 
Herald of May 16, 1908, as saying: "Lincoln never drank, 
used tobacco, or swore." Mr. Cullom says that when a 
committee of Springfield citizens called at Lincoln's home 
to talk over arrangements for his notification, he said : 
"Boys, I have never had a drop of liquor in my whole 
life, and I don't want to begin now." 

Simeon W. King, who, at this writing, is eighty-four 
years of age and the oldest United States commissioner, 
says that Mr. Lincoln, putting a hand on his shoulder, 
said: "Don't drink, my boy; great armies of men are killed 
each year by alcohol." 

On January 23, 1853, the Rev. James Smith, D.D., of 
Springfield, 111., delivered a temperance address, in which 
he said : "The liquor traffic is a cancer in society, eating 
out its vitals and threatening destruction, and all efforts 
to regulate it will not only prove abortive, but will aggra- 
vate the evil. There must be no more effort to regulate 
the cancer ; it must be eradicated ; not a root must be left, 
for until this is done all classes must continue in danger 
of becoming victims of strong drink." On the following 
day thirty-nine citizens, of whom Mr. Lincoln was one, 
presented the following letter to Dr. Smith: 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 265 

"Springfield, 111., January 24, 1853. 
"Rev. James Smith, D.D., 

"Dear Sir : The undersigned have listened with great 
satisfaction to the discourse, on the subject of temperance, 
delivered by you on last evening, and believing that if 
published and circulated among the people it would be 
productive of good, we respectfully request a copy thereof 
for publication. 

"Very respectfully, 

"Your Friends." 

A very striking proof of the fact that his attitude toward 
the liquor trade as such was absolutely hostile, is found 
in his defense of fifteen ladies, who in 1855 wrecked the 
saloon of a man named Tanner at Clinton, 111. Mr. 
Lincoln was not the retained attorney of these ladies but 
secured the consent of the attorney to make the follow- 
ing argument : 

"In this case I would change the order of the indictment 
and have it read: 'The State vs. Mr. Whisky,' instead of 
'The State vs. The Ladies,' and touching these there are 
three laws — the law of self-protection, the law of the land, 
or statute law, and the moral law, or law of God. 

"First : The law of self-protection is a law of necessity, 
as evinced by our forefathers in casting the tea overboard 
and asserting their right to life, liberty, and the pursuit 
of happiness. In this case it is the only defense the ladies 
have, for Tanner neither feared God nor regarded men. 

"Second: The law of the land, or statute law, and Tan- 
ner is recreant to both. 

"Third : The moral law, or law of God, and this is prob- 
ably a law for the violation of which the jury can fix no 
punishment." 

One Grand Army veteran relates how he was about to 
enter the door of a saloon with a companion, when a 
young man during the Civil War, "when a hand was laid 
upon my arm, and looking up, there was President Lin- 
coln, from his great height above, regarding me, a mere 
lad, with those kindly eyes and a pleasant smile. I almost 
dropped with surprise and bashfulness. But he held out 
his hand ; and as I took it he shook hands in strong Wes- 
tern fashion and said, 'I don't like to see our uniform 
going into these places.' That was all he said. He turned 
immediately and walked away and we passed on." 

Major-General George Edward Pickett, one of Lee's 
division commanders, was a close friend of Mr. Lincoln, 
having received his appointment to West Point thru Lin- 
coln's influence. After the fall of Richmond Mr. Lincoln 
hurried to that city and called upon General Pickett's wife. 
In a letter which he wrote to the general when he was 
a young cadet at West Point he put this paragraph : 

"I have just told the folks here in Springfield on this 
hundred and eleventh anniversary of the birth of him whose 
name, mightiest in the cause of civil law, in naked, death- 
less splendor, that the one victory we can ever call complete 
will be that one which proclaims that there is not one 
slave or drunkard on the face of God's green earth. 
Recruit for this victory!" 

It is a well-known fact that Booth was under the influ- 
ence of liquor when he shot Lincoln. There is a saloon 
in Washington which to this day advertises itself as the 



266 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

place where Booth took his last drink before committing 
the murder. 

LIQUEURS — Spirituous drinks which are flavored with 
various aromatic substances. 

LIQUORS— See Alcoholic Beverages. 

LIQUOR DEALERS— The report of the commissioner 
of internal revenue for the year ended June 30, 1916, shows 
that there were during that year 2,064 rectifiers of spirits, 
184,718 retail liquor dealers, 6,273 wholesale liquor dealers, 
1,313 brewers, 12,716 retail dealers in malt liquors only, 
and 10.704 wholesale dealers in malt liquors only. 

The decrease in the number of rectifiers during the year 
was 29; in the number of retail liquor dealers, 5.751; in 
the number of wholesale liquor dealers, 178; in the num- 
ber of brewers, ^2; in the number of retail dealers in malt 
liquors only, 1,024; in the number of wholesale dealers 
in malt liquors only, 543. 

Refs. — See Brewers; Consumption of Liquors; Liquor Press; etc. 

LIQUOR PRESS— During the past few years some 
very remarkable statements have appeared in various liquor 
trade papers. As long ago as September 10, 1913, the 
National Liquor Dealer/ Journal printed the following 
remarkable editorial : 

"It is always best for normal people to look at things 
as they are; reality may be obscured to the sick or 
feeble-minded in certain circumstances, but deception is 
a poor evidence of friendship, partisanship with blinded 
eyes only leads the way to ruin, and self-deception is the 
worst of all. 

"Let us look at things as they are, and in face of the 
enemy dare to consider and concede his strength. Know- 
ing his plan of battle, we can better arrange our forces 
for his defeat; rightly estimating his strength, we can bet- 
ter provide to meet it. 

"The prohibition fight henceforth will be nation-wide; 
and contemplates writing into the national constitution a 
prohibition of the manufacture and sale of all alcoholic 
beverages. To accomplish this result will require the rati- 
fication of thirty-six out of the forty-eight States of the 
Union. 

"Of these nine are already in line thru State Prohibition 
— Maine, Kansas, North Dakota, Oklahoma, Mississippi, 
Georgia, Tennessee, North Carolina, West Virginia. The 
last five have been added within a period of six years. 

"In addition to these there are eighteen States in which 
a major part of the people live in territory made dry by 
local option, and in which we may be assured prohibition 
sentiment predominates. 

"If the people in these States who are opposed to the 
liquor traffic demand it. their Legislatures will undoubtedly 
ratify a national amendment. 

"The most influential argument against prohibition is 
that it is not effective ; that 'prohibition don't prohibit.' 

"This is not basic nor moral; the fact of failure to en- 
force is no argument against even the expediency, much 
less against the moral issue involved. 

"Ultimately all questions must be settled by moral stand- 
ards : only in this way can mankind be saved from self- 
effacement. The liquor traffic cannot save itself by declar- 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 267 

ing that government is incapable of coping with the problem 
it presents ; when the people decide that it must go it 
will be banished. 

"We are not discussing the benefit or justice of prohibi- 
tion ; but its possibility, and its probability in present cir- 
cumstances. 

"To us there is 'The handwriting on the wall,' and its 
interpretation spells doom. 

"For this the liquor business is to blame ; it seems in- 
capable of learning any lesson of advancement, or any 
motive but profit. 

"To perpetuate itself, it has formed alliances with the 
slums that repel all conscientious and patriotic citizens. 

"It deliberately aids the most corrupt political powers, 
and backs with all of its resources the most unworthy men, 
the most corrupt and recreant officials. It does not aid 
the purification of municipal, State, or national administra- 
tion. 

"Why? Because it has to ask immunity for its own 
lawlessness. 

"That this condition is inherently and inevitably neces- 
sary we do not believe, but it has come to be a fact, and 
the public, which is to pass on the matter in its final 
analysis, believe anything bad that anybody can tell it of 
the liquor business. 

"Why? Let the leaders of the trade answer. 

"Other lines of business may be as bad or even worse, 
but it is not so plainly in evidence. 

"The case of the liquor traffic is called for adjudication 
by the American people and must be ready for trial. 

"Other cases may be called later, but the one before 
the court cannot be postponed. But as in the past, the men 
most concerned are playing for postponement, not for 
acquittal. Is it because they fear the weakness of their 
defense that thej^ fear to go on trial? 

"Looking the facts in the face is best. 

"There are billions of property involved, and an in- 
dustry of great employing and taxpaying ability; but when 
the people decide that the truth is being told about the 
alcoholic liquor trade, the money value will not count, 
for conscience aroused puts the value of a man above all 
other things. 

"The writer believes that prohibition is theoretically 
wrong, but he knows that theories, however well sub- 
stantiated, may be overthrown by conditions, as has often 
been done in the world's history. 

"In this country we have recently swept aside one of 
the fundamental theories of the framers of our constitu- 
tion in going from representative to direct government, we 
are on the verge of universal instead of male suffrage, 
and there is a spirit abroad which recks little of tradi- 
tion, of precedent, or of vested rights ; and of liberty used 
licentiously and destructively it will work short shrift. 

"Prepare the defense, friends ; make your case ready 
for court ; the trial cannot be postponed." 

The hopeless nature of the fight they are waging 
against the oncoming prohibition flood was set forth by 
the Champion of Fair Play, the organ of the retail liquor 
dealers of Illinois, recently in these startling words : 

"Sneering talk about the fighters against intoxicants 
has gone out of use. . . . The liquor dealers and ad- 



268 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

vocates have for some time acknowledged themselves on 
the run. Not many years ago it was considered by a 
majority of people in many communities that the best 
policy was to let the liquor traffic alone. . . . But now 
the best of our people are letting go such a theory and 
believing that this nation will ere long become saloonless. 
The liquor dealers are acknowledging that to stem the 
tide is an impossible job." 

Another amazing piece of candor is found in Bonfort's 
Wine and Spirit Circular for February 25, 1914: "No 
dealer seems to feel secure in regard to his future, and 
this apprehension is as general among wholesalers now 
as among retailers. A very large proportion of the trade 
has come to the conclusion that this [national prohibition] 
is not only a possibility, but a probability." This fear is 
general among the liquor people. The general counsel of 
the Wholesale Liquor Dealers' Association confidentially 
told a New York newspaper man : "Unless checked, the 
prohibitionists will accomplish their purpose. There is 
grave probability that a constitutional amendment will go 
to the States ; and once sent to the States, no power on 
earth can prevent its eventual ratification." 

Refs. — See Saloons. 

LIQUOR TRAFFIC— See Capital; Labor; Farmer; 
Liquor Dealers; Expenditures; Consumption of Liquors; 
Anti-Prohibition ; Brewers ; Liquor Dealers ; and Saloons. 

LITERATURE ON DRINK— See Bibliography. 

LLOYD GEORGE— The premier of Great Britain has 
made numerous statements showing his emphatic belief 
in the principle of prohibition. One of his typical state- 
ments is as follows: 

"If we are going to found the prosperity of the coun- 
try, its commercial prosperity, its industrial prosperiiy, 
upon an impregnable basis, we must cleanse the founda- 
tion of the rot of alcohol. If we are going to deal with 
the problem of unemployment — and any government must 
take that into account — vt a . must first of all put an end 
to the mischievous operations of the great recruiting 
sergeants of the unemployed army — drink — with its press- 
gang of public houses. If we are going to deal with the 
problem of the housing of the people, what is the good of 
doing it when you know that as long as drink is allowed 
a free hand on the hearth the result will be that, altho 
you may convert every slum into a garden city, other 
garden cities will soon be reduced to slums again ? That 
is why I rejoice that the government, called to power, as 
I think, to redress long-standing wrongs, to remedy old 
evils that have festered for generations, has made up its 
mind to devote the prime of its strength to dealing firmly, 
dealing thoroly, and dealing, I hope once for all, with the 
greatest evil and the greatest wrong of all of them." 

LOGIC, LIQUOR— See Objections to Prohibition and 
Anti-Prohibition. 

LONGEVITY— See Mortality from Alcohol. 

LOUISIANA — There are 35 dry parishes and 30 wet, a 
gain of five for the drys during the year. The State has 
an excellent search and seizure law, a shipping law that is 
still somewhat defective, and has enacted a law against 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 269 

the sale of neat-beer. An aggressive movement against 
the breweries and liquor mail order houses is under way. 

LOYAL TEMPERANCE LEGION— The National 
Convention of the W. C. T. U. held at Newark, N. J., in 
1876 advised that children be organized into "juvenile 
temperance societies." The juvenile committee of 1880 
presented a constitution for children's societies which in- 
cluded the pledge against all intoxicating liquors and to- 
bacco. Under this constitution many societies were or- 
ganized in different parts of the country. Up to- 1886 
these societies existed under many local names, but at the 
National Convention held in Minneapolis in 1886 it was 
decided to give these organizations a uniform plan of 
work under the name of "Loyal Temperance Legion." 
This organization consisted in each State of as many 
divisions as there are districts or counties, the local so- 
cieties of each division being known as Company A, Com- 
pany B, etc., according to the time of formation. 

The aim of the organization is not only to make children 
into total abstainers, but also to train them into efficient 
workers for prohibition in the State and nation. In no- 
license and prohibition campaigns they have proven valu- 
able helpers. Their loyalty to the pledge of total absti- 
nence against alcoholic beverages and tobacco, as well as 
profanity, has repeatedly stood the test of severe tempta- 
tion, statistics gathered about 1890 showing that 93 per 
cent of those pledged stand true. The official periodical 
of the Loyal Temperance Legion is the Young Crusader. 
Local societies have been formed in practically every part 
of the nation and continue to be very effective for the 
accomplishment of the purposes of the organization. 

MAINE — Prohibition adopted in 1851, made constitu- 
tional in 1884. The law forbids transportation when the 
liquor is intended for illegal use, forbids liquor advertis- 
ing, the sale of cider for drinking, provides for search and 
seizure in transit, forbids possession with intent to~ sell, 
forbids gift or delivery to prisoners, forbids the manu- 
facture for sale, forbids soliciting orders for the sale or 
delivery of intoxicants, forbids selling, giving or furnish- 
ing liquor to a minor under sixteen years of age, forbids 
drinking on trains, trolleys, and boats, makes place where 
liquor is sold or resorted to for purposes of drinking a 
common nuisance and provides for its abatement, makes 
liquor debts illegal, the payment of a United States liquor 
tax prima facie evidence of guilt, the delivery of intoxi- 
cants a proof of sale, etc. 

Maine's position as a prohibition State has always been 
peculiarly difficult ; standing alone in New England as an 
opponent to license, she has been subject to the hostile 
policies of thickly populated near by States. In addition, 
there have been some weaknesses in her laws which may 
be traced to the fact that she adopted the policy of prohi- 
bition without the benefit of a previous experience with 
that policy on the part of any other State to study. 

Some New England Comparisons 

Nevertheless, the attacks upon Maine prohibition have 
not been justified, for the State is a New England leader 
in all the elements of prosperity and social health. With- 
out mineral wealth, with a poor and rocky soil, and with 



270 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

a geographical position unfavorable to the development of 
industries which must market their products within the 
country, Maine, between 1850 and 1912, multiplied its 
taxable wealth, according to federal figures, by 6.5 while 
the average for New England was only 3.4. The nearest 
approach to this rate was that of Connecticut, 4.4. 

Federal figures also show the per capita of the Maine 
debt to be only $1.67, which is very much less than that 
of any other New England State except that of Vermont. 
Massachusetts has a per capita State debt of $22.78. The 
statistical abstract for 1914 shows that on January 1, 1910, 
Maine had confined in penal institutions, 98.3 persons per 
100,000 of population. The average for New England was 
161. 6. No other New England State approached the 
Maine rate. The enumeration of paupers in almshouses 
on January 1, 1910, gave Maine 107.3 to the 100,000 of 
population as compared with 181.4 for New England as a 
whole. Massachusetts had 194.7; Connecticut, 201.3; etc. 
The enumeration of inmates of insane hospitals on that 
date disclosed a Maine rate of 169.5 as compared with 
an average of New England of 298.8. The nearest ap- 
proach to Maine was New Hampshire, 211.1. 

Maine, with a percentage of illiteracy of 4.1 is surpassed 
in New England only by the State of Vermont. The sec- 
tion as a whole had a rate of 5.3. 

The effect of prohibition is peculiarly noticeable in the 
matter of home ownership. The 1910 census shows a 
percentage of home ownership for the whole United 
States of 45.8, for New England 39.7, and for Maine of 
62.3. No other New England State approaches this rate, 
and only five States of the Union surpass it. In the 
percentage of free-holding home owners, Maine doubles 
the New England average with a percentage of 47.6, sur- 
passes every New England State, and is led by only five 
States of the Union. Similarly, in the matter of owner- 
ship of farm homes, Maine surpasses the United States 
rate, ,the New England rate, the rate in every other New 
England State, and leads the entire nation with a per- 
centage of 94.7. 

The census also offers instructive comparisons in the 
matter of the ratio of debt to farm value upon mortgaged 
farms, the rate of increase of value of farm property 
from 1900 to 1910, the increase in farm buildings, farm 
machinery, and live stock. In each case Maine leads New 
England, and in some of them even surpasses such States 
as New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, and New Jersey. 

During the past year the sentiment in Maine for airtight 
prohibition has become unquestionably dominant, and the 
action of the federal government in making all prohibi- 
tion States bonedry after July 1, is thoroughly approved. 

Refs. — Sec Anti-Prohibition; Crime; Insanity; Juvenile Delin- 
quency; Pauperism; Race Suicide; and Savings. 

MAJORITIES — For the majorities by which the vari- 
ous States were voted dry, see History of the Temperance 
Reform. 

MAJORITY RULE— The enemies of prohibition often 
assert that it cannot be enforced because it is put into 
effect by only a majority vote. They advocate increasing 
the affirmative vote required to two thirds or three 
fourths. But all other laws are made by a mere majority 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 271 

and governments are placed in power by a mere plurality. 
It has been the "boast of the American people that a 
decision ast< the polls has always settled the question in 
dispute and was followed by immediate and full accept- 
ance on the part of the majority and minority alike. 

It is noticeable that minorities who have bitterly opposed 
all enactment of prohibition frequently disappear under 
the influence of the beneficent operation of the law. This, 
for instance, has happened in Kansas, where a strong 
minority opposed the adoption of prohibition. Now the 
majority in favor of the law is about 10 to 1. 

MALT — Barley is steeped in warm water until it has 
begun to germinate, when it is spread out and dried. After 
it is crushed it is called malt. It is then used in brewing. 
Much of the nutriment of the barley is lost in the process 
of changing it to malt. 

MALT LIQUORS— Alcoholic drinks, such as beer, ale, 
etc. See Alcoholic Beverages. 

MARTYRS— See Heroes and Martyrs. 

MARYLAND — Seventeen out of 23 counties are dry. 
On November 7, 1916, Frederick and Washington Counties 
voted dry, effective May 1, 1918. Havre de Grace, the 
county seat of Harford County, also voted dry. These 
dry victories closed 113 saloons. 

MASSACHUSETTS— This State votes on the license 
question by municipalities. In the 2>7 city elections held 
during 1916, the drys gained 6 cities, Boston voting wet 
by 23,360. The total aggregate vote in favor of no license 
was 21,008 greater than the wet vote. 

A comparison of the license and no license cities of the 
State shows in the license cities 246 per cent more drunken- 
ness, 532 per cent more cases of drunkenness by women, 
64 per cent more crime other than drunkenness, 164 more 
people in poor houses, a mortality rate greater by 29 per 
cent, a tax rate averaging 60 cents higher on the $1,000, 
and municipal indebtedness of 4.2 per cent of the valua- 
tion as compared with 3.8 for the no license cities, a total 
of high school pupils one fourth less than the no license 
towns, and three and one-fourth times as much illiteracy. 

MEDICAL PRACTICE— Fifteen years ago not one 
physician in ten condemned the use of alcohol as an inter- 
nal medicine. Whisky, wine, and beer were used in medi- 
cal practice in dosage quantities equal to the quantities 
used in drinking. Beginning about that time, however,, 
eminent doctors in Europe and America began to advocate 
the limitation of the use of alcohol as a medicine. Among 
these physicians were Sir Benjamin Ward, Richardson, 
Sims Woodhead, Forel, Kassowitz, and a few others in 
Europe, and Nathan S. Davis, T. D. Crothers, J. H. Kel- 
logg, and a few others in America. In ten years time, 
however, so advanced had become the sentiment not only 
in regard to the limitation of the use of alcohol as a 
medicine, but in condemnation of its use as a beverage, 
that the London Times said : "According to recent de- 
velopments of scientific opinion, it is not impossible that 
a belief in the strengthening and supporting qualities of 
alcohol will eventually become as obsolete as a belief in 
witchcraft." 



272 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

Early in 191 5, the Board of Temperance, believing that 
the time had come when an effort should be made to 
show the trend of present medical opinion in regard to 
the use of alcohol as a beverage and its frequent use as 
a medicine, made an arrangement with Dr. Winfield Scott 
Hall, in charge of the Department of Physiology of the 
Medical College of Northwestern University, to conduct 
an investigation among the presidents of State medical 
societies, the heads of the leading hospitals in large cities, 
the health officers of large cities, and instructors in the 
principal medical schools. In order that there should not 
even be a suggestion to influence the nature of replies 
and to more fully secure the scientific cooperation of 
those addressed, the letters sent out were signed by Dr. 
Hall himself and written upon his letterheads and all 
replies went to him. Xo physician in America is more 
competent to handle such an inquiry than Dr. Hall, who 
is president of the American Medical Society for the 
Study of Alcohol and Other Narcotics, and has held 
numerous medical honors. 

Hospitals 

Replies were received from 42 hospitals located in lead- 
ing central cities. In 39 of these hospitals the use of 
alcohol as a remedial agent is decreasing. In response 
to an inquiry as to how much less alcohol is used now 
than the amount used five years ago, a number of the 
replies say that the decrease has been so marked that 
practically none is now used. Others give figures ; for 
instance, the Hospital of the Protestant Episcopal Church 
in Philadelphia, with 3.026 patients in 1899, used $1,135.22 
worth of alcoholic drinks, but in 1914. with 6.312 patients, 
the expenditure was only $364.53. Quite a number of the 
replies say that the decrease in the past five years amounts 
to 90 per cent ; others say 75 per cent, and some 50 per 
cent, while few report a smaller decrease than 30 per cent. 
It seems from the replies from these hospitals that the 
use of alcohol as a remedy for shock is almost disappear- 
ing, and there also seems to be little belief in the brewers' 
theory that beer is useful as an aid to convalescence. 

It is notable that in a great number of cases where 
alcohol is spoken of as possibly having some value, the 
qualification is made that it is of value in the treatment 
of habitual users only. It seems to be the general opinion 
that for others its value is confined to such purposes as 
bathing. For internal purposes it is the general opinion 
that other remedies are more valuable. 

State Medical Leaders 

The replies from presidents of State medical societies 
represent twenty-seven States. Almost without exception, 
they seem to agree that alcohol is useful as a medicine, 
but to a very limited extent, to a much more limited 
extent than is generally supposed. A great number of 
them think that "other drugs are better." while many of 
them confine their prescriptions of alcohol to habitual 
users of it and to external use. Dr. Stephen Harnsberger, 
president of the Virginia Medical Society, says, "Alcohol 
is sometimes valuable in fractional doses to allay the 
anxiety of patients or friends." In other words, simply 
as a concession to superstition. 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 273 

,City Health Officers 

The repJies from the chief health officers of the leading 
cities all indicate that alcohol is a considerable factor in 
sickness and mortality rates. In reply to the question, 
"Do you have to contend with the giving of beer or other 
drinks to children?" the answers are usually "No," or 
"Infrequently." The health officers of Milwaukee, Kansas 
City, Grand Rapids, Providence, and several other cities, 
however, say "Yes." All of these officers report that with- 
out doubt a large decrease in the use of alcohol would 
have a great effect on the sickness and death rates. Dr. 
G. B. Young, of Chicago, Dr. William K. Robbins, of 
Manchester, and others say that the principal effect would 
be in the improvement of conditions of living among the 
poor. 

The replies received from medical colleges were chiefly 
signed by the professors of therapeutics and practice. An 
indication of their general nature may be found in the fact 
that twenty-four say that beer is of no value as an aid 
to convalescence. Fourteen find it valuable only under 
exceptional circumstances ; for instance, for those who 
are accustomed to it as a beverage ; and only one answers 
unconditionally "Yes." In general, they agree with the 
other men queried that alcohol has a small place in medi- 
cine, much more limited than is generally supposed. 

The Drift of Medical Opinion 

The investigation carried on by Dr. Hall, while it has 
secured more definite information from representative 
physicians than any other, has not revealed anything that 
was unknown. Medical opinion is rapidly and surely 
turning against the use of alcohol except as an occasional 
remedy and is more and more speaking out against its 
use as a beverage. 

In "Hare's Practical Therapeutics" (edition of 1916), 
a textbook on every physician's shelves, by Dr. Robert A. 
Hare, professor of therapeutics of the Jefferson Medical 
College of Philadelphia, we find the following : 

"Alcohol never acts as a stimulant to the brain, the 
spinal cord, or the nerves. The increased activity of 
thought and speech is not due to stimulation but to de- 
pression of the inhibitory nervous apparatus. The activity 
is, therefore, that caused by lack of control and is not a 
real increase of energy. 

"The effect of moderate doses differs from the effect 
of large ones in degree and not in kind. 

"Careful scientific research has proved that alcohol is 
in no sense a true stimulant to the circulation in healthy 
persons." 

Refs. — See Doctors on Drink; Health; Health Defenders of the 
Body; Pharmacopeia; and Women. 

MEDICINE— See Medical Practice. 

MENTAL EFFICIENCY— The effect of alcohol upon 
efficiency has been definitely established by investigators 
on both sides of the Atlantic. We instance the following 
demonstrations : 

Typesetting and Typewriting — Four typesetters in a 
printing office in Heidelberg, Germany, were tested in 
their work to find out if alcohol helped or hindered them. 



274 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

The trials were carried on for an hour a day for four 
successive days. The first and third days no alcohol was 
taken ; on the second and fourth days the work was done 
after drinking about three quarters of a tumbler of Greek 
wine (eighteen per cent alcohol). 

Alcohol, used in these amounts to which the men were 
accustomed, decreased the amount of work done about 
9 per cent on the average. This means that if the same 
loss held for a whole day's work, if a man were capable 
of earning $15 a week when not drinking he would only 
earn $13.65 if he drank as much alcohol daily as would 
be contained in a quart of beer. 

This typesetting test showed that the amount of skilled 
work done was diminished by -rfcohol. In a test by type- 
writing it was found that alcohol increased the number 
of errors from 14 per cent to 31 per cent, although fatigue 
only increased the average of errors by 2 per cent. 

Memory and Scholarship — Professor Vogt, of the Uni- 
versity of Christiana, made tests upon himself to deter- 
mine the effects of alcohol upon memory. He daily com- 
mitted to memory twenty-five lines of Greek poetry and 
recorded the number of minutes required to learn them. 
On the days when he took as much alcohol as one would 
get in from one and one half to three glasses of beer, it 
took him on the average 18 per cent longer to learn the 
lines than when no alcohol was taken. Six months later, 
when he reviewed and relearned the same lines, he found 
that the lines learned on the alcohol (Jays required more 
time for relearning. 

A school director in Vienna, E. Bayer, conducted an 
investigation among abstaining and drinking children to 
determine the effect upon scholarship. Almost half of 
the 134 abstaining children had '"good" marks. Only 12 
of them had poor marks. With the drinking children, 
the more frequently they used wine or beer, the more the 
good marks fell off and the poor marks increased. 

Four thousand Italian children in Brescia, Italy, were 
studied as to their use of alcohol. The following facts 
were discovered about their scholarship : 

462 Abstainers 1,516 Drink Wine 2,021 Drink 

Occasionally Wine Daily 

Per cent Per cent Per cent 

Good Marks 42.66 30.5 29.8 

Pair 53-49 41-8 39-7 

Poor 3-85 27. 30.3 

Tests to determine brain alertness of persons who had 
taken small quantities of alcohol as compared to the brain 
alertness of abstainers have also been conducted fre- 
quently under different circumstances. 

Professor Kraeplin, the eminent German scientist, found 
a person less able to perceive letters, syllables, etc., passed 
rapidly before his eyes after he had been given a very 
small quantity of alcohol, less able to read quickly and 
correctly, slower to determine the nature of signals, and 
much more given to making mistakes in determining colors 
shown him at rapid intervals. This is one reason rail- 
roads are especially averse to the use of even slight 
quantities of alcohol by their employees, as it makes them 
much more likely to mistake signals. 

Refs. — See Brain and references. 

METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH— One of the 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 275 

first rules formulated for the United Societies of Meth- 
odists in % 1 743 was that all "members were expected to 
evidence their desire of salvation, first, by doing no harm ; 
by avoiding evil of every kind, especially that which is 
most generally practiced, such as . . . drunkenness, buy- 
ing or selling spirituous liquors, or drinking them, except 
in cases of extreme necessity." From that day to this 
these words have been incorporated in the General Rules 
of the church. Upon the organization of the Methodist 
Episcopal Church in America in 1784, the following was 
made part of the minutes: 

"Q. Should our friends be permitted to make spirituous 
liquors, and sell and drink them in drams ? A. By no 
means." 

The radical nature of this strong stand against the evils 
of intemperance cannot be appreciated without a full 
understanding of the spirit of the times, which was any- 
thing but hostile to the use of intoxicants. Hardly a man 
could have been found in a day's journey, outside of the 
Methodists themselves and a few leaders of other churches, 
who would not have laughed at the absurdity of a total 
abstinence proposal. 

Maybe You Didn't Know This 

It was inevitable, however, that the general lack of 
temperance sentiment should affect in some degree the 
belief within the church. As late as 1812 the General 
Conference voted down, after it had been called up five 
successive times, the following resolution : 

"Resolved, That no stationed or local preacher shall 
retail spirituous or malt liquors, without forfeiting his 
ministerial character among us." 

But from that time the utterances of the church in its 
General Conferences have been increasingly radical and 
unequivocal. For years it has asserted that "the liquor 
traffic cannot be legalized without sin," and that "we stand 
for the speediest possible suppression of the beverage 
liquor traffic." 

In 1912 the General Conference declared that "all the 
woes of perdition lurk in the barroom," and memorialized 
Congress to prohibit the sale of intoxicating liquors in 
the District of Columbia, in Alaska, in our island posses- 
sions, and in all federal territory, and to repeal the federal 
tax on liquors. 

The General Conference of 1916 enacted the following : 

"A member of the church, who, after private reproof 
and admonition by the pastor or class leader, persists in 
using, buying, or selling intoxicating liquors as a beverage, 
or who signs a petition in favor of granting a license for 
the sale of such liquors, or who signs a petition of consent 
for the sale of such liquors, or who applies for a license 
for the sale of such liquors, or who procures a license 
for the sale of such liquors, or who becomes bondsman 
for any person or persons engaged in such traffic, or who 
rents his property as a place in which or on which to 
manufacture or sell intoxicating liquors, shall be brought 
to trial, and if found guilty and there be no sign of real 
humiliation, shall be expelled." 

Methodist Ministers 

In every part of the United States leaders of the war 



276 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

against the liquor traffic have paid tribute to the faithful 
activity of Methodist pastors. By common consent they 
are the most active of all church leaders in this fight, and 
the liquor interests themselves have paid tribute to their 
prowess. 

What the Liquor Men Say 

Secretary Debar, in addressing the convention of the 
National Wholesale Liquor Dealers' Association in Wash- 
ington, in May. 1914, said : 

"What church is it that is seeking to override, intimi- 
date., and browbeat men in public life with a view to 
political supremacy in this country? It is only necessary 
to read the list of those preachers who are active in the 
present propaganda for legislative prohibition to realize 
that it is the Methodist Church which is 'obsessed with 
the ambition to gain control of our government. This is 
the fanatical, aggressive, and sometimes unscrupulous 
force which is leading the movement for political supre- 
macy under the guise of temperance reform." 

The National Convention of Brewers, which met in 
New Orleans in the same year, also paid attention to the 
Methodist Church. At one time, under the leadership of 
the Board of Temperance, the pastors of Methodism had 
overwhelmed Congress with thousands of telegrams in 
favor of the Hobson-Sheppard Bill, and this aroused the 
brewers to declare that the Methodist churches had no 
right to speak as units in regard to such matters. 

Utterances in the liquor press which pay unwilling 
tribute to the activity of the Methodists against the liquor 
traffic are very numerous. In trying to arouse its constitu- 
ency to the alarming nature of the action of the Methodist 
Church in reviving the Temperance Society upon the basis 
of a church benevolence, Bon fort's Wine and Spirit Circu- 
lar of October 25, 1914. declared, "We must realize that 
the entire Methodist Church is a solidified, active, aggres- 
sive, and obedient unit in this warfare on our trade." 

The 1916 General Conference passed a very strong 
resolution urging all political parties to adopt a declara- 
tion in favor of Congress passing laws prohibiting all 
interstate commerce in intoxicating liquors and forbidding 
the use of the mails for liquor shipments and for sending 
liquor advertisements. It also called upon all political 
parties in their national conventions to declare in favor 
of Congress submitting to the Legislatures of the States 
an amendment to the federal constitution absolutely pro- 
hibiting the beverage traffic in all intoxicating liquors, and 
pending such amendment recommending that Congress 
enact statutory prohibition to the full extent of its powers 
for the nation including the District of Columbia. Alaska. 
Hawaii, the Canal Zone, and all island reservations, ships, 
buildings, and premises under federal police jurisdiction. 

This same General Conference also adopted the follow- 
ing: 

Statement of Principles 

"Grateful to Almighty- God for the rising tide of public 
sentiment which is sweeping toward national and world- 
wide prohibition of the liquor traffic; rejoicing at the 
rapidly changing tone of the public press, the closing of 
its columns to liquor advertisements, the emphatic pro- 
nouncements of medical science, the entrance into the 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 277 

prohibition ranks of the manufacturing and business in- 
terests of the nation, and the increasing recognition by the 
industrial ^classes of alcohol's menace to the workers' 
safety and welfare; we denounce the traffic as a grave 
and imminent national peril. 

"It is the one most prolific cause of insanity, crime, 
and poverty ; the most insidious despoiler of legitimate 
business ; the most corrupt and demoralizing influence in 
politics, and the most dangerous enemy to human welfare 
in all our civic life. 

"Statesmanship, ecclesiastical and civil, has denounced 
it ; science has condemned it ; business is arraying itself 
against it ; politics is struggling to be freed from its 
grasp ; labor seeks escape from its degrading, merciless 
bondage, and the embattled nations of half a world find 
it a more deadly foe than any they have met on war's 
red fields.' 

"The expansion of religion and the preservation of 
civilization require its overthrow — its complete and utter 
annihilation. 

"To the consummation of this high achievement we do 
now and here solemnly covenant with each other and with 
God, our Father, and pledge ourselves to fight and spare 
not until the end shall have been attained." 

Personal Abstinence 

"Believing total abstinence from the use of all intoxi- 
cants and narcotics to be the proper practice of the indi- 
vidual, we urge upon pastors, Sunday school superintend- 
ents, teachers, and leaders among our people the impor- 
tance of education, moral suasion, and pledge signing, that 
the individual may be saved." 

The License System 

"The whole license system is a colossal blunder, wrong 
in principle, lame in logic, a failure in practice, a fool's 
bargain, a sale of souls for gold. It is contrary to the 
teachings and the spirit of the Christian religion and at 
variance with all the purposes of enlightened government. 
It clothes the traffic with the cloak of respectability and 
bribes the voter with revenue. 

"We hold now, as in the past, that such a traffic cannot 
be legalized without sin." 

Prohibition 

"We stand for the abolition of the whole traffic, and 
declare prohibition to be the only proper attitude of civil 
government toward a thing so baneful and pernicious. 
What the Czar of Russia is able to do for his people in 
the exercise of arbitrary power, we, the people of this 
free nation, in the exercise of our own sovereignty, ought 
to do for ourselves and for our posterity." 

Enforcement of the Law 
"The sovereignty of the republic is the sovereignty of 
the people, and when the people have spoken, either in 
the making of a constitution or in the enactment of laws, 
such constitution and such laws carry within them the 
embodiment of that sovereignty, the supremacy of which 
no man and no interest can be permitted to violate or 
challenge. This is true of constitutions and laws inhibit- 



278 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

ing the liquor traffic, and we stand for their faithful and 
consistent enforcement all the time and everywhere. To 
this end we counsel our people, and all good citizens of 
whatever sect or creed, to permit themselves to be divided 
no longer and to support no candidate of any party for any 
office who is mot openly pledged to the enforcement of 
such constitutions and such laws." 

Federal Action 

"We record ourselves against the issuing of internal 
revenue tax receipts by the iederal government to crimi- 
nals engaged in violating State laws. 

"We urge upon the federal Congress the immediate 
passage of laws prohibiting all interstate commerce in 
intoxicating liquors and forbidding the use of the United 
States mails both to liquor shipments and to liquor adver- 
tisements. 

"We respectfully but earnestly demand of the Congress 
to promptly submit to the Legislatures of the several 
States for their ratification, an amendment to the Federal 
constitution providing for the absolute prohibition of the 
liquor traffic thruout the United States. And pending 
the submission and adoption of such an amendment, we 
demand that the Congress enact statutory prohibition to 
the full extent of its present constitutional powers thruout 
the nation, including the District of Columbia, Alaska, 
Hawaii, the Canal Zone, and all the islands, reservations, 
ships, buildings, and premises under Federal police juris- 
diction." 

Worthy Agencies 

"We rejoice in the devotion, efficiency, and success of 
the agencies that represent us in promoting this great 
reform ; in the pioneers who blazed the trail — the Wash- 
ingtonians, Sons of Temperance, Good Templars, and 
other prohibitionists, and the Woman's Christian Temper- 
ance Union, the White Ribbon army whose tears melted 
a nation's indifference and whose prayers and deeds lifted 
this reform -to its present high estate. 

"We commend the Flying Squadron Foundation, which 
is contributing with signal devotion and effective service 
to the advancement of the present great national move- 
ment. 

"They are all fellow workers in the common cause and 
are worthy of our support." 

The Anti-Saloon League 

"The Anti-Saloon League, organized and equipped by 
the men and the money of the Christian Churches of the 
nation, has come to represent in a peculiar sense the cause 
of temperance and prohibition, and we indorse and com- 
mend it as a safe and effective agency through which the 
membership of the Methodist Episcopal Church may 
cooperate with members of other churches and temper- 
ance organizations for united and vigorous action against 
the liquor traffic and in the enforcement of the law, and 
we hereby call upon our churches to cooperate enthusias- 
tically a-nd effectively in this great movement." 

The Church Temperance Society 

"Cooperating thruout the quadrennium with all these 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 279 

several forces, our own Church Temperance Society has 
been helpful and" 1 stimulating to them all. It is Meth- 
odism's drrect and special agent. Acting within its own 
specific sphere — the securing of total abstinence pledges, 
the publication and distribution of literature, the inculca- 
tion of temperance and prohibition principles, the creation 
of temperance sentiment thruout our fellowship, and the 
participation of the secretary and other representatives 
in State campaigns — it has richly contributed to the public 
good and has earned our grateful confidence. The child 
of the church itself, it is entitled to the bounty of the 
church." 

Political Action 

"The time has come when the line should be definitely 
and sharply drawn between the supporters and the part- 
ners of this traffic and those who stand for its abolition*. 
A man cannot, as a Christian citizen, sign a petition for 
a liquor license, rent property to be used for the purposes 
of the traffic, vote for it or with it, or fail to make his 
citizenship count as an elector in protest against the 
traffic's continuance. To do any one of these things is to 
betray his citizenship, the religion he professes, and the 
church of the living Christ." 

A Vision of What Is to Be 

"We are in the midst of a world-movement against the 
drug poisons of the nations. China has overthrown the 
opium traffic, Russia has destroyed vodka, France has 
prohibited absinthe, other nations seek to minimize the 
evils of intoxicants, and Canada, our young and vigorous 
neighbor, is sweeping on to actual national prohibition. 
Our climacteric opportunity is at hand. To-morrow there 
shall be fulfillment. 

"Steadily fixing our eyes on the last great goal — national 
prohibition and world sobriety — reposing our hope in an 
enlightened public conscience, catching inspiration and 
courage from an awakened Christian citizenship, and re- 
affirming our faith in the providence of God, we move 
forward in unity of purpose and solidarity of action, re- 
solved. God helping us, that the liquor traffic shall die — 
and die in our day and generation." E. D. S. 

METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH, SOUTH— 

The utterances of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South, 
have been so similar to those of the Methodist Episcopal 
Church that they might be summed up in this one quota- 
tion from the declaration of the General Conference held 
in Saint Louis, in May, 1890 : "We are emphatically a 
prohibition church." 

METHODIST PROTESTANT CHURCH— The 

General Conference of this church has repeatedly taken 
the most radical stand possible in favor of the suppression 
of the liquor traffic and total abstinence in its membership. 

MICHIGAN — Forty-five dry counties, 38 wet. On 
November 7, 1916, State voted for prohibition to go into 
effect May 1, 1918. Majority about 75,000, the drys either 
carrying or getting an even break even in the big cities. 

MINNESOTA — Under the local option law passed in 
1915, Minnesota has held 56 county elections, with 45 



280 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

dry victories. Hennepin County, containing Minneapolis, 
was won by the wets with a majority of only 9,000 and 
the vote exceeded the registration "to about the same 
extent. At the elections on November 7. 1916, a substan- 
tial dry majority was elected to the Legislature and prohi- 
bition for the State will probably be obtained in 1918. 

MISSISSIPPI— Under State prohibition. Laws en- 
acted during 1916 allow importation of only one quart of 
whisky, one half gallon of wine or twenty-four pints of 
beer even- fifteen days, but no two of the kinds. Delivery 
is only made upon the signing of a statement as to nature 
of contents, from whence shipped, to whom delievered, and 
for what purpose. This certificate must be filed with the 
circuit clerk within three days. The carrying, keeping, 
sending, or delivering of liquors to any public building, 
social club, or lodge is prohibited. Xo carrier shall de- 
liver liquors on Christmas day. the Sabbath, on election 
day or the days immediately preceding Christmas and 
election. Xo deliveries may be made before 8 a. m.. or 
after 5 p. m. Liquor advertising is prohibited. Any 
vehicle found carrying an illegal amount of liquor is sub- 
ject to seizure. One third of fines is applied to defray 
expense of securing convictions. Liquor consumption has 
been reduced by the importation laws 52 per cent and crime 
46 per cent. 

The recent governor. Earl Brewer, of Mississippi, says : 
"As to the effects of prohibition in Mississippi, I take 
pleasure in saying this law is as well enforced as any on 
our statute books. The effect has been to reduce crime 
and to cause money which formerly went for whisky to 
be spent in the purchase of the necessities and some of 
the luxuries. It has decreased drinking and drunkenness 
to a very marked extent and has largely reduced, if not 
stopped, social drinking." 

Refs. — See Anti-Prohibition; Crime; Insanity; Juvenile Delin- 
quency; Pauperism; and Savings. 

MISSOURI— This State has 85 dry counties, 14 mostly 
dry. 15 and Saint Louis wet. On Xovember 7, 1916. the 
wet majority was reduced by more than 100.000, the State 
voting for State prohibition outside the Saint Louis vote. 
Statutory prohibition in 1917 seems probable. Eleven local 
option elections were held during 1916, 6 county and 5 
city elections. Eight were won by the drys. adding 2 
counties and 4 cities to the dry list. Missouri has 34 
cities of more than 2.500 dry and 52.3 per cent of the 
population live in dry territory. 

Prohibition has been submitted for a vote in 1918. 

MODERATION— This is the plea of the brewers. 
Temperance people have taken the stand that there can 
be no such thing as a moderate beverage use of a poison. 
The idea of the brewers as to what moderation is may be 
judged from the fact that at their banquet in connection 
with the Brewers' Congress in Chicago in 191 1, 1,200 
brewers drank 9,219 bottles of beer. 

"In reality we have no proof that a minimum^ and 
permissible dose of alcohol exists at all." said Sir Victor 
Horsley. M.D.. the distinguished British surgeon who died 
in the Mesopotamian campaign. Other eminent physicians 
agree with him. "Alcohol produces progressive paralysis 
of judgment, and this begins with the first dose," says 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 281 

Sir Lauder Brunton, M.D., and Dr. McAdam Eccles 
asserts : "A daily" moderate dose of alcohol, taken in the 
form of a4coholic drink, has a tendency, quietly but surely, 
to destroy the tissues of the body." Listen to Dr. Quensel, 
of Leipzig, a man of world reputation: "Even small quan- 
tities of alcoholic drink may result in pronounced changes 
especially of the cystic functions, in a decrease in the 
clearness of sensory perceptions, in the impairment of 
thought and judgment, in a dulling of the finer emotions 
and in the inhibition and disturbance of the coordination 
of movements." 

American opinion is very similar. Dr. Irwin H. Neff. 
superintendent of the Norfolk State Hospital For In- 
ebriates at Norfolk, Massachusetts, asserts that the moder- 
ate drinker is even more liable to suffer from organic 
diseases than the man who occasionally becomes drunk. 

Refs. — See Light Drinks and references. 

MOHAMMEDANS— See Koran. 

MONTANA — On November 7, 1916, Montana voted for 
prohibition by a majority of 28,886, the vote for being 
102,776 and against 73,890. 

Refs. — See Anti-Prohibition; Crime; Insanity; Juvenile Delin- 
quency; Pauperism; Race Suicide; and Savings. 

MONTENEGRO— See Balkan Countries. 

MOONSHINE WHISKY— See Illicit Distilleries. 

MORAL SUASION— The place of moral suasion in 
the temperance reform is large, but it is to be brought 
to bear upon the individual to secure personal total 
abstinence, and has no place in dealing with a social, com- 
mercial, and economic problem such as the liquor traffic 
constitutes. 

MORTALITY FROM ALCOHOL— Mr. E. Bunnell 

Phelps, author of "The Mortality of Alcohol," estimates 
that 65,897 deaths occur annually in which alcohol is a 
causative or contributing factor. Mr. Phelps is much 
opposed to the prohibitionists and his estimate is accepted 
by writers for the liquor interests. It may be taken as 
very conservative. 

On December 10, 1914, Mr. Arthur Hunter, chairman 
of the Central Bureau of the Medico-Actuarial Mortality 
Investigation, and Actuary of the New York Life Insurance 
Company, delivered an address before the eighth annual 
meeting of the Association of Life Insurance Presidents 
in New York city, in which he detailed the results of an 
investigation covering the records of two million lives 
over a period of twenty-five years. These records were 
furnished by forty-three of the leading life insurance com- 
panies of the United States and Canada. 

"It is certain," said Mr. Hunter, "that abstainers live 
longer than persons who use alcoholic beverages. Among 
the men who admitted that they had taken alcohol occa- 
sionally to excess in the past, but whose habits were 
considered satisfactory when they were insured, there were 
two hundred and eighty-nine deaths, while there would have 
been only one hundred and ninety deaths had this group 
been made up of insured lives in general. The extra 
mortality was, therefore, over fifty per cent, which was 
equivalent to a reduction of over four years in the average 



282 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

life of these men. For example, at age thirty-five, the 
expectation of life is thirty-two years ; in the first year 
after that age, instead of, say. nine persons dying, there 
would probably be twelve deaths ; that is. three men would 
each lose thirty-two years of life; in the next year proba- 
bly four men would each lose thirty-one years of life, 
etc. As a matter of fact, many immoderate drinkers 
would live longer than thirty-two years, but not nearly 
so many as would live if they had been moderate drinkers, 
and far fewer than if they had been total abstainers from 
alcohol. 

"In the foregoing classes men who were in the liquor 
business, or in any other occupation involving hazard, 
were excluded. 

Gaining Five Hundred Thousand Lives 

"The Committee of the Medico-Actuarial Mortality In- 
vestigation did not make a report on the mortality among 
total abstainers, but sufficient statistics have been published 
by individual companies to justify the statement that 
persons who have always been total abstainers have a 
mortality during the working years of life of about one 
half of that among those who use alcohol to the extent 
of at least two glasses of whisky per day. In view of this, 
the effect of prohibition of the manufacture and sale of 
alcoholic beverages in Russia must be very great. It is 
not too much to say that the loss of five hundred thousand 
men as the result of the present warfare could be made 
good in less than ten years thru complete abstinence from 
alcoholic beverages by all the inhabitants of Russia." 

Previously published investigations of occupational 
mortality issued by the American Actuarial Society had 
shown a significant difference in the death rate of men 
following what are generally called the "dangerous occupa- 
tions" and those whose work brings them into constant 
contact with the "harmless" beverage of beer. 

A Bar to Life 

It is less dangerous to be a lineman, a pole-climber, 
arc-light trimmer, etc., than it is to attend bar in hotels, 
for the ratio of actual to expected death rates is 142 per 
eent in the case of the former as opposed to 178 per cent 
in the case of the latter. 

Possibly you have visited the steel mills at some time, 
and it ma}' have been "your misfortune to see a line of 
bloody forms laid out in some near-by undertaking estab- 
lishment, and yet the death rate among rolling mill em- 
ployees — hot-iron workers only — is only 117 per cent, while 
in the case of waiters in hotels, restaurants, and clubs 
where liquor is served, the rate is 177 per cent, and among 
foremen, malsters, and beer-pump repairers it is 135 per 
cent ! 

No need to thrill with horror again when j r ou see the 
brave firemen going up the ladder to rescue the baby. 
The death rate among ladder men, pipemen, and hosemen 
is only 148 per cent. You had best save your feelings of 
horror for the moment when you step into the restaurant 
where liquors are served, and gaze upon the proprietor, 
for his death rate is 152 per cent, and the death liability 
of his cook or chef in the kitchen is exactly the same. 

And the locomotive engineer who braves wreck and 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 283 

bursting boilers incurs less danger by 14 per cent than the 
proprietor pf a grocery with bar. 

Europe Learned it Long Ago 

About seventy-two years ago, a Quaker applied to an 
English life insurance company for life insurance, and 
was asked ten per cent extra because he was a total 
abstainer. This struck the Quaker as idiocy, and, so, we 
are informed, he immediately proceeded to organize the 
United Kingdom Temperance and General Provident In- 
stitution of London. This company kept its total ab- 
stainers and nonabstainers in two separate classes, and 
in 1903, published the result of its experiment over that 
long term of years. The moderate drinkers — of course 
heavy drinkers are not insured — died at the rate of 104 
per cent of the death table, and the total abstainers at the 
rate of only 74.3 per cent. Similar reports have been 
issued by other European companies, such as the Gotha 
Life of Prussia, the Scepter Life of England, the Scottish 
Temperance Life, and the Actuary of the Mutual Life 
of New York discovered a similar condition among the 
insured of that company. 

Recently Dr. Edwin F. Bowers attracted a great deal of 
attention by asserting that each pint of beer consumed cost 
twenty-five minutes of life. He based his assertion upon 
an investigation by a government commission in Denmark. 
This commission sent to all physicians in the kingdom a 
request for information concerning deaths among adults 
occurring in their practise for one year, with especial 
reference to whether or not the cause of these deaths could 
be traced to drink. Only such cases were credited to 
alcohol as were admittedly drink-engendered. Answers 
were received concerning 4,300 dead men and 4,280 women 
— a trifle over one third of the mortality in Denmark for 
that particular year. The reports show that 23 per cent 
of the deaths among male and 3 per cent of the deaths 
among females were caused by the misuse of alcohol. 

In order to present the proposition in a vivid way the 
Danish analysts worked out the following problem : 

"If all these alcohol deaths were eliminated from the 
total, the average of longevity of a man of 20 would rise 
from 45 4-10 to 49 3-10 years ; and of a woman from 47 
5-10 to 48 1-10 respectively, 3 9-10 years and six-tenths 
of a year — which is slightly less than our American in- 
surance experts have found in their recent investigations 
concerning this matter. Given these figures, and using 
the per capita consumption of alcohol in Denmark as a 
divisor, the results proved that every pint of brandy con- 
sumed steals 11 hours out of a man's normal expectation 
of life, and every pint of beer cheats him out of approxi- 
mately 25 minutes of earthly activity." 

It is an interesting fact that from 1900 to 1907 there was 
a slight average increase in the death rate for the registra- 
tion area during the same period our drink consumption 
was increasing. In 1907 the per capita drink consumption 
reached its high mark and has since been declining, and 
the death rate has also declined year by year from 15.3 
in 1908 to 13.4 in 1914 

One year of drink murder is responsible for more slain 
than were killed in the battles of Gettysburg, Spottsylvania, 
Wilderness, Antietam, Chickamauga, Cold Harbor, Freder- 



284 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

icksburg, Manassas, Shiloh, Murfreesboro, and Petersburg. 
So well understood has become the danger to life of 
even occasional contact with intoxicating liquors, that the 
Northwestern Mutual Life will not even insure a travel- 
ing man who is required to carry liquors among his 
samples. 

Refs. — See Diseases Caused and references; and Doctors on Drink. 

MOTION PICTURES— The liquor trade publications 
evidently consider that motion pictures are inimical to 
their prosperity, for they are conducting a vigorous fight 
on the motion picture business. 

The fight on the picture industry is being made largely 
by Mida's Criterion, a standard liquor publication, by 
Barrels and Bottles, the Liberal Advocate, the Champion 
of Fair Play, and American B reivers' Rcviciv, and similar 
publications. 

"What are we going to do about the movie menace?" asks Mida's 
Criterion. "It has made a million hammers but not one solitary 
horn for the liquor business. 

"The liquor industry has not appreciated the scope of the moving 
pictures in their harmful effects on liquor. So prevalent is the 
barroom scene, so pernicious is its portrayal of liquor . . . who 
has ever seen liquor portrayed in any but the most unfavorable 
light by the movies? The films accept every chance to link liquor 
with the drug habits. What makes the rural lover go wrong? 
Liquor, always liquor. And hooked up with liquor must be evil 
women. The movies have made a goat of liquor." 

In his report to the twenty-third annual conference of 
the National Liquor Dealers' Association, Mr. Hugh F. 
Harvey, the chairman of the Congressional Committee, 
said : 

It has come to the attention of your Congressional Committee by 
personal observation and other means, the harm done by motion 
pictures over the country to our business. It was claimed by 
Mayor H. C. Gill, of Seattle, Washington, on May 13, 1915, that 
the films were directly responsible for influencing the people of 
the State of Washington to vote that State dry. I believe the time 
has arrived when something should be done. 

The Liberal Advocate of April 26, 1916, declares: 

The answer is going to be a call to arms. Apparently the pur- 
veyors of moving pictures have joined the Prohibitionists and the 
convicts in various penitentiaries in the attempt to hold liquor 
responsible as the active cause of all the crimes and carnality of 
which human beings are guilty. 

Barrels and Bottles for April, 1916, repeats this state- 
ment, and says further : 

The abuses of liquor are filmed in wildly exaggerated form as a 
sop to the conventional morality of the mob. The moving pictures 
are trying to make a scapegoat of alcohol. 

The American Brewers' Review calls attention to the 
complaint of brewers in Wisconsin, whom they quote as 
saying : 

The producers have shown a tendency to associate every dive 
scene, every human derelict, wayward son, or ruined home, with a 
beer sign or a mug of beer, and nowhere in the productions have 
the producers ever associated beer with a decent atmosphere. It is 
needless to say that this is uncalled for, is grossly misleading, and 
brings beer before the public in an injurious light. 

The National Retail Liquor Dealers Association, in con- 
vention, passed the following resolutions in regard to this 
matter : 

Another unfair and dishonest advantage that is being perpetrated 
upon the liquor business is that of the moving picture industry. In 
the vast majority of displays of moving pictures, films portraying 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 285 

conditions surrounding the retail liquor trade have been preposter- 
ously and untruthfully magnified by those operators who are paid 
vast sums by the opposition to our business for the purpose of de- 
veloping to S a'n unreasonable degree of untruthfulness displays of 
scenes as actual occurrences in legitimate barrooms; and 

Whereas, such displays have had misleading effects upon the 
public mind — particularly upon the minds of women and children — 
we realize how much sentiment and damage could be developed 
through this system. 

But the "slandering" of their product is not the beer 
man's only cause for quarrel with Little Mary Pickford 
and her costars. The movies are hushing the merry song 
of the saloon cash register. 

How the Movies Are Downing Glasses 

The Kalem Co., of New York, quotes Sergeant O'Don- 
nell, of the Chicago Police Department, as saying that the 
business of saloons in the neighborhood of his residence 
on the North Side of that city had been cut in half since 
the advent of the motion picture theater. The sergeant 
declared that laboring men with their entire families 
trooped off to the pictures in the evening. "The next 
morning the man finds his family happy, his own head 
clear, thirty-five to fifty cents more in his pocket than if 
he had spent the previous evening playing pinochle in a 
saloon, and his conscience in good working order." 

Police officials from almost every large city back up this 
testimony. The Thanhouser Film Corporation calls atten- 
tion to the fact that the principal sufferers in New York 
have been the "neighborhood saloons," which are princi- 
pally patronized by laborers. A man who has worked 
hard all day will not go to the saloon after having spent 
two hours at the movies. He prefers bed. 

"Saloon profits have been especially cut into in densely 
populated sections," say the Clara Kimball Young Film 
Corporation. "Exhibitors frequently report that saloon 
keepers are trying to prevent the opening of new picture 
houses near their saloons." 

The Exhibitors' Herald, of Chicago, mentions one thriv- 
ing saloon on a street-car intersection which was nearly 
put out of business by the establishment of a picture house 
next door. 

R. O, Bartholomew, an experienced investigator, re- 
cently made a report to the mayor of Cleveland on the 
motion picture theaters of that city in which he says : 

"After having talked with many saloon keepers, one is 
forced to the conclusion that the motion-picture theater 
is to-day the greatest competitor and one of the strongest 
enemies of the saloon. Occasionally you meet a clergy- 
man or an educator who criticizes the motion-picture 
theaters. But if you want to see the motion-picture busi- 
ness flayed alive and its skin hung up to dry, talk to a 
saloon keeper or a pool-room operator or a prize-fight 
promoter or the manager of a burlesque show. Or, if you 
speak Spanish, slip across the Mexican border and listen 
to the gentlemen who conduct bull fights." 

It is evident that unobjectionable motion pictures consti- 
tute a very effective and wholesome counter-attraction to 
the saloon. 

Refs. — See Substitutes. 

NARCOTICS — A narcotic is a paralyzing poison capable 
of giving temporary anaesthetic relief. Its use induces 



286 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

languor and a sufficient quantity will bring about, first, 
insensibility, and then death. Its habitual use will create 
a mania, or, as Dr. Xorman Kerr phrases it, "an inexpres- 
sibly intense, involuntary crave." Alcohol is now generally 
classed as a narcotic rather than as a true stimulant. 

Refs. — See Drugs. 

NASHVILLE— See Tennessee. 

NATIONAL PROHIBITION— When the Constitu- 
tion was being formulated as a basis for a more complete 
union of the States, one of the most serious points of 
contention was the number of sovereignties which should 
be accorded to the federal government. Finally these 
powers were clearly defined, with a prohibition against 
an encroachment upon "the reserved rights" of the States 
themselves. 

Under the constitution, certain powers belong solely to 
the federal government, and certain powers solely to the 
States. Consequently, upon certain questions the State 
may go so far and no farther, and upon other questions 
the federal government may go a part but not all of the 
way. 

And in the evolution of the various State governments 
certain privileges were delegated to municipalities and 
some to counties. 

Is prohibition a local question to be decided by muni- 
cipalities? Is it a State question to be finally acted upon 
by the various States as they may think best? Or is it 
a federal question concerning which it is not only proper 
but necessary that the federal government exercise all of 
its rights and authority ? 

The question must be decided by the determination of 
what branch of government possesses fhe powers or the 
majority of the powers which apply to the case in ques- 
tion. 

A Truly Local Question 

There are certain questions that are truly local. If a 
municipality wishes to float bonds for a new sewer system 
and the Legislature of the State has granted the right of 
local option on such questions in the charter held by the 
municipality, that locality can act with finality upon the 
question. The State will not interfere, nor will the federal 
government concern itself in the matter. 

But the drink traffic does not arise locally. It gets its 
power from State and federal governments, principally 
the latter, and no local action can influence the agencies 
which are under federal or State control. 

And this holds true of the State also. Let us see just 
what powers upon which the liquor traffic is dependent 
for its existence belong respectively to the city, the State, 
and the nation. 

Powers Exercised by the Municipality 

i. The issuance of local liquor licenses. 

Powers Exercised by the State 

1. Manufacture of intoxicating liquors in State territory. 

2. Sales inside State territory. 

3. State and municipal licenses. 

4. Shipments within the State. 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 287 

Powers Exercised by the Federal Government 

1. Interstate rail shipments. 

2. Transportation by navigable waters, including coast 
line. 

3. Tariff collections. 

4. Regulation of manufacture. (Equal power with State 
governments.) 

5. Treaties embodying the rights of importation and 
exportation. 

6. Control of the United States mails. 

7. Federal taxation of liquors. 

8. Federal licenses, which may be issued even to viola- 
tors of State laws. 

9. The testimony of internal revenue collectors. 

10. Distributing centers incident to interstate traffic. 
such as express offices, railroad depots, steamboat land- 
ings, etc. 

Here we have one power resting upon the local govern- 
ment, and this power may be overridden by the State, which 
has equal right to forbid or, if it desires, to compel the 
issuance of local licenses. We have four powers belong- 
ing to the State, all of which may be overridden by su- 
perior power over the same matter belonging to the federal 
government. And then we have ten powers upon which 
the liquor traffic is dependent belonging to the federal 
government, and in only one case (the manufacture of 
liquors) has the State equal right to exercise authority. 

Some Truly State Questions 

There are some questions that belong wholly to the 
States, or to say the least, concerning which the States 
are sovereign. If Kansas wishes to enfranchise its women, 
it can do so without any reference to federal authority. 
The national government has no power to forbid such 
action or to compel it, excepting as its power may be 
enlarged by an amendment to the federal constitution. 
The State is sovereign over the question of suffrage, with 
the one exception of limitation of suffrage because of race, 
which was added as an amendment to the constitution. 
The federal government is sovereign as to matters falling 
within its jurisdiction, such as the tariff, treaties, coinage 
of money, interstate commerce, etc., while some questions 
are covered by two sovereignties, the particulars over 
which sovereignty is recognized being divided between the 
two governments. 

But if the State is sovereign as to suffrage, it certainly 
cannot be said to be sovereign concerning a traffic which 
derives its rights in so much greater degree from the 
federal government. If a State suffrage law is passed, it 
enforces itself. If a State prohibition law is passed, it 
faces a hostile attitude on the part of the federal govern- 
ment in many particulars. 

And it is right that the federal government should have 
authority over the liquor traffic. One drop of poison will 
flow thruout the entire body politic, corrupting its remotest 
centers, and Xew York cannot tolerate the liquor traffic 
within its borders without grievously wronging California. 

The Right of the States to Make the Nation Dry 

There is nothing more insincere than the outcry of the 



288 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

liquor people that national prohibition will violate the 
doctrine of "States Rights." When the Webb-Kenyon 
legislation was proposed to aid the States in curbing the 
liquor traffic the liquor press was full to overflowing 
with humor at the expense of the "exploded", theory of 
"States Rights." Now, the tune has changed. If there 
is one right of the States more sacred than any other, it 
is the right to amend the federal constitution. Three 
fourths of the States have a right to make the entire 
nation dry. 

It is significant that when the Hobson-Sheppard Bill 
came to a vote in the House of Representatives, December 
22, 1914, more than 80 per cent of the Congressmen from 
the States which seceded voted "Aye." Rightly or 
wrongly, the South believes that the doctrine of "States 
Rights" is essential to its safety. If there were anything 
in the cry of the liquor interests that national prohibition 
will violate that principle, there would have been a differ- 
ent line-up on the vote. 

One of the surest guarantees that a prohibition amend- 
ment to the constitution would not violate the reserved 
rights of anybody or anything is to be found in the fact 
that it is exceedingly difficult to amend the constitution. 
About 2,200 amendments have been offered in Congress 
and only seventeen finally adopted, of which twelve were 
adopted so soon that they may be considered a part of 
the body of the constitution. Three others were adopted 
immediately after the Civil War under extraordinary 
circumstances. There have been only two amendments 
to the constitution adopted under the circumstances which 
must be faced by the prohibition amendment. 

Rcfs. — See Amendment, Constitutional and references. 

NATIONAL TEMPERANCE SOCIETY AND 
PUBLICATION HOUSE— In 1865, after peace had 
come, a national temperance convention assembled at Sara- 
toga Springs at which the National Temperance Society 
and Publication House was organized, which became the 
real successor of the American Temperance Union by pur- 
chase of and payment for the property belonging to that 
Union. Its first president was the Hon. Wm. E. Dodge. 
The National Temperance Society has been constantly and 
consistently inclusive and cohesive — nonpartisan, nonsec- 
tarian, patriotic, and Christian. 

This Society in its fifty years of corporate life as such 
has published over twenty-four hundred publications, has 
prepared and circulated fully two billion pages of temper- 
ance literature and has disbursed in this manner and in 
its many field activities over two millions of dollars. 

Its present location is at 373 Fourth Avenue. New York 
City. Its officers are the Rev. David Stewart Dodge, D.D., 
President; A. A. Hopkins, Ph.D., Editor and Lecturer; 
and John W. Cummings, Business Manager and Treas- 
urer. Its official periodical is the National Temperance 
Advocate. By a recent arrangement union of forces has 
been effected with the temperance department of the 
Federal Council of Churches of Christ in America. 

NAVY — When Secretary Josephus Daniels issued an 
order that "the use or introduction for drinking purposes 
oi alcoholic liquors on board any naval vessel or within 
any navy yard or station is strictly prohibited, and com- 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 289 

manding officers will be held directly responsible for the 
enforcement of the order," he called down upon himself 
the bitter "hostility of the liquor interests and every politi- 
cal opponent who was willing to make use of such capital. 

On October 17, 1909, long before this order was issued, 
the Chicago Tribune said: "To-day three maritime powers 
surpass all others in the matter of naval gunnery — Great 
Britain, Japan, and the United States — and knowing the 
strenuous total abstinence regulations now in force by 
these three nations, may we not assume that this superi- 
ority is due to the total abstinence encouraged or en- 
forced?" 

An effort was made after Mr. Daniels issued his order 
to provoke rebellion against him in the navy. The New 
York World wired all the retired rear-admirals of the 
navy for an expression on the order, but they refused 
to criticize it. Congress showed its tacit approval by 
appropriating $104,000 to pay for the official entertainment 
of foreign naval visitors, a thing it had never before been 
willing to do. Former Secretary of the Navy John D. 
Long spoke out in hearty approval, and Surgeon-General 
Gorgas, of the army, the man who conquered the mosqui- 
toes of Panama, declared himself in entire sympathy with 
Mr. Daniels's forward step, and likewise said that such 
an order would be a good thing for the army. 

Norway, immediately following the American example, 
"humiliated" her people and made herself "a laughing 
stock" by prohibiting the use of alcohol by the officers 
of the Norwegian navy. 

The order has been so rigidly enforced that when an 
attempt was made to carry beer thru the Boston navy 
yard to the Argentine battleship Rivadavia, the American 
naval officers forbade its passage. 

Do Not Be Misled 

The temperance people should be warned against the 
brutal attempts of certain agencies to assail the reputation 
of Mr. Josephus Daniels's administration of the Navy De- 
partment. There was no criticism of Mr. Daniels until 
after he issued the wine mess order. The liquor interests 
heaped upon him a full measure of scorn. Since that time 
Mr. Daniels has been selected as a weak spot in the 
administration, and criticism of him has been in great 
part due to partisan striving. With that we have nothing 
to do, but as his prohibition proclivities started the attack 
upon him, he should be defended both by dry Democrats 
and Republicans. 

Mrs. George Dewey, wife of the late admiral of the 
navy, in a letter to Senator Overman, said : 

"I wish you and the people of the country to know that 
my husband felt for the present secretary of the navy, 
Josephus Daniels, a sincere affection. Only a short time 
ago the admiral said : 'I have been in the navy sixty-two 
years, and have served under many secretaries of the 
navy, but Secretary Daniels is the best secretary we ever 
had, and has done more for the navy than any other. I 
am amazed by his knowledge of technical matters. He 
has studied profoundly, and his opinion is founded on 
close observation.' " 

"We have made more real progress in the last two 
years," said Captain J. S. McKeen, "than in any previous 



2 go THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

five-year period in my experience in the navy. I don't 
think I have ever known a time when everybody in the 
service, from top to bottom, was working as hard with 
their heads and hands to prepare the fleet for active serv- 
ice." 

Admiral Benson, chief of naval operations, asserts that 
under Secretary Daniels, cooperation between the various 
bureaus and offices has become so cordial and complete 
that the practical results have been all that could be 
desired. 

Admiral Dewey expressed the opinion that the present 
General Board is "the best general naval staff in the 
world," and Rear-Admiral Knight, president of the War 
College, where high officers of the navy are instructed in 
strategy and tactics, testifies that "Secretary Daniels has 
done more for the War College than any of his prede- 
cessors." 

It is certainly true that the navy is undermanned, under- 
officered, and ill-balanced, but for this all of us are re- 
sponsible, and it is unfair in the extreme to try to shift 
the responsibility upon the present departmental secretary. 
Under him the marine corps has been greatly increased, 
the navy enlisted up to its legal limit, and then that limit 
increased by Congress, the religious care of the men 
greatly improved, more democratic spirit infused by the 
opening of the doors to advancement for all enlisted men. 
reenlistments have increased from 52 per cent to 85 per 
cent, desertions are a little more than one third the former 
number, the number of prisoners has been reduced from 
1.800 to about 700. and vast economies have been effected. 

These economies have been attended by an increase in 
efficiency. The navy now makes its own mines at a saving 
of $145 each ; large savings have been made on the cost 
of torpedoes, shells, and armor-plate. These savings have 
gone into the creation of a proper reserve of ammunition, 
into the substitution of a modern powerful dreadnought 
for two old ships and into a great reenforcement of the 
air and submarine fleets. 

Much criticism has been heaped upon the secretary, and 
possibly some of it is deserved, for having supposedly 
delayed the construction of certain ships in his effort to 
effect economies ; but while it took seven years to build 
the Virginia, launched in 1906. and five years to construct 
the South Carolina, launched in 1909. the Pennsylvania, 
under Daniels, was completed in three years and three 
months, and the Arizona in about the same time. It is 
probable that the delays complained of were due to the 
necessity of securing better underwater protection against 
torpedoes and by the insufficiency of the sums appro- 
priated for the ships. 

This information is given in detail because of the con- 
tinuous assault to which Mr. Daniels, a fearless and 
effective temperance advocate, has been subjected. It is 
only fair that when our enemies attack him we should 
defend him. 

There was ample warrant for Mr. Daniels's wine mess 
order. Not only has drinking in the American navy lost 
hundreds of thousands of dollars' worth of property and 
wrecked at least one fine ship, but foreign officers of high 
standing have time and again expressed themselves vigor- 
ouslv for enforced total abstinence. Admiral Charles 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 291 

Beresford and Vice-Admiral J. G. Jellicoe, the latter com- 
mander-irw-chief of the Atlantic fleet of the British navy, 
are among those who have spoken out. 

The order issued by Air. Daniels was based upon the 
following opinion of Dr. \V. C. Braisted, surgeon-general 
of the navy: 

"It may be stated as a fact that, except as a temporary 
expedient in certain cases of illness, the use of alcohol 
is harmful, and its abuse disastrous alike to the individual 
and to the human race. Its use in the service is based 
upon worn-out customs, and there is no authority by law 
or otherwise for its continuance, except as contained in 
the naval instructions." 

Time and again the great naval authorities of Europe 
have testified to the growing efficiency and power of the 
American fleet. Admiral Chocheprat, one of the visiting 
French commissioners, has said that it is marvelously 
equipped and the second most powerful navy in the world. 

Refs. — See Army; and War. 

NAZARITES— The law of the Nazarites is contained 
in Numbers 6. 3-6 : 

-"When either man or woman shall separate themselves 
to vow a vow of a Nazarite, to separate themselves unto 
the Lord, he shall separate himself from wine and strong 
drink, and shall drink no vinegar of wine, or vinegar of 
strong drink, neither shall he drink any liquor of grapes, 
nor eat moist grapes, or dried. All the days of his sepa- 
ration shall he eat nothing that is made of the vine tree, 
from the kernels even to the husk. All the days of the 
vow of his separation there shall no razor come upon his 
head ; until the days be fulfilled, in the which he separateth 
himself unto the Lord, he shall be holy, and shall let the 
locks of the hair of his head grow. All the days that 
he separateth himself unto the Lord he shall come at no 
dead body." 

The Nazarites, consecrated to God from birth or by 
vow, were at various times quite numerous in Israel. 

NEBRASKA — On November 7. 1916, the State voted 
for a prohibition constitutional amendment by about 30,000 
majority. The law went into effect May 1, 1917. At 
that time there were 32 dry counties, 61 wet ; 48 dry county 
seats and 45 wet; 376 dry villages and cities and 194 wet. 
There were 825 saloons in the State, of which one third 
were in Douglas County. During the spring of 1916 the 
drys gained 26 towns and lost 4. 

Refs. — See Anti-Prohibition; Crime; Insanity; Juvenile Delin- 
quency; Pauperism; Race Suicide; and Savings. 

NEGROES — Under slavery the Negroes were protected 
from alcohol, consequently they developed no high degree 
of ability to resist its evil effects. It is well known that 
if a disease becomes prevalent in a community where it 
has not existed for some generations past, it is peculiarly 
virulent. This is true of alcoholism, as is commonly ob- 
served in regard to the Indians. 

At the present time the Negroes are subjected to the 
most energetic exploitation of Cincinnati, Louisville, and 
Jacksonville liquor wholesalers. Illustrated circulars fairly 
flood the cabins of the corn and cotton hands, and poli- 
ticians who desire to make use of the Negro vote, which 



v* 



292 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

in some parts of the South is considerable and in other 
parts practically does not exist, frequently have their 
political documents printed on the back of liquor circulars 
and call attention to the fact that certain wholesalers are 
deserving of patronage. 

Intelligent Negroes often break into the public prints 
of the South in protest against the custom of abandoning 
their residential sections in cities to the saloon, and many 
of their most prominent leaders are doing everything 
possible to induce their people to abstain. 

Booker T. Washington, in 1914, in a letter to the Board 
of Temperance, declared: "When all the facts are con- 
sidered, strong drink, I believe, is one of the chief causes 
of Negro crime in the South. In Macon County, Ala- 
bama, where I live, there are about twenty-two thousand 
Negroes and four thousand whites. The sheriff of my 
county recently reported that he had only one deputy and 
did not have enough work to keep him busy." 

Dr. Harvey W. Wiley, writing in Good Housekeeping, 
gives the following picturesque description of a prohibi- 
tion town in the "black belt" : 

"Recently, in one of the interior counties in Arkansas, 
I was shown about the county seat by one of the big 
business men of the community. It was Saturday after- 
noon. Hundreds of vehicles of all sorts drawn by mules, 
most of which were in good condition, were picketed 
around the public square. The great department store, 
which my guide owned, was filled with colored people. 
They were buying most liberally and were extremely well- 
dressed and well-behaved. I was struck with their appear- 
ance and prosperity and happiness. I was curious to know 
why it was that these people seemed so much better off 
than those T had seen in other localities. I asked the pro- 
prietor, who was freely giving credit to his customers, 
if he did not lose on many accounts. He replied, 'Never 
one.' 'How do you account for their prosperity?' I 
asked. 'Strictly enforced prohibition,' was his answer. 
'If we were to permit the saloon to come into this county 
again, it would wreck all our prosperity ; it would ruin 
my business and send this town back fifty years.' 

"We do not need, therefore, to go to big business for 
our examples ; we can draw them from the interior coun- 
ties of Arkansas, where big business is little known. It 
is the same old story everywhere. It is the old irrecon- 
cilable fight between alcohol and efficiency ; between the 
two there can be no compromise. That nation is best 
prepared to endure the hardships of the camp and the 
trench when temperance in all things prevails, when absti- 
nence from all harmful drugs is practiced, when alcohol 
in any form as a beverage is unknown." 

Prohibition and the Negro 

However, it is undeniable that prohibition has protected 
the Negro less than it has the white man. In Alabama, 
during 1916, the liquor shipments were limited by law, 
and the express companies had special distributing desks 
at which those who expected shipments must apply. On 
certain days and at certain hours of the day the lines 
before these desks were long. Mr. Pershing, of the Anti- 
Saloon League of that State, said that he saw sixty-eight 
people in line, waiting for their shipments. Of these 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 293 

sixty-eight, sixty-six were Negroes. Still another line 
on another day was made up entirely of Negroes, forty- 
eight of .whom were women. 

In Atlanta, Georgia, the leading express office had five 
windows for the distribution of liquor shipments on the 
days designated for that purpose. Four of these windows 
were for colored people. 

A recent report from Washington indicates that prohi- 
bition has done wonderful things in promoting the pros- 
perity of the Negro. According to that report, the Negroes 
of the country at the present time own property worth 
about $1,100,000,000. In 1909 their wealth amounted to 
about $570,000,000. 

It is remarkable that this wonderful increase in pros- 
perity began at the time when a prohibition wave swept 
over the South, bringing State-wide prohibition in many 
cases, and drying up vast territories in the remaining 
license States. 

The Negro is a cotton-maker par excellence. Hereto- 
fore he has made good cotton for the white man and poor 
cotton for himself. Hundreds of thousands of colored 
men who formerly owned straggling patches now cultivate 
strong and sturdy plants, and those who formerly raised 
a hound dog and a whisky habit are now raising a family 
of pigs and a new appetite for industry. Since the federal 
bonedry law will now protect him from the wholesale 
liquor dealers of Cincinnati and Louisville and Jackson- 
ville, the Negro seems in a fair way to settle his own 
problem. 

NEVADA — The Indian reservation is the only dry terri- 
tory in this State, but a strong State prohibition movement 
is under way and Nevada will probably vote dry in the 
near future. 

NEW HAMPSHIRE— On April 11, 1917, the New 
Hampshire Legislature passed a prohibition bill. In 1916 
the cities of New Hampshire did not vote on the license 
question. Seventeen towns voted for license; 207 against; 
4 dry towns voted wet ; 7 wet towns voted dry. The 
total license vote was 12,693 and the total no-license vote 
was 26,701, giving an aggregate dry majority of 13,591. 
The population under no-license is 240,844 and under 
license, 189,728. 

NEW JERSEY— Has no dry counties. Nine cities of 
5,000 or more population are without saloons under char- 
ters permitting local option. The legislative session held 
early in 1917 declined to enact a local option law. 

NEW MEXICO— Both parties have declared for sub- 
mission of prohibition and it is possible that the 1917 
Legislature will enact prohibition to go into effect January 
1, 1918, and submit a prohibition constitutional amend- 
ment to be voted upon at the general election in 1918. If 
submitted, prohibition is picked to win by ten to twenty 
thousand majority. On November 7, 1916, a governor, 
lieutenant-governor, secretary of State, and chief justice 
of the Supreme Court who had all been on the platform 
for prohibition, were elected. All other State officers-elect 
stand for prohibition. 

NEW YORK— On October 1, 1916, there were 499 
whol 1 y dry towns, 113 partially license, and 320 full license. 



294 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

On November 7, 1916, Broome County, the only county 
voting, carried three wet towns dry, making whole county 
dry except Binghamton. No city can vote at these elec- 
tions. Chemung County is dry except Elmira ; Tompkins 
County dry except Ithaca ; Ontario County dry except 
Geneva and Canandaigua. The totally dry counties are 
Yates, Tioga, Schuyler, and Delaware. Fourteen counties 
are drier than the driest county eight years ago. Xew 
York's congressional delegation will increase its prohibi- 
tion vote on the amendment resolution ; the governor is 
pledged to give each community the right to vote ; the 
Senate temperance leader was reelected by an unprece- 
dented and the Assembly leader by a large majority. Over 
600 liquor selling places were closed October 1, 1916, as 
result of previous votes, which is three times as many 
as South Dakota and two thirds as many as Nebraska 
closed by State prohibition votes. 

By a vote of 86 to 58 the New York Senate voted, on 
April 11, 1917, to enact a local option law. Later the bill 
became law. 

NORTH CAROLINA— Statutory prohibition was 
adopted by referendum May 26, 1908. the dry majority 
being 44,196. In 191 1, the State Legislature passed laws 
prohibiting near-beer joints and sale of anything contain- 
ing alcohol, cocaine, opium, or an opium derivative. In 
March, 1913. the State enacted search and seizure and 
laws to regulate importation of liquor into the State. In 
191 5. the General Assembly prohibited drugstores from 
handling liquor for any purpose and limited the amount 
that might be received from a public carrier to one quart 
of spirituous or vinous liquor or five gallons of beer in 
fifteen day>. 

Refs. — See Anti-Prohibition; Crime; Insanity; Juvenile Dt-liu 
quency; Pauperism; Race Suicide; and Savings. 

NORTH DAKOTA— Under constitutional prohibition 
26 years. From one to six laws passed by each Legis- 
lature to fortify prohibition policy. A place where liquor 
is ascertained to be sold is defined as a nuisance to be 
closed temporarily and, after a hearing, for one year, 
with a padlock. Bootlegging, including sale on another's 
premises, acting as agent or buyer or seller or soliciting 
orders for delivery from within or without the State 
provides for penitentiary sentence, in the discretion of 
the judge, of from one to three years for first offense. 
This law was passed by the people on referendum. The 
governor may remove any county attorney or peace officer 
failing or refusing to enforce the law. 

The following is a report of a personal investigation 
made by Deets Pickett, research secretary, Board of Tem- 
perance" of the Methodist Episcopal Church, to indicate 
the comparative development of North Dakota under 
prohibition and South Dakota under license. The report 
was dated January 1, 1916, at which time South Dakota 
was still a license State : 

About midway between the two oceans and in the north- 
ern part of the United States, is a great land once known 
as the "Dakotas." It is bounded on the north by Canada, 
on the east by Minnesota, running lengthwise, on the 
*outh by the full length of Nebraska, and on the west by 
the width of Wyoming and Montana. 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 295 

A line runs about midway, forming a border line be- 
tween two States — Xorth and South Dakota. On October 
1, 1889, both North and South Dakota became States, and 
both adopted constitutional prohibition. Early in 1890 
the Legislature of each State put these provisions into 
effect by statutory legislation. 

In 1896 South Dakota repealed her prohibitory law, 
while North Dakota maintained hers. 

Xorth Dakota has an area of 70,795 square miles, and 
South Dakota a slightly larger area, 77,650 square miles. 
The soil and conformation of the two States are similar, 
with the exception of the rich Black Hills corner in 
South Dakota. However, a portion of South Dakota is 
admirably suited to corn-raising, while in North Dakota 
this crop cannot be profitably produced to any large extent. 
South Dakota also has a great advantage in its store of 
mineral wealth, which is about twelve times as great as 
that of Xorth Dakota, or, to give exact figures, $6,432,417 
in annual production as compared to $564,812. 

(A) Population 

In 1890 Xorth Dakota had a population of 190,983, and 
South Dakota a population of 348,600, substantially double 
that of her northern neighbor. In 1910 Xorth Dakota had 
a population of 577,056, while South Dakota had increased 
to 583,888, a percentage of increase for North Dakota of 
202 and for South Dakota of 67. The Census Bureau in 
1913 estimated the present population of North Dakota 
as 660,849 and of South Dakota as 643,121. The popula- 
tion per square mile for South Dakota in 1890 was 4.5 
and in Xorth Dakota 2.7, while in 1910 the figures were 
8.2 for North Dakota and 7.6 for South Dakota. A 
peculiar feature of the development of North Dakota's 
population is the fact that its present foreign-born element 
is 35-4 P er cent ot the whole, while in South Dakota the 
foreign-born number only 22 per cent, altho we are told 
that prohibition keeps out immigration. 

Between 1910 and 1915 South Dakota lost 4,350 people, 
while Xorth Dakota gained 51,000. largo, Xorth Dakota's 
largest city, has grown 2>3 per cent in the last five years, 
while Sioux Falls, South Dakota's largest city, has in- 
creased only slightly. In spite of the fact that prohibition 
"kills the cities," the urban population of North Dakota 
grew from 1890 to 1910 from 10,643 to 63,236, while that 
of South Dakota grew from 28,555 to 76,673. The increase 
of urban population in South Dakota was 168 per cent 
and in Xorth Dakota 494 per cent. 

(B) Wealth 

The per capita wealth of South Dakota in 1890 (accord- 
ing to census volume 1, "Wealth, Debt, and Taxation") 
was $1,293. By 1912 this had increased to $2,239. Xorth 
Dakota, which in 1890 had a per capita wealth of $1,844, 
had increased this to $3,372, a percentage for South Da- 
kota of 72, and for Xorth Dakota of 82. 

The total wealth of South Dakota in 1890 was $425,- 
141,299, which by 1912 had increased to $1,398,573,425. 
The North Dakota wealth total in 1890 was $337,006,506 
and by 1913 these figures had grown to $2,141,626,961. In 
other words, South Dakota had multiplied its wealth 3.5 
times during that period, while North Dakota had multi- 
plied its wealth 6.3 times. 

Other indications of comparative prosperity in the two 



296 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

States point to the same conclusion. At the last census 
in North Dakota 80 per cent of the people owned their 
own homes, while in South Dakota the percentage was 
71.2. Out of a total of 74,360 farms in North Dakota, 
63,212 were owned by the men farming them, while in 
South Dakota, with a total of 77,644 farms, the number 
of men owning farms was 57,984. 

There are reasons to believe that the divergent develop- 
ment of the States is becoming more marked under the 
license system of South Dakota and prohibition for North 
Dakota. For instance, the value of farm products in 
North Dakota increased 211 per cent in the decade 1900- 
1910; the value of live stock 155 per cent; the value of 
crops 234.4 per cent. No other State in the Union ex- 
ceeded this percentage of increase. North Dakota's pres- 
ent agricultural wealth exceeds the agricultural wealth 
of the seven combined New England States. From 1898 
to 191 3 her bank deposits increased by more than 1,000 
per cent! 

Prohibition has certainly not loaded North Dakota with 
debt. In 1890 she had a debt of %Z-72> per capita, while 
South Dakota had a debt of only $2.50 per capita. In 
the twenty-two years to 191 2 North Dakota had reduced 
her debt to $1.29 per capita. However, South Dakota 
had also reduced her debt until it was only $0.58 per 
capita. With a per capita county and municipal debt of 
$17.18 in North Dakota in 1890, she had reduced this by 
1902 to $12.67, but the extraordinary development of the 
State since 1902 had increased the debt by -1913 to $18.83 
per capita. South Dakota, beginning the period with 
$17.46 as its average county and municipal debt, reduced 
the figures to $14.48 by 1902 and increased them to $19.15 
by 1913. In that year the total public debt per capita in 
North Dakota was $20.12, and in South Dakota $19.73. 
The net reduction during the period was $0.79 per capita 
for North Dakota and for South Dakota $0.23. Evidently, 
the fact that South Dakota in 1913 received $257,485 from 
liquor licenses has not given her any advantage over her 
northern sister. 
(C) Employment and Production 

As shown by the United States census for 1910, the 
statistics of North and South Dakota as to manufacturing 
development were as follows : 

Av. No. Wage Per Cent In- Value of Per Cent In- 

Earners, 1909 crease 10 yrs. Products, ^09 crease 10 yrs. 

North Dakota 2,789 105.4 $19,137,000 205.7 

South Dakota 3,602 62.0 17,870,000 87.5 

Not only is the percentage of increase for the ten years 
in the number of men employed far greater in North 
Dakota than in South Dakota, but the percentage of in- 
crease in the value of goods produced is much more than 
twice as great in the dry State as in the wet State. While 
the increase in number of men was in the one case 105.4 
per cent as compared with 62 per cent in. the other, the 
increase in manufactured output in the one was 205.7 
per cent as against only 87.5 per cent in the other. But 
even more striking still is the contrast between these two 
States when the census facts are put in another way. In 
dry North Dakota for the year 1909, 2,789 men produced 
$19,137,000 worth of manufactured goods, while in wet 
South Dakota it required 3,602 — 811 more — to produce 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 297 

only $17,870,000 worth of manufactured goods, $1,267,000 

less. 

(D) Taction 

It is well to consider the question of taxation in con- 
nection with wealth and debts. If North Dakota has not 
had a liquor revenue during the period under considera- 
tion, while South Dakota has taken in nearly $5,000,000 
from that source, and yet North Dakota has reduced its 
obligations more than South Dakota, some may think 
that the tax burden in North Dakota has been heavy. In 
1890 North Dakota had an ad valorem taxation of $13.29 
per capita. In 1902 this had decreased to $11.44, and in 
1912 had grown to $17.97. 

South Dakota, beginning with an ad valorem levy of 
$11.03 per capita, came to the year 1902 with $10.69 as its 
per capita taxation, and had increased it to $16.67 m 1912. 
\Ye find that the relative taxation in the two States is 
just about the same in 1913 as in 1900, which indicates 
that the millions of liquor receipts have been of no value 
at all to South Dakota. The larger taxation of North 
Dakota is very slight. 

The details of taxation in North and South Dakota are 
interesting. According to the census volume, "Wealth, 
Debt, and Taxation," in 1913 the source and amount of 
the various revenues for State, city, and municipal pur- 
poses in the two States (per capita) was as follows: 

* Detailed Comparison of Taxation 

North South 

Dakota Dakota 

Total $15-17 $15-21. 

General property tax 9-56 9-36 

Special property tax .02 

Poll tax .22 .18 

Special assessment charges .70 .62 

Business taxes .24 .18 

Liquor licenses .40 

Business licenses .05 .04 

Non-business licenses .08 .08 

Fines, etc .05 .12 

Interest and rents 2.36 1.66 

Subventions and grants .32 .22 

Donations and gifts .04 

Earnings of departments, etc... 1.20 1.77 

Earnings public service .37 .55 

It will be noticed by this contrasting table that the 
details of taxation in the two States are practically the 
same. However, there are such significant differences as 
receipts from fines of five cents per capita in North 
Dakota and of twelve cents in South Dakota. 

During the period North and South Dakota have ac- 
cumulated State, county, and municipal property of just 
about the same value. The total in North Dakota is 
$11,831,113, and in South Dakota $11,925,269, but the in- 
vestment of North Dakota in educational institutions is at 
present $2446,067, while in South Dakota it is only 
$1,427,987. 

North Dakota is said by the "World Almanac" for 1914 
to tax upon 30 per cent of the actual valuation, but Mr. 
Packard, Commissioner of Taxation for that State, told 
me that the actual valuation taxed was about 19 per cent. 
In South Dakota the percentage, according to the 1914 
"World Almanac," is 60. This seems to indicate that tax- 



zgS THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

ation in South Dakota is actually twice as high as in North 
Dakota. 

(E) Education, etc. 

Statistics are available in North Dakota from the earliest 
years, but because of South Dakota's scattered system of 
management, I was unable to procure them in that State, 
so had recourse to the census. In 1913 there were 185,963 
children between five and eighteen in North Dakota, and 
in South Dakota 178,080. North Dakota in that year had 
enrolled 142,434 in her schools, and South Dakota 132,764. 
The average daily attendance in North Dakota was 94.060, 
and in South Dakota 87.792. The total of teachers' 
salaries in North Dakota was $3,201,365, and in South 
Dakota $2,424,997. North Dakota's total expenditure for 
schools was $5,829,571, and for South Dakota the figure 
was $4,109,642. In reading the figures in regard to salaries 
and total expenditures for schools, it should be remem- 
bered that the population of the two States is now very 
nearly the same and taxes, on the face, just about the 
same. 

In 1914 North Dakota had 1,006 students in her State 
institutions of learning and South Dakota 1,026. 

(F) Crime, Insanity, Pauperism 

In 1890 North Dakota had 53.1 persons confined in penal 
institutions for each 100,000 population. South Dakota 
had 54.1. There is for a certain term of years a difficulty 
in arriving at a fair comparison between these two States, 
because South Dakota's figures do not include persons in 
prison because of fines, while North Dakota does include 
these people. Because of this fact, the prison rate in 
1910 of North Dakota shows 63, and of South Dakota 
47.8, but we arrive at the truth in considering the figures 
for commitment of persons in 1910. In South Dakota 
it was 273 to the 100,000 of population, and in North 
Dakota only 163. For the license States of the West 
North Central Division, in which both North and South 
Dakota are located, the average was 465 commitments to 
the 100.000. 

In 1890 there were 19.2 persons in almshouses for each 
100,000 of North Dakota's population, and 16.1 for each 
100.000 of South Dakota's population, but in 1910, after 
twenty years of prohibition, the percentage was 14 for 
North Dakota, while, after sixteen years of license in 
South Dakota, it was 24.8. The commitment rate to alms- 
houses for 1910 was for North Dakota 19.7 people per 
100,000, South Dakota 27.4 per 100.000. 

In 1890 North Dakota had 109.5 insane for each 100,000 
of her population and South Dakota had 70.6. We see 
by this that the northern State had nearly forty more to 
the 100,000 of population at that time, but in 1910 North 
Dakota had reduced her rate to 108.8, while the South 
Dakota figures had risen to 148. 

(G) General Remarks 

The success of prohibition in North Dakota is attested 
by general sentiment, by evidences of reduced liquor con- 
sumption, by the increasing stringency of statutory legis- 
lation, by comparative prosperity of border cities, and by 
the fact that neighboring States are rapidly becoming 
convinced that prohibition is a good thing. 

The progressive decline in the number of federal tax 
receipts issued since the year 1909, when the enforcement 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 299 

began to he unusually vigorous in North Dakota, is re- 
markable r> 

Year 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 

R. L. 1,830 1,470 1,014 981 593 291 142 

W. L. 65 40 15 10 10 4 o 

There is no record of an illicit still ever having been 
seized and destroyed in North Dakota. 

The border cities present a splendid argument for prohi- 
bition. For instance, the arrests for August, 1914, in 
Moorhead. Minnesota, were 600, altho the population is 
only 5,000, while in Fargo, North Dakota, with a popula- 
tion of 20,540, the total arrests were only 264. Moorhead 
finally went dry, and in August, 191 5, the arrests in Fargo 
were 165 and in Moorhead 42, which was about the proper 
proportion for population. 

When North Dakota clung to its prohibition it was 
declared that the little border cities would inevitably de- 
velop on the wet side. Taking Fargo and Moorhead and 
Grand Forks and East Grand Forks as examples, we 
find that the real development has been just the contrary. 
See this table : 

Fargo Moorhead 

Population 20,540 5.000 

Public school population 4,429 900 

Number colleges 6 2 

Number students in colleges 3,094 i,595 

Value of college property $1, 305,475 $470,298 

Number of banks 8 3 

Money passed through clearing house 

in 1914 $459,712,000 $59,7",498.59 

Number of churches 38 10 

Value of church property $425,000 $135,000 

Grand Forks E. Gr. N Forks 

Population 15,000 3, 500 

Public school population 4,900 500 

Number colleges „ 3 None 

Number students in colleges 2,150 None 

Value of college property $1,500,000 None 

Number of banks 5 2 

Money on deposit $3,475,000 $675,000 

Number of churches 20 2 

Value of church property $600,000 . $25,000 

The city of Pembina in North Dakota (population 
1,000) is opposed by Saint Vincent (population 500) in 
Minnesota. The population of Pembina is twice that of 
Saint Vincent. The population of Grand Forks (15,000) 
is about five times the population of East Grand Forks 
(3,500) in Minnesota. The population of Fargo (20,540) 
is about four times the population of Moorhead (5,000) 
in Minnesota. The population of Wahpeton (3,000) is 
very nearly twice that of Breckinridge (2,000) in Minne- 
sota. 

The Sentiment of the People 

A most significant thing is the fact that Fargo, North 
Dakota, has 32 grocers, and no saloons, while Moorhead, 
on the Minnesota side, before it went dry recently, had 
eight grocers and 28 saloons. 

The sentiment of the people of North Dakota in regard 
to the prohibition law was evidenced in a recent election 
when one wet candidate got 12,640 votes while one dry 
candidate got 22,000 and the other dry candidate 26,000. 
It is said that the wet candidate, because of his popularity, 
really polled more than the total wet vote of the State. 
So successful has the policy been in her sister State that 
in South Dakota the present governor is a prohibitionist 



300 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

and the number of wet municipalities has been decreased 
from 169 in 1913 to 88 in 1915. There is a total of 2,600 
municipalities in South Dakota.- 

Both States maintain seven institutions : Reform school, 
tuberculosis sanitarium, penitentiary, asylum, deaf and 
dumb school, blind school, and feeble-minded institution. 

In South Dakota they do not seem to have worked out 
an efficient system of handling these institutions, or, at 
least, there is no proper coordination of management, but 
in Xorth Dakota the management of all these public insti- 
tutions is in the hands of three wealthy men who serve on 
the Board of Control for the good of the State. The 
standards of administration are very high. Mr. E. G. 
Wanner, the secretary o,f the Board of Control, very 
kindly cooperated with me in an investigation of the insti- 
tutions, in which the State seems to take great pride, 
claiming, indeed, that some of them are unsurpassed, if 
equaled, in the United States. In the penitentiary an 
excellent library is maintained, picture shows are given 
twice a week for good-conduct prisoners, there are fre- 
quent lectures in winter, the prisoners have their own 
orchestra and athletic teams, a night school is maintained 
during the winter months, and an honor system obtains. 

Said Mr. Wanner : "When we get a man in the peni- 
tentiary our one idea is to send him out a good citizen if 
possible, and we frequently do it." 

I found that the percentage of recommitments was only 
about 25. According to the State Prison Commission of 
Massachusetts, of the 23.303 prisoners for the year ending 
September 1, 1915, 13,437 were recommitments. There 
was a total of 87,500 commitments against the actual num- 
ber for the year (23.303), an average of 6.31 terms for 
each prisoner ! 

An Insanity Comparison Reaching States Other Than 
South Dakota 

The following table shows the number of insane for 
each 1,000 of population in a number of States of the Union 
taken from page 59 of the report of the Board of Control 
of Xorth Dakota for the biennial period ending June 30, 
1914: 

1914 Total Insane Insane 

State Population Insane per 1,000 Ratio 

Xorth Dakota 690,000 9-M 1.36 1 to 731 

South Dakota 655,000 933 1.42 1 to 702 

Montana 600,000 941 1.56 1 to 637 

Minnesota 2,300,000 5,350 2.32 1 to 430 

Wisconsin 2,450,000 6,611 2.65 1 to 370 

Iowa 2,000,000 5,945 2.97 1 to 338 

Illinois 5,75o,ooo 15,254 2.65 1 to 370 

Kansas 1,750,000 3,100 1.77 1 to 564 

Indiana 2,800,000 5,060 1.87 1 to 553 

Ohio 5,000,000 12,550 2.51 1 to 478 

Pennsylvania 8,000,000 18,642 2.33 1 to 429 

New York 10,000,000 35,483 3-5 2 1 to 283 

Showing Relative Growth of Population and Crime in 
North Dakota 

I append here a table showing penal figures of various 
periods in North Dakota : 

Population Penitentiary 

Date in North Dakota population 

Tune 30, 1900 320,000 140 

June 30, 1905 440,000 187 

Tune 30, 1910 575,ooo 209 

June 30, 1914 690,000 206 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 301 



A Crime Comparison Involving States Other than 

South Dakota 

> - 

Below is a table (State figures) showing comparisons of 
various States in population and number of penitentiary 
inmates : 

States 3 ~ ^S- £§ 13 

g? ill a 1: l| 

North Dakota 690,000 206 .29 1 to 3,349 

South Dakota 655,000 207 .31 1 to 3,164 

Montana 600,000 629 1 .04 1 to 953 

Minnesota 2,300,000 1,450 -63 1 to 1,586 

Wisconsin 2,450,000 965 .39 1 to 2,538 

Iowa 2,000,000 1,282 .64 t to i,55? 

Kansas 1,750,000 1,300 .74 1 to 1,346 

Illinois 5,750,000 3,000 .52 1 to 1,916 

Indiana 2,800,000 2,600 .92 1 to 1,076 

Ohio 5,000,000 3,500 .70 1 to 1,428 

Pennsylvania 8,000,000 4,642 .58 1 to 1,723 

New York 10,000,000 16,000 i-59 1 to 622 

(H) Hozv Twenty-Five Years of Prohibition "Ruined 
North Dakota" 
The second biennial report of the North Dakota Tax 
Commission for the period ending June 30, 1914, is a 
very remarkable document in many ways. Below we 
give some of the information gathered therefrom, together 
with information given in person by Mr. F. E. Packard, 
one of the commissioners. The figures differ somewhat 
from the tax figures used above, because they confine 
themselves to State affairs, having nothing to do with 
county and muncipal statistics. The table given below 
shows the increase of population, valuation, tax levies, and 
bank deposits since Statehood, and is in every way a 
remarkable statement of development. 

Increase 
1890 1913 Per 

Cent 

State tax $427,629 $1,365,918 $938,289 219 

Population 190,985 661,740 470,755 246 

Valuation ". . . $88,896,291 $307,042,816 $218,146,525 245 

Total tax 2,430,548 12,888,753 10,458,205 430 

County tax 574,670 3,536,246 2,961,576 515 

City tax 221,692 1,759,818 1,529,126 689 

Common school ... 879,576 5,121,736 4,242,160 482 

Bank deposits .... 4,022,356 92,072,106 88,049,750 2,188 

It will be noted that while under prohibition for twenty- 
five years, the State tax levy increased 219 per cent, the 
population increased 246 per cent, the valuation 245 per 
cent, and bank deposits 2,188 per cent ! 

Showing Progressive Reduction of Taxation in North 
Dakota Under Prohibition 

The table below segregates the State tax levy and gives 
it by years from 1890 to 1913. It shows an actual reduc- 
tion in the per capita State tax levy, in State levy in mills, 
and in general fund levy in mills. 

Per Capita State General 

State Tax Levy Fund Levy 

Year Levy Mills Mills 

1890 $2.30 4.5 4. 

1891 2.34 4.7 4. 

1892 1.78 4. 3-5 

1893 2.03 4.5 4. 

1894 1.66 4.6 4. 

1895 1. 91 4-5 4- 

1896 1.50 4.3 3.8 



302 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 



1897. 

r898. 
1899. 
1900. 
1901. 
1902. 
igoj. 

1905. 

19-9. 
1 <) 1 < 1 . 
1911. 
1912. 
1913- 



Per Capita 


State 


General 


State Tax 


Lew 


Fund Levy 


Levy 


Mills 


Mills 


1 .40 


4.4 


3-« 


1.49 


4.4 


3 


8 


1.67 


4-5 


3 


8 


1.65 


4-5 


3 


8 


2-53 


7 • 


4 




1 .96 


5-5 


4 




2.03 


5 ■ 5 


3 


8 


2.02 


00 


3 


6 


2.05 


5-3 


3 


8 


2.19 


5-3 


3 


8 


2.15 


5- ! 


3 


8 


;-H 


5-2 


3 


8 


2-54 


5-2 


3 


8 


2.18 


4-4 


3 




2.17 


4.4 


3 




2.10 


4-4 


3 




2.06 


4-5 


2 


«75 



A Remarkable Picture of Sober Growth 

The table below gives the population, assessed value and 
total tax levies by years since Statehood in North Dakota. 
The rate of taxation is on $100. It is a remarkable picture 
of the State's development under the dry law. 

A summary of the total and per capita expenditures 
since Statehood in Xorth Dakota shows an increase of 
80 per cent in legislative expenditure. 315 per cent in 
executive expenditure. 173 per cent in incidental expendi- 
ture. 3,203 Per cent in support of educational institutions, 
and 840 per cent in State support of common schools! 

The proportion of educational expenditures to total 
expenditures has increased from 10.5 per cent in 1890 to 
62.3 per cent in 1913. Below we give the table by years: 



Education Thrives on Barleycorn's Sorrow 



Year 

1890 

1 89 1 

•892 

1893 

1894 

1895 

1896 

1897-98.. . 
1899-1900. 
1901-2. . . . 

»9«3 

1904 

1905 

1906 

1907 

1908 

1909 

1910 

19" 

1912. 

1913 



(eight months) 



All Other 

$351,590 

394,153 

45i,68i 

•93.297 

477,406 

385,467 

785,315 

1,039,940 

1,214,670 

770,255 

756,450 

1,173,586 

762,206 

879,509 

868,857 

1,099,461 

1,041,603 

1,750,108 

1,280,426 

946,881 



Education 

$41,180 
208,503 
190,759 
217,057 

264,995 

215,434 

476,396 

492.164 

731,016 

519,012 

606,541 

704,423 

989,256 

1,288,565 

1,221,075 

1,564,790 

2,263,717 

1,436,838 

2,008,332 

1,592,460 



Ratio of School 
to Total 
Expenditure 

34-7 
36.5 
32.6 
54-9 
35-8 
35-8 
38.0 



1 

•5 
5 
5 
7 
■4 
■4 
58.4 
58.7 
68.4 
45-0 
60.9 
62.3 



Here is a significant comparison in State expenditures : 
In South Dakota the governor and members of the supreme 
court receive $3,000 annually; in Xorth Dakota. $5,000. 
In South Dakota the attorney-general gets $1,000; in 
Xorth Dakota. $3,600. In South Dakota the railroad com- 
missioners get $1,500; in Xorth Dakota. $2,000. In South 
Dakota the treasurer, secretary of State, commissioner 
of insurance, and superintendent of public instruction get 
$1,800. while in Xorth Dakota they get $3,000 each. 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 303 

Comparative Actual Tax Burdens in Various States 

Mr. Paskard furnished me with the following table 
showing the tax on $1,000 of actual value, furnished by 
officials of the respective States. It will be noted that 
South Dakota is said to tax upon too per cent of actual 
value. The "World Almanac" for 1914 says 60 per cent. 
This taxation is for State purposes only. 

Tax Per 

Ratio of Assessed T913 State $1,000 of 
to Actual Value Levy Mills Actual Value 

Xorth Dakota 20% 4.5 $.90 

South Dakota 100 1.0 1.00 

Minnesota 40 5-3° 2.12 

Montana 40 3- 00 1.20 

Idaho 65 2.4S 1. 61 

Washington 40 8.81 3.50 

Arizona 100 6.50 6.50 

Iowa 50 4.90 2.45 

Nebraska 16 7.80 1.25 

Colorado 100 1.30 1.30 

Florida 30 7.50 2.25 

Indiana 100 4.00 4.00 

Kansas 80 1 . 20 1 . 20 

Michigan 60 3.75 2.25 

Mississippi 331/3 6.00 2.00 

Oklahoma ., 80 3.50 2.80 

Utah 40 7.50 4.00 

Virginia 50 3.50 1.75 

Wyoming 5u 3.00 1.50 

(/) Enforcement of Laze in North Dakota 

Xorth Dakota has a wonderfully strict enforcement of 
law. stricter than in Kansas. It discriminates between 
bootleggers and blind pigs. For bootlegging a man can 
be sent to the penitentiary for six months. I was shown 
twenty-five such inmates in the State penitentiary when 
I went through it. 

Sending them to the penitentiary involves the loss of 
franchise and the imposition of hard labor. A large 
majority of the bootleggers in the penitentiary came to 
the State with a suitcase full of liquor, expecting to make 
some easy money out of the harvest hands. 

Xorth Dakota has an injunction law under which a 
place which is used for the purpose of selling liquors may 
be padlocked and kept closed a year. This is the result 
of finding liquor on the place, unless it is a private resi- 
dence. After the matter is threshed out in court the 
place may be permanently closed. 

Judge Pollock, of the third judicial district of North 
Dakota, in a conversation at Fargo, told me : "When I 
was a young man we had about forty lawyers in this city. 
Practically all of them were drinkers, and many of them 
hard drinkers. Six of them I know are in their graves 
because of their drinking. At the present time, in Cass, 
my home count}', with sixty-five lawyers, there is hardly 
a one of them who ever touches liquor." He also told of 
a saloon keeper who was driven out of business by the 
enactment of prohibition in X'orth Dakota who has since 
accumulated half a million dollars in a legitimate business, 
and who now says that no man would fight the return 
of the license system more vigorously than he. 
(/) Testimony of Business 

The Board of Temperance of the Methodist Church, in 
an effort to arrive at the truth in regard to prohibition in 
Xorth Dakota, wrote every banker, every wholesale mer- 
chant, every officer of the building and loan associations, 



30 4 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

and similar representative citizens in that State. Of the 
replies received, only one man was of the opinion that 
prohibition does not pay. 

"The benefits of prohibition can be seen on every hand," 
writes Mr. F. J. Grady, the chief clerk of the Board of 
Control of State institutions. Air. Grady bases his opinion 
upon his daily opportunities of viewing the effect of prohi- 
bition in limiting crime, insanity, pauperism, and other 
State ills which are treated by the institutions under the 
management of the Board of Control. 

Some of the leading bankers and others who replied to 
the queries of the Society expressed themselves as follows: 

I have lived in saloon States ; also have been a resident 
of Xorth Dakota for the past fifteen years. I am in favor 
of the prohibition State. — Mr. H. W. Hansch, Citizens' 
Bank of Kenmare. 

I have watched this State develop since 1883 and it is 
largely on account of the prohibition laws so early put 
in force that such wonderful development has been made. 
Bank deposits are fifteen times greater than they were in 
the State twenty years ago. — Mr. W. I. Forbes, Bank of 
Gilby, North Dakota. 

Xot under any conditions could I be "induced to go back 
to a license community. — Mr. IV. H. Mcintosh, Bottineau, 
Xorth Dakota. 

Prohibition is undoubtedly the greatest reform that 
Xorth Dakota has adopted since Statehood. — Mr. L. B. 
Gamaas, {"resident Farmers' and Merchants' Bank, Shey- 
oine, Xorth Dakota. 

I was engaged in business for' several years in Minne- 
sota in a high-license town, and 1 am convinced that prohi- 
bition is much to be preferred to high license. — Mr. F. M. 
Rich, president First National Bank, Willow City, Xorth 
Dakota. 

Any banker in Xorth Dakota who is candid will say 
that the effects of prohibition upon the commercial condi- 
tions of the State have been in every way favorable and 
in many ways very striking. I am acquainted with many 
bankers and business men of the State who are not prohi- 
bitionists from principle, but are radical prohibitionists 
from policy. — Mr. R. J. Adams, president First Xational 
Bank, Lisbon, Xorth Dakota. 

There is nowhere near the quantity of alcohol used that 
there would be if we did not have State-wide prohibition. 
I am not biased in favor of prohibition, but the State is 
far better off under present conditions. — Mr. E. A. Hoff, 
Farmers' State Bank, Ypsilanti, Xorth Dakota. 

We would under no circumstances want a change. Tem- 
perance is playing no small part in our growth and de- 
velopment. — Mr. E. G. Quammc, president State Bank of 
Findlay, Xorth Dakota. 

The absence of saloons in any town is a blessing. The 
law here is quite vigorously enforced. — Mr. R. A. Werner, 
president First State Bank, Alfred, North Dakota. 

On the dividing line of our State where licenses are 
issued the largest and best cities are built on the dry 
side, and it also seems to me that the higher class of citi- 
zens live in the dry towns. Prohibition stimulates legiti- 
mate business, banking included. — Mr. X. H. Elvich, Michi- 
gan, Xorth Dakota. 

Prohibition has had a very wholesome effect on busi- 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 305 

ness. We need ev^ry dollar for the home, and prohibition 
helps, solve - the problem. — Mr. James A. Cooper, Spring 
Brook. 

Under prohibition we have not the temptations thrown 
before decent people. As a result people are better off 
financially ; they are able to pay their debts and maintain 
bank accounts. We make money on prohibition as well 
as everybody else. — Mr. C. A. Jeglum, president Scandia- 
American Bank, Adams. 

The prohibition law is not violated more than other 
laws. The children are growing up without coming in 
contact with the saloon as a legitimate place of business. — 
Mr. George F. Carpenter, secretary and treasurer, Dakota- 
Montana Mortgage Company, Williston, North Dakota. 

In 1866 both North Dakota and Minnesota were allow- 
ing liquor to be sold, but when our State was admitted as 
a prohibition State I noticed a great change. Here is 
hoping that Congress will indorse national prohibition. — 
Mr. D. E. Bemis, Bank of Inkstcr, North Dakota. 

Prohibition is a benefit to all kinds of legitimate busi- 
ness. — Mr. E. M. Upson, of Cummings, North Dakota, and 
Engleivood, N. J. 

There can be no doubt whatever of the good moral 
effect of prohibition. It also prohibits the influx of a care- 
less, idle class of people. — Mr. A. Nystrom, cashier of the 
Scandinavian American Bank, Van Hook. 

By all means give us the present condition of prohibition 
in preference to license. — Mr. J. H. Smith, president First 
National Bank of Crary, North Dakota. 

It is the general opinion of merchants and bankers 
thruout the State that the prohibition law is beneficial. 
When the crops come in the proceeds go to the banks and 
the stores instead of the saloons. — Mr. C. W. Fielder, 
cashier Bottineau County Bank, Bottineau. 

Prohibition has been an advantage to our State in every 
way. — Mr. W . L. Richards, president Merchants' National 
Bank, Dickinson. 

The benefits of prohibition are immeasurable from every 
standpoint. I speak from the standpoint of the employer 
and am not an absolutely temperance man personally. — 
Mr. J. A. Power, executor Helendale Stock Farm and 
president Farmers' Bank, Leonard. 

I am in favor of keeping the State in the prohibition 
column. — Mr. J . N . Fox, president Kenmare National 
Bank, Kenmare. 

Prohibition has been a blessing to North Dakota. — Mr. 
W. L. Williamson, of the Williamson Mortgage Company, 
Lisbon. 

There is not as much liquor used as if we had open 
saloons.. It does not appeal to the young man. There is 
very little blind-pigging done in this county, as there 
are too many who will not stand for it. I can see the 
difference between this State and Minnesota and Montana 
on either side of us. — Mr. Jesse J. Taylor, cashier State 
Bank of Oriska. 

Prohibition has been an advantage to North Dakota. — 
Mr. E. R. Gamble, Long Beach, California, and Wahpeton, 
North Dakota. 

The people enforce the laws and adhere to them. It 
would be easy to decide from my experience which is 
better, prohibition or license. — Mr. W. A. Langerman, 



3 o6 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

president State Bank of Morton County, Man dan, North 
Dakota. 

North Dakota has developed much faster under prohi- 
bition than it possibly could have developed under license. 
— Mr. O. 0. Follctt, vice-president Fargo Mercantile Com- 
pany, wholesale grocers, Fargo. 

If resubmission were put to a vote now, I question if 
there would be fifteen per cent in favor of license. — Mr. 
G. G. Thompson, of the Pioneer Express, Pembina, North 
Dakota. 

This town and Lemon. South Dakota, were started at 
the same time. Lemon is twenty-three miles east of u> 
and received the first impetus of building. The country 
about us is very much the same, and identical conditions 
govern our prosperity, except that Lemon has always had 
saloons — a municipal one just now. Our bonded debt here 
is about $10,000, while Lemon has some $60,000. Our 
houses here are all occupied, while one third of the houses 
there are empty and almost half of the business houses 
are not in use. Their taxes are set at the limit allowed 
by law, but here only the school tax is high, the municipal 
tax being very low. Several murders and holdups have 
occurred there, but we have never had one here. — Mr. 
Paul M. Broun, president Hettinger Bank, Hettinger. 
North Dakota. 

We have got alcohol in this State on a par with mor- 
phine and cocaine. Our State is prospering mightily under 
prohibition. — Mr. S. II. Sleeper, Mohall State Bank, Mo- 
hall, North Dakota. 

Rets. — See Anti- Prohibition; Crime; Insanity; Juvenile Delin- 
quency; Pauperism; Race Suicide; and Savings. 

NORWAY — "Of all the countries in Europe Norway 
i-. next to Finland, the one with the lea^t amount of in- 
toxicating liquor used." says Arne Halgjen, Grand Chief 
Templar of Norway. The temperance movements of 
Norway and Sweden are close akin and both are trending 
>traight toward national prohibition. The royal family, 
a number of members of the cabinet, the leader of the 
Radical Party, the union of Norwegian workmen, and 
other influential persons and bodies favor national prohi- 
bition. As far back as 1854, the country adopted local 
option. Since that time some experiments have been 
made with public ownership of liquor stores, but these 
have not been satisfactory. The French government 
forced Norway to permit the importation of w T ines against 
her will by the application of financial pressure. 

More than a majority of the Norwegian Parliamentary 
body is pledged to total abstinence and considered favor- 
able to immediate prohibition. Since the war the subject 
has become acute in political circles. 

NUISANCE— See Injunction Laws. 

NURSING— See Women. 

NUTRITION— See Food Value. 

OBJECTIONS TO PROHIBITION— The conflict 
of the ages between the church and saloon is just now 
coming on. and the intrenched liquor traffic has thrown 
out as defenses in the public thought certain skirmish 
lines which we will call objections to prohibition progress. 
Many of them are embodied in trite sayings which express 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 307 

the whole line of resistance in a single proverb. I want 
to meet these skirmish lines one by one and see how many 
I can drive in, and then call up the reserves for the battle 
royal. 

1. "Saloon Keeping is a Legitimate Business" 

The first thing to make clear is that this liquor power 
is not a business, but a crime. All human activities are 
divided into three classes, business, charity, and crime. 
Business is commodity or service for profit. Charity is 
the same commodity or service without profit. Crime is 
the profit without the commodity' or service. 

"The average man spends his money anyway." But, 
it he spends it in the butcher shop, he has a beefsteak 
on the table to show for it. If he spends it at the grocery 
-tore, he has good provisions in the pantry. If he deposits 
it in the bank, he has a bank account laid up for a rainy 
day. If he spends it in the millinery store, his wife is a 
well-dressed woman, with a hat you can't see over. But 
one may spend his money every day for thirty years in 
the saloon, and he will have nothing but the color of his 
nose to show for his cash. 

Some one may claim that the saloon helps to pay his 
taxes, but this is a great* error. Can you squeeze water 
out of a sponge? If you think you can, go down to the 
drug store and buy one. I will squeeze it. How much 
do I get? The only way you can get water out of a 
sponge is to bring the water in a basin, drop in the sponge 
and let it absorb it. Then you can squeeze some of it 
back. If you want to get money out of a saloon, the only 
way is to put the saloon down in the community and for 
every $28,000 it takes from the pockets of the people you 
can squeeze one thousand of it back in the form of city 
license. The saloon must pick the pockets of the poor — 
to pour a thin golden stream of revenue. 

Every business is founded on the principle of mutual 
advantage. So fundamental is this agreement that one 
cannot make a contract of legal validity in which the 
advantage is all on one side. You cannot make a legal 
note without recognizing this principle. You must write, 
"For value received, I promise to pay." Business is for 
the public good ; but crime leaves one the victim and the 
other the victor. Charity is the ministration of mercy to 
the needy without profit to the donor. The sale of rum 
is therefore neither a business nor chanty; it is a crime 
against the man, the home, the church, the state. Civiliza- 
tion that begot it must destroy it or go forever branded 
with the scarlet letter of its own shame. 

2. "The Liquor Traffic Has a Natural Right to Exist!" 

The Supreme Court has declared that no man has a 
natural, inherent, or constitutional right to engage in the 
sale of intoxicating liquors and that the only way he can 
acquire this right is to secure a license which is of the 
nature of a permission issued by the local authorities. 
The right of said local authorities to permit implies the 
right to prohibit. There is no such thing as a natural 
right to do wrong,' nor can there be a legal right to injure 
society. The people themselves cannot confer such a 
right, much less their representatives. The court decision 



3 o8 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

of Samuel R. Artman, of Indiana, will one day be the 
law of Christendom. Law may pronounce what is right, 
but it cannot make rights, much less make them out of 
wrongs. 

3. "Why Stir Everybody up on the Temperance 
Question?" 

Because the license system by which we perpetuate the 
iniquitous liquor traffic is eternally wrong and can never 
be settled until it is settled right. Unsettled moral prob- 
lems have no mercy on the peace of nations. And sec- 
ondly, in church and state, agitation is better than stagna- 
tion. 

Two different ministers go into the same community. 
One feels himself surrounded and surrenders; the other 
hits and kicks and agitates until he has churned indiffer- 
ence into public sentiment for moral decency to stand 
upon. 

There are some passions that you had better not stir 
unless you want to get into trouble. The one is love of 
home and the other love of country. And the drink traffic 
has put its hand on both of these; and when the Anglo- 
Saxon realizes this, he will rise up in his wrath. 

Those who constitute the vicious minority have always 
been active, while the righteous majority, like their 
churches, were found too often closed for the week. 
When not closed up they have often been asleep, dreaming 
that a giant wrong of the magnitude of the liquor power 
would abdicate for the crooked little compromise of our 
license system. 

Of course no law can give good government automati- 
cally ; but, given a prohibitory law, and the saloon is on 
the run and a dozen righteously aggressive men can bring 
in a reign of righteousness anywhere. Law enforcement 
is easy where you have the man. And every jointkeeper 
in Kansas found tha L one woman was too much for them. 

4. "Temptations Must Needs Come!" 

This is the Scripture selected by the liquor dealers and 
put on their placards in a recent campaign. As if we had 
to side with the devil in order to make the Lord a true 
prophet ! They did not, however, quote the balance of 
the verse : 

"But woe unto the man by whom the temptation cometh. 
It were better that a millstone were hanged about his neck 
and he be drowned in the midst cfi the sea than that he 
should cause one of the least of these that believe on me 
to stumble." 

What a peculiar thing that some folks should try to 
quote the Scriptures when you think of the side they advo- 
cate ! They argue : "Prohibition attempts to remove 
temptation from men, while God's plan is to permit tempta- 
tion to exist in order to strengthen the moral power of 
man. Therefore prohibition is not in accord with God's 
methods." 

The fallacy involved in this is due to the supposition 
that the object of prohibitory law is to make men moral. 
But the purpose of any criminal law, and this among 
others, is not to make men moral, but to stop a traffic 
that injures everyone in the community by disturbing 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 309 

public order, by endangering personal safety, by increas- 
ing public fcxes for the support of paupers and criminals, 
by demoralizing legitimate productive industries, and by 
cursing the homes on which in the last analysis a nation 
is built, and in which its future citizens receive their bent 
toward virtue. It is to prevent this ii>jury, positive and 
enormous, to the community as a whole and to every 
individual in it, that prohibitory law is advocated. 

Is it the State's duty to supply temptation so that men's 
moral nature will be tested and strengthened? That is 
what the objection involves, for no saloon can be legal 
unless the State protects it with its courts, its police, its 
militia, if necessary ; nay, may even summon any citizen 
to take arms in its defense. 

If the supplying of temptation is an important aid to 
the development of virtue, then why is not the keeping 
of a saloon as important and beneficial to the community 
as teaching a public school or preaching? If it is God's 
method of increasing man's virtue, then why should not 
you and your son keep a saloon, or conduct a gambling 
house or publish obscene literature? Would you not be 
aiding thereby in God's work? 

But the objection involves such positive disrespect to 
Satan ! It implies that he is not equal to the task of 
supplying the world with sufficient temptations, and the 
development of virtue requires that we go into active 
partnership with him. We believe in giving the devil his 
due, and there is little cause to call in question his activity 
or ability in our times. 

Temptation is the devil's job, not ours. The average 
saloon as a character builder ! — such a suggestion is 
enough to make a halfway decent demon blush up to the 
roots of his horns. 

5. "You Can't Make Men Good by Law" 

This is a bit of folly ; we do not try. But you have 
made men bad by law. What we quarrel about is the 
latter attempt, whether the other can be done or not. The 
law is a great sentiment maker. Besides it fixes the envi- 
ronment of many absolutely. 

But is it true that men cannot be made good by law? 
The supposition of criminal laws is that they do have 
some restraining influence among men. They not only 
serve to punish bad men, to protect good men, but to keep 
many individuals out of a life of crime which they would 
have entered if there had been no such laws. I apprehend 
that we are a great deal better under law, and by reason 
of law, than we would be without any law. No doubt 
there is a good deal less of crime in the State than if we 
had no criminal code. By so much are men made better 
by means of law. A good prohibitory law reasonably 
enforced, would serve to improve the character and lives 
of many people. Saloon keepers would be forced to go 
into some decent business, which would make them, their 
wives and children better. Many a young man who has 
been subjected to temptation and has just started on the 
road to ruin would be saved by a law shutting up saloons. 

Prohibition is not an attempt to make men moral. We 
recognize the fact that you cannot strengthen man's will 
nor weaken his appetite by statute law. But what is 
any criminal law for? Do we send any thief to jail in 



310 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

order to make a moral man of him? Do we hang a 
murderer in order to make a moral man of him? Dc 
we imprison a forger in order to make him good? Xo ! 
Criminal law is not enacted to make men moral, but to 
protect the community against wrongdoing. The saloon 
breeds crime against the person, against public order, 
against life itself. Two thirds of the arrots made are 
for drunkenness — either "plain drunks" or "drunks anc 
disorderlies," every one of which signifies at the very least 
a public nuisance, and in very many cases a menace t( 
life. The community has a right — it has a positive duty- 
to protect itself from these forms of wrongdoing. Th( 
purpose of prohibitory law is not to make the drunkarc 
moral and the saloon keeper virtuous, but to protect the 
public against wrongdoing. We ought to stop making 
men immoral by law. Men may get liquor if they hunt 
it, but we ought to stop the saloon from hunting mer 
We want a law that will shield and protect the younj 
the habit-bound and the helpless, and not become a snare 
to entrap the unwary. 

6. "It is Unreasonable" 

"Because one man out of ten makes a fool of himself 
is no reason why the other nine should be deprived of the 
pleasure of drink." 

Yes ; but it does not stop with one man's making a fool 
of himself. The trouble is that he makes, too often, a 
wild beast of himself, and in that condition he is liable 
to make a corpse of somebody else. 

7. "It is a Bad Thing to Have Laws That Are not 
Enforced" 

Yes, but a worse thing to have laws which decent people 
cannot respect; enactments which, instead of reflecting 
the sentiments of the best classes, only mark the level 
of morality among the lowest and vilest. Shall we go 
around among horse thieves, train robbers, safe breakers, 
and thugs, and ask them what kind of laws they are 
willing to obey? Shall we put on our statute books only 
the laws that can be enforced without difficulty? And if 
we find something particularly favored by these classes, 
something which will make a great deal of trouble if we 
try to enforce it. shall we legalize the thing and encourage 
it, no matter how much mischief it will work among men? 
If not, we ought not to do so with reference to the sale 
of liquor. Liquor-selling is more dangerous to society 
than gambling, more dangerous than making counter- 
feit money, more dangerous than any one thing now 
placed under the ban of the law. Why not be consistent 
and treat liquor-selling as we treat other dangerous 
things ? 

But the temperance reform is the only one which is 
reversed when it proves its case. We start out charging 
the brewer and saloon keeper with anarchy, saying they 
violate every lestrictive law on the statute books. When 
we vote them out and they come back and violate the 
prohibitory law, instead of rebuking them, or the perjured 
scoundrel who is under oath and salary to enforce law. 
you go back on us and vote the law breakers a new lease 
on life. Whenever you have blind pigs you have blind 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 311 

officers ; and when you have a blind officer he is taking 
something to keep his eyes closed. Why, a puppy gets 
his eyes Open in nine days ; we might get our officers' 
eyes open sooner if we would go to electing pups. I don't 
mean any reflection on any respectable dog, remember. I 
only mean: If you want to get rid of blind tigers you must 
elect officers who have eyes. 

But in passing let me inquire why we have named them 
"blind pigs" and "blind tigers"? I never saw the signifi- 
cance. If we must name an illicit rumshop for an}' animal, 
I propose to call it a skunk; that is the beast that dispenses 
strong liquor without a license ! 

8. "Prohibition Don't Prohibit" 

The logic of this objection is as bad as its grammar. 
If prohibition doesn't prohibit, what will? If it doesn't 
prohibit, it isn't prohibition. If it is prohibition, it does 
prohibit. We have tried total abstinence, but it managed 
the private appetite and let the public traffic go unre- 
stricted. We tried license, but license is permission, not 
prohibition. We raised the price, and high license in- 
trenched the traffic. We tried restriction, but the legalized 
outlaw was stronger than any restrictive measures. It is 
easier to kill it than confine it. There is only one mode 
of dealing with intrinsic evils and with that which is evil 
in all its results ; the divine method must become the 
human method : Prohibition. This has been tried with 
dueling, slavery, fighting; it will work as well on rum- 
selling. It does it now. All the States have tried it with 
success once a year — on election day. Most of them run 
prohibition quite successfully once a week — on Sunday. 
If prohibition can be made to prohibit one day a year and 
as easily one day each week, the same legal system and 
the same officers could make it prohibit on every other. 

9. "Prohibition is Sumptuary Legislation" 

See Sumptuary Laws. 

10. "We Ought to Compensate Liquor Dealers for 
Their Losses" 
See Compensation. 

11. "Half a Loaf is Better Than No Bread" 

That all depends on whether the half loaf is poisoned. 
It is better to work for a whole loaf and miss getting it 
through no fault of ours than compromise on a half loaf 
that has been poisoned and then stain our hands with the 
blood of our children and our neighbors' children who 
drink their degradation and death in the saloon our votes 
have intrenched. It is better to vote for what you want 
and not get it than to vote for what you don't want and 
succeed. Every compromise right makes with wrong is 
a new intrenchment for the wrong. 

12. "Of Two Evils, Choose the Less" 
Of two evils, there is no choice for me. You go into a 
refreshment store and call for an egg in your soda. The 
clerk informs you that he has but two eggs left, one is 
rotten; the other, spoiled. Which will you choose? You 
would say. "I will take the spoiled one," but I should say, 
"I will wait till the hens lay." Of those easy folk> who 



3 i2 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

in every contest for better things allow the enemy to fix 
up a concoction for them as a substitute for prohibition, 
I have no uncharitable remarks. A great deal depends 
on the taste ! As between low license and high license, 
there can be no choice, for our license system is not a 
restriction nor a prohibition, but a legal permission to do 
a wrong act detrimental to the public good for a price. 
The archway of triumph thru which the liquor traffic 
expects to march triumphantly into the future is supported 
by two pillars : respectability, to trap the youth ; and 
revenue, to bribe the voter, both erected by our infamous 
license system, a sale of souls for revenue only. 

C. T. W. 
Refs. — See Anti-Prohibition and references. 

OHIO — In 1914 Ohio cast a majority of 83,693 against 
State prohibition. In 1915, this majority was reduced to 
55,408. In 1914 the State voted for the so-called "home 
rule" measure, destroying local option, by 12,592, but in 
191 5, it voted against the so-called "stability" measure, 
forbidding another prohibition election for six years, by 
a majority of 64,891. . In 1914, 70 counties voted for and 
18 against prohibition, 9 for and 79 against "home rule." 
In 1915, 73 counties voted for and 15 agains£_prohibition, 
7 for and 81 against the "stability" proposition. 

OKLAHOMA — The State was admitted into the Union 
November 16, 1907, as "a Constitutional Prohibition" 
State. The code prohibits the advertising of intoxicating 
liquors in any manner whatever, and makes it unlawful 
to drink in public and upon railroad trains. It also pro- 
hibits druggists of the State from handling intoxicating 
liquors of any kind, including alcohol, for sale. A drug- 
gist may purchase pure grain alcohol from the State agent 
appointed by the governor, for compounding prescriptions 
or medicines the sale of which will not subject him to the 
payment of the special liquor dealers' tax to the United 
States government. The State has complete search and 
seizure and injunction laws, and a civil statute fixing the 
penalty from $100 up to $1,000 per day against the 
premises where the law is violated. 

OPIUM — This drug is manufactured from the juice 
of the poppy. The use of opium was, until recently, com- 
mon in China, but prohibition of the cultivation of the 
poppy by the Chinese government, together with the 
absolute prohibition of the use of opium, seems to be 
wiping out the evil in that country, although old treaties 
still prevent China from prohibiting the importation of 
opium from the outside. 

The enactment of the antidrug law by the federal gov- 
ernment taking effect March 1, 191 5, seems to be at least 
the beginning of the end of the use of opium in America. 

Refs. — See Drugs. 

OREGON — Voted dry November 3, 1914, by majority 
of 36,340, law becoming effective January 1, 1916. On 
November 7, 1916, all counties voted against beer amend- 
ment which was defeated by 53,992 and bonedry amend- 
ment, absolutely forbidding importation of liquors for 
beverage purposes, carried by 5,255, all six counties voting 
for it. Enforcement measures are very drastic, with 
practically no bootlegging. 






PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 313 

> How City Prohibition Works 

In the city of Portland, Ore., the theory that prohibition 

I will not work in a big city has not a statistic to stand 

, upon. During its first six months of active service the 

prohibition law cut drunkenness 75 per cent, vagrancy 60 

per cent, and the total of arrests was almost exactly 

halved. Meanwhile bank clearings and other barometers 

: of business registered fair and warmer. 

During the first six months of 191 5, the last wet year, 
there were 3,231 arrests for drunkenness in Portland, 
; while the first six dry months rolled up a total of only 
1 830. The county figures tell a similar story from January 
| 1, 1915, to August 15, 1915. There were 1,417 committed 
! to the county jail and for the corresponding period of 
i 1916 there were only 914 commitments. 

From January to August, 1915, there were 197 defend- 
ants held to the Grand Jury ; in the similar months of 1916 
! there were but 85. During the first eight months of 1915, 
I i>339 were convicted in the Portland municipal court on 
i State charges of misdemeanor and during the correspond- 
( ; ing months of 1916 there were only 283 such convictions. 

There is a smashing conclusiveness about the record of 
: those opposing eight months. The total number of arrests 
for misdemeanor on State charges in the eight months 
of 1915 was 2,130; in 1916 it was 452. 

Admissions to the Oregon penitentiary decreased 42 
per cent. There were 44 fewer admissions to the Mult- 
nomah County poor farm. In Portland the number of 
fire alarms was cut in two. Thirty-five policemen of 
Portland were dropped, altho the city increased 25 per 
cent in area. 

The Story o£ the Banks 

During August, 1916, bank clearings in Portland totaled 
$51,409,171, an increase of $11,047,128 over the same 
month of 1915, and the gain in postal savings for that 
month was $46,924, forcing Portland to the rank of 
eighth city in this regard. On August 1, 1916, there were 
only 21 of the former 335 saloons vacant, and building 
permits called for increased work to the value of $34,870. 

Mr. G. G. Roher, of the Portland Realty Board, says 

that the Portland Gas and Coke Company reported a 

! decrease of 1,700 in the number of vacant properties ten 

I months after prohibition had gone into effect. For the 

j entire city the approximate vacancies for the fall of 1915 

! as reported by R. L. Polk & Co. was 10,000, while for 

1 the fall of 1916 the number was approximately 5,500, 

I showing a net decrease in vacant properties of 45 per cent. 

In spite of the fact that Portland and other northwest- 

' ern cities have not benefited at all from war trade, the 

necessity for charitable relief during Christmas week of 

I 1916 was found to be very much less urgent than for the 

; same time in 1915. Only 67 prisoners spent Christmas 

! in the county jail at Portland as against 215 in the previ- 

I ous year. Practically every relief agency in Portland 

testifies to the remarkable change in demand for charitable 

! relief. 

The record of shipments of liquor indicate that the per 
1 capita consumption of liquor was reduced during 1916 
; by 88 per cent, and this remaining 12 per cent has been 



3H THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

abolished by the bonedry law approved by the voters in 
1916. 

Oregon was founded by missionaries ; its town sites 
were selected and schools located by the people, who as 
pioneers, came from the East to convert the Indians and 
to lay the foundation of a Christian commonwealth in 
the great Northwest. The State fell into evil hands 
during its third generation till about 1904. Thru the 
influence of Mr. W. S. Uren it adopted a system of popu- 
lar government, first a registration law, then the Austra- 
lian ballot system, then the direct primary, then a popular 
mode of selecting United States senators, ten years before 
the federal government passed the amendment to the con- 
stitution making that the legal mode. The initiative, 
referendum, and recall soon followed; then a county 
unit local option law was quickly adopted by the people 
in 1905. Under this measure 24 of the 32 counties went 
dry at the next election ; then Portland and other cities 
adopted the commission form of government. Boih the 
liquor men and the temperance forces have used the 
amendment to try to put their various laws on the statute 
books, and woman suffrage was on the ballot each year 
until adopted in 1914. In 1910 prohibition was defeated; 
and the promises of the liquor men to reform were ac- 
cepted at their face value ; and Oregon even adopted the 
home rule bill for its cities, thus exempting them from 
the provisions of the local option law. But as no promise 
was kept, or even sought to be. in 1914 the people adopted 
prohibition by 36.000 majority. 

It will be seen that Oregon has been a distinct leader 
in her election laws, in popular government, in the vari- 
ous reform measures directed against the liquor traffic, 
and was one of the first States to go bonedry. 

C. T. W. 

Refs. — See Anti-Prohibition: Crime; Insanity; Juvenile Delin- 
quency; Pauperism; Race Suicide; and Savings. 

ORIGINAL PACKAGES— This was a term used in 
federal legislation, prior to the Webb-Kenyon law, which 
was designed to protect the supposed right of any person 
in a prohibition State to receive liquors from another 
State without interference. The theory was that liquor 
in the original package would not pass thru the hands 
of any intermediary before reaching the ultimate con- 
sumer. 

Refs. — See Webb-Kenyon Law. 

PALESTINE— See Bible and Drink; and Communion 
Wine. 

PARENTAGE— See Child Welfare; Heredity; and 
Women. 

PARTIES — Miss Laura Church gives the following in- 
teresting study of party attitude in Congress on various 
dry measures : 

"On the Webb-Kenyon Interstate Liquor Shipment Law 
we take the vote to pass the bill over the President's veto. 
In the Senate 36 Democrats and 2.7 Republicans voted to 
pass the bill over the President's veto and 8 Democrats 
and 13 Republicans against. In the House 153 Democrats 
and 93 Republicans voted to pass the law over the Presi- 
dent's veto and 58 Democrats and 37 Republicans against. 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 315 

"In the 63rd Congress on the House vote on the Shep- 
pard-Hobson Resolution for National Constitutional Pro- 
hibition. i>I Democrats and 63 Republicans voted for the 
Resolution and 137 Democrats and 44 Republicans against. 

"In the 64th Congress on the Bankhead-Randall Anti- 
Liquor Advertising Law with Bonedry amendment, the 
vote in the Senate discloses 21 Democrats and 24 Republi- 
cans in favor of the amendment and 8 Democrats and 3 
Republicans against. In the House 169 Democrats and 
150 Republicans voted for the amendment and 40 Demo- 
crats and 32 Republicans against. 

"On the Sheppard-Barkley Prohibition Bill for the 
District of Columbia in the Senate 28 Democrats and 27 
Republicans voted for it and 22 Democrats . and 10 Re- 
publicans against. In the House 148 Democrats and 125 
Republicans were for the bill and 69 Democrats and 68 
Republicans against." 

It is difficult to treat a question of this kind and not 
seem to favor one party or the other. As a matter of 
fact, there is but little difference between them. The follow- 
ing figures are given simply as interesting facts to be 
interpreted as the reader may wish. The situation is 
treated as of date January 1, 1917, when there were only 
2s prohibition States. At that time the dry State repre- 
sentation in the United States Senate outnumbered the 
wet State representation by four. 

Of the 255 electoral votes given to the Republicans in 
November, 191 6, 209, or 82 per cent, were delivered by 
States east of the Mississippi and north of Mason and 
Dixon's line, which section contains two dry and 12 wet 
States. Of these 255 votes, 203 were from wet States; 
of the 2j6 Democratic electoral votes, 248 were from the 
Southern and Western States ; 160 were from dry States 
and 116 from wet. A union of the northern dry States 
and the solid South would elect a President at any time 
with many votes to spare. 

The significance of these facts is to be found in the 
need for the Democrats to solidify the Western and 
Southern political alliance by espousing the cause of prohi- 
bition and the vital necessity to the Republicans of pre- 
venting any such consummation by beating the Democrats 
to the issue. 

Refs. — See Congress; Democratic Party; and Republican Party. 

PAUPERISM— The Committee of Fifty found that 37 
per cent of all pauperism and a much larger per cent of 
"poverty" is due to drink. 

A question so shifting in its phases and one affected 
by such various legislation in the States is difficult of 
exact analysis, but it is certain that a very large per cent 
of extreme poverty is due to the use of liquor, and it is 
still more certain that such poverty is seldom found 
among abstainers. Wherever the probe is pushed into 
the body social this fact is touched. For instance, a straw 
vote of nearly 20.000 destitute and homeless men, taken 
by the Charity Organization on the streets of New York 
city, showed that 60 per cent of these men ascribed their 
destitution to intemperance, only 17 per cent to sickness and 
injury, and 23 per cent to old age and slack work. Natu- 
rally, they would shield themselves as much as possible by 
saying "sickness." unless the evidences of their intemper- 



3 i6 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

ance were apparent to the casual investigator. An investi- 
gation by a superintendent of a municipal lodging house 
in the same city which covered 2.000 cases revealed that 
30 per cent of these people were vagrants solely because 
of addiction to intoxicating liquors, and that in 50 per 
cent of the cases there was a very excessive consumption 
of alcohol. The number of abstainers among these 2,000 
is not reported. 

The results of such investigations are nearly uniform. 
An agent of the Associated Charities of Toledo found 120 
needy families in his ward. In his report he says that 
in all cases except two these families became dependent 
thru drink on the part of husband or father. 

Effect of Prohibition Upon Pauperism 

It is hard to make a comparison between States in 
regard to pauperism which will be just, but in almost all 
cases the injustice will be done to the prohibition States. 
For instance, the liquor people are accustomed to saying 
that Kansas shows fewer paupers because its counties do 
not maintain poorhouses, but the census of 1910 shows 
that 74 of the 105 counties of Kansas do maintain poor 
farms or poorhouses, while in Nebraska only 51 counties 
out of 92 had such houses. 

If all the prohibition States and all the license States 
are taken, however, we can reach some satisfactory results, 
because the prohibition States are so well scattered that 
they are typical of the entire country, and the same is 
true of the license States. Upon this basis we find that 
the following is true : 

Census of 1910 

Rate for the Continental United States 88,319 

If the rate in the license States prevailed thruout the 

country 108,808 

If the rate in the prohibition States prevailed thruout 

the country 27,309 

If the Kansas rate had prevailed thruout the country.... 22,819 

If we divide the rate of commitments to poorhouses in 
all of the States by the population of the respective States, 
we get the following rate per 100,000 of population : 

Alabama 22.4 

Arizona 497-5 

Arkansas 3 1 -o 

California 404-4 

Colorado 87.2 

Connectrcut 244 . 9 

Delaware 212.8 

District of Columbia 51 -6 

Florida 1 24 . o 

Georgia 1 9 • 7 

Idaho 54-4 

Illinois 99-i 

Indiana 64 . 4 

Iowa 37-o 

Kansas 24.9 

Kentucky 49-4 

Louisiana 6.7 

Maine "5-9 

Maryland 150.5 

Massachusetts 282 . 8 

Michigan 99 ■ o 

Minnesota ' 39-2 

Mississippi 136 

Missouri 34-9 

Montana 266 . 2 

Nebraska 92.3 

Nevada 562 . 9 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 317 

New Hampshire* 188.8 

New Jersey 68 . 4 

New \ s ork 139 . 6 

North Carolina 33 • o 

TCorth Dakota 19.7 

Ohio 121. 9 

Oklahoma 3.6 

Oregon 75.0 

Pennsylvania 123.6 

Rhode Island 97 . o 

South Carolina 18.8 

South Dakota 27.4 

Tennessee 56. 1 

Texas 27 .7 

Utah 48 . 4 

Vermont 75-7 

Virginia 116. 6 

Washington 1 09 . 2 

West Virginia 43-4 

Wisconsin 50.4 

Wyoming 37.0 

New Mexico is not included because it had no poor- 
houses and was not reported in the census. 

If we segregate the prohibition States and the license 
States in this group, we get the following rates of admis- 
sions : 

License States 110.0 

United States 96 . 3 

Prohibition States 29 .8 

If the reader will contrast for himself the rate in the 
. various prohibition States with the States near them in 
geographical position, he will find that the result is highly 
favorable to the prohibition policy. 

These comparisons can be made by selecting States 
from the table above and segregating them in groups. 
For instance, if we compare North Dakota with nearby 
States, we find the following : 

North Dakota 19.7 

Minnesota 39-2 

South Dakota 27.4 

Montana 266 . 2 

The showing of Kansas with its neighbors, excluding 
the prohibition State of Oklahoma, where the rate is 
abnormal, is as follows : 

Kansas 24 . 9 

Missouri 34-9 

Iowa 37 -o 

Nebraska 92 . 3 

Colorado 87.2 

Refs. — For effect of prohibition on Pauperism see various prohi- 
bition States by name. 

PENALTIES — Laws and juries are becoming con- 
stantly more severe in their treatment of violators of 
j prohibitory statutes. In Kansas, the law provides for a 
; penalty of $100 to $500 and thirty to ninety days in jail 
j for each offense in selling liquors. Where fifteen or 
I twenty cases are proven against the man, obviously the 
I penalty becomes heavy. If the offense is in maintaining 
' a place where liquors are sold, the minimum jail sentence 
j in Kansas is six months. 

However, the most significant feature of the Kansas 
1 penalty is the provision that a man may be sent to the 
i penitentiary for one year to be spent in hard labor if 
i he offends the second time. The State will permit no 
j contempt for its prohibition law. Practically all of the 
j other prohibition States are adopting penalties as heavy, 



318 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

especially tho>e which have recently passed prohibition 
laws. 

PENNSYLVANIA— Has high license law. with grant- 
ing of licenses in power of county judges. Under this 
law Pennsylvania has n dry counties and 40 other coun- 
ties ha\e dry territory by >pecial legislative enactment or 
by order of court. This dry territory, out>ide of the 11 
dry counties, has a population of nearly 1. 000.000. The 
contention of the drys is for a county local option law. 

PERSONAL LIBERTY— The personal liberty argu- 
ment against prohibition is a reductio ad absurdam. Those 
who quote with unction, "Better England free than Eng- 
land sober." might just as well say. "Better England free 
than England honest/' or "Better England free than Eng- 
land virtu 

The folly of the contention has been recognized by 
courts and authorities time and again. In the Supreme 
Court decision in the case of Crowley vs. Christensen the 
following may be found : 

"Even liberty itself, the greatest of all rights, i- not 
unrestricted license to act according to one's own will. 
It is only freedom from restraint under conditions e>>en- 
tial to the same enjoyment of the same right by others. 
It is then liberty regulated by law." 

John Stuart Mill in answering the question. "Ha< a free 
man a right to sell himself into slavery?" touches upon 
thi> same principle when he says: 

"By selling himself he abdicates his liberty. He there- 
fore defeats, in his own ca>e. the very purpose which is 
the justification for allowing him to dispose of himself. 
The principle of freedom cannot require that he should 
be free not to be free. It is not freedom to be allowed 
to alienate his freedom"; and Mill adds: "These reason>. 
the force of which is so conspicuous in thi^ particular 
case, are evidently of far wider application." 

What Cooley. one of the greatest constitutional authori- 
ties, thought about the application of the principle to the 
matter of prohibition is to be found in his work "Consti- 
tutional Limitations" (sixth edition, page 742). where he 

"The State has also a right to determine what employ- 
ments shall be permitted and to forbid those which are 
deemed prejudicial to the public good. Under this right 
it forbids ... in some States, the sale of intoxicating 
drinks as a beverage " 

Every civilized man is born, like the bee. subject to the 
law of the hive. Even the present drink laws are just 
as much a violation of personal liberty as total prohibition 
would be. All the restrictions upon the use of whisky 
are arbitrary and artificial, and thruout the whole fabric 
of our social system runs the principle of prohibition and 
restraint, preventing the extension of the personal liberty- 
principle to cover injuries to societv. Savs Dr. H. W. 
Wiley : 

"The principle of free speech is well established, but 
free speech which incites riot and bloodshed is not per- 
mitted even in this free country. 

"If one insists on eating poisoned food and giving it 
to his family, he threatens the existence of the State. If 
one should choose to walk the streets naked, he would 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 319 

offend the rights of other people, and thus threaten so- 
ciety. Doctor Mary Walker found that woman's clothes 
hampered -her activities as a war nurse. She had, how- 
ever, to get an act of Congress to permit her to wear a 
man's garb undisturbed. 

"In so far as 1 can see, a woman does not threaten 
society in any way by wearing a man's garb. She only 
threatens convention, and yet the law regulates wearing 
apparel in the interests of decency, propriety, and good 
morals. The drinking of intoxicating beverages is a 
threat nofonly to the man who drinks, but to society at 
large, and thus, without interfering with the fundamental 
rights of the individual or restricting a proper personal 
liberty, the State may say, 'Thou shalt not drink.' " 

Control Even of the Body not Absolute 

The principle goes even further. Your body is certainly 
yours, but if you try to kill it, you will go to jail,, and 
yet the United . States government can send it to the 
trenches to be killed in the interest of the national safety. 

Sanitary legislation, regulating the length of sheets in 
hotels, regarding 'public roller towels, public drinking cups, 
and spitting on sidewalks is merely a recognition of the 
right of the people to public safety and protection from 
careless or evil-disposed people who imagine it to be their 
personal privilege to spread filth and disease in places 
frequented by the public. 

When a man engages in a business which lessens the 
value of the property of others in the vicinity, which in- 
creases the burden of taxation which others must pay, 
which promotes crime, disease, disorder, and inefficiency 
in the community, other interests become affected. The 
personal rights of others become invaded, which rights 
it is the duty of the State to protect. 

For instance, if your tax rate is doubled by the necessity 
of caring for drink, vice, and crime, your personal liberty 
is certainly invaded by the drink custom and the drink 
traffic. 

It is a striking fact that the very persons who plead 
personal liberty and argue against prohibition are fre- 
quently those who know the least of it. For instance, 
the German-American Alliance, whose members left their 
native country to escape the ever-present sign "Vcrboten," 
has never ceased to compare the social system of Germany 
with that of America to the latter's disadvantage, and 
talk long and loudly against prohibition as an invasion 
of personal liberty. Principally all of this clamor in 
regard to the personal "right" to drink proceeds from 
the men and corporations that desire the liberty to sell 
intoxicating beverages, not from those who desire to 
drink them. And these very drink corporations sometimes 
admit the absurdity of their contentions. 

The American B reivers' Review, March, 1914, said edi- 
torially : 

"With the increase of population, the gathering of the 
people closer together in cities, the greater division of 
labor and specialization of effort, have come a closer 
dependence of man upon man, a more constant, intimate, 
and vital contact, and hence, a greater restriction in the 
freedom of individual movement. We submit to-day to 
restrictions which, a hundred years ago, would have been 



320 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

considered monstrous. Regulations for the public safety, 
the general health, the facilitating of traffic and industry, 
minute prescriptions for the conduct of elections, are 
established and acquiesced in from the conviction that with- 
out them there would be chaos." 

And at another time it admitted : 

"The so-called personal liberty argument in behalf of 
alcoholic drink loses more and more of its force. - Con- 
sideration of the public welfare continues to grow and 
overshadow the rights of the individual. The drink 
question must be fought out upon the ultimate foundation 
of morals, hygiene, and social order — in other words, the 
public welfare. If the public welfare requires the suppres- 
sion of the alcoholic drink traffic, it should be suppressed." 

Refs. — See Courts. 

PHARMACOPCEIA— By a vote of the National Asso- 
ciation of Retail Druggists whisky and brandy have been 
omitted from the 9th revision of the Pharmacopoeia, thus 
depriving those poisoned beverages of the name of medi- 
cine. 

Refs. — See Medical Practice and references. 

PHYSICAL EFFICIENCY— Quensel, one of the most 
distinguished of European scientists, says : "Work and 
alcohol do not belong together, especially when work de- 
mands wideawakeness, attention, exactness, and endur- 
ance." 

This has been proven true by a thousand demonstrations 
and twice that many laboratory experiments. If we were 
to recite these in detail, we would simply be piling evi- 1 
dence upon evidence. But perhaps the following report 
of a typical experiment by the late Dr. J. J. Ridge, of 
England, will be interesting : 

"Some years ago I constructed instruments to test the 
effect of small doses of alcohol on the sense of touch and 
muscular sense. The instrument for testing consisted of 
two fixed upright points, about half an inch apart, and 
between these a third point, which could be moved so as 
to approximate to one or the other. The individual tested 
was unable to see the points, but placed one finger upon 
them, and then moved the center point until he considered 
that it was midway between the two. The movement of 
the point was registered on a dial, also invisible. I 
adopted this plan in preference to the ordinary aesthesio- 
meter, because it is more easy to deceive oneself with the 
aesthesiometer and to imagine that one feels two points 
before one actually does so. The degrees on the dial 
were arbitrary, but fourteen experiments on five persons 
showed that, whereas the average divergence from the 
actual center, before taking alcohol, was represented by 
115 degrees on the dial, after taking alcohol there were 
189.8 degrees, and in no case was there any improvement. 
Hence the sensitiveness of the touch is clearly deteriorated 
by small doses of alcohol, altho the persons experi- 
mented on were quite unconscious of any alteration. The 
nature of the experiment is also to some extent a test 
of the judgment or power of perception, and it does not 
show which link or links in the chain of sensation were 
chiefly affected." 

A particularly well-known demonstration of the effect 
of alcohol upon physical endeavor occurred at Kiel, Ger- 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 321 

many, in 1908, on the occasion of a sixty-two-mile walk- 
ing match, -v 

This match was held to decide the championship in long 
distance walking among German athletes. It was open 
to all, irrespective of their habits in regard to alcohol, but 
each contestant was asked to give the committee full in- 
formation beforehand on the point. 

No alcoholic liquors were used on the march, the drinks 
being milk, and water either pure or mixed with lemon 
juice. 

Of the 83 contestants only 24 were abstainers, yet- they 
won 40 per cent of the prizes, while two of the four 
prize-winners classed as "non-abstainers" had used no 
alcohol for months while in training for the match. 

Among the first 25 men to reach the goal 60 per cent 
were abstainers, while of the last 26 only 27 per cent were 
abstainers. 

Of the 24 abstainers, only 2 failed to reach the goal, 
while of the 59 drinkers, 30 failed to reach the goal. 

Another Test 

In 1903 Lieutenant Bengt Boy, of the Carlskrona Grena- 
diers in the Swedish Army, and others, wishing to know 
exactly what effect the use of small amounts of alcohol 
would have on firing, planned a series of practical tests 
in marksmanship which were held on the regular army 

1 maneuver grounds near Stockholm. 

The experiments,' carried out by six men, all excellent 
marksmen, and all used to alcohol, were divided into three 
series each lasting several days. During the first and 
third series the men were entirely abstinent. During the 
second series, lasting five days, the men took a small 
definite amount of alcohol daily. Each experiment con- 
sisted of three kinds of tests with the target 200 yards 
away. 

In the first and second tests the men took about two 
thirds of a wineglass of brandy (containing a little more 
than an ounce of alcohol) from 20 to 30 minutes before 
the firing and an equal amount of alcohol in punch on 
the evening before. 

In the precision test of five shots, every man showed 
less precision and made fewer points when influenced 
by alcohol. In the quick-firing test each man fired a 
round of 30 shots in 30 seconds. On the first series of 
abstinent days they hit the target, on the average, 23 out 
of 30 times. But the alcohol days told a different story. 
The wind, the weather, and the light were better than on 
the abstinent days, yet the effect of so little alcohol as 
that in about two glasses of beer twice a day cut down 
the average to only 3 hits in 30. Again, on the abstinent 
days the firing improved and the men averaged 26 hits 

: out of the 30 shots. 

Third, were the endurance tests, two trials of 200 shots 
each. Here the amount of alcohol used was the least 

J of all, less than two glasses of beer (four fifths of an 

, ounce of alcohol), taken half an hour before the test; 

1 yet the result was the same. Altho without alcohol the 

1 men made 359.5 points, on the alcohol days they made 

i only 277.5 points, nearly a third less. 

The men thought they were doing better on the alcohol 

i days. One of the corporals said after laying down his 



322 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

gun, "I am sure a man can shoot better when he has had 
a little brandy" ; but the results prove how mistaken he 
was. 

These illustrations might be multiplied many times. 

Refs. — See Abstinence; and Efficiency. 

PHYSICAL TRAINING— See Athletics. 

PLEDGES — The pledge has been one of the most 
effective weapons in the war against intemperance. Prac- 
tically every temperance organization has pushed its work 
by the circulation of total abstinence pledges. But the 
pledge method is not by any means confined to temperance 
organizations. Religious, social, and all juvenile delin- 
quent societies have made extensive use of it. The pledge 
method is used widely by police judges to effect the re- 
formation of men accused of habitual drunkenness, non- 
support of family, etc. 

The various stages of development in the temperance 
reform are accurately registered in pledges. For instance, 
the pledges up to 1826 promoted "moderation" in the us| 
of intoxicants; the pledges in use from 1826 to 1836 
emphasize abstinence from the use of "distilled" liquors; 
after 1836 all pledges were for total abstinence; beginning 
with 1842 practically all pledges stressed the idea of fight- 
ing the traffic in intoxicants as well as inculcating sobriety 
in the individual, while after 1869 most new forms taught 
fighting the traffic by political methods. This shows a 
distinct advance, step by step, to the present position held 
by most prohibition workers. 

This is discussed at length under the head "History of 
the Temperance Reform." 

Within the last ten years there has been a revival of 
interest in the pledge-signing method. Many organiza- 
tions have again begun to stress the importance of this 
work. Most of the large denominations in America have 
Temperance Boards which push pledge-signing crusades. 
The Board of Temperance of the Methodist Episcopal 
Church has secured the signatures of about a million boys 
and girls in the past three years. 

Refs. — See History of the Temperance Reform. 

POISONS — There are quick-acting poisons, slow-act- 
ing poisons, and racial poisons. Alcohol is a slow-acting, 
racial poison, and is becoming recognized as such because 
of the fact that in any quantity it has a deleterious effect 
upon the physical system, and in sufficient quantity it is 
capable of producing death. 

At its annual meeting in Lincoln, Nebraska, December, 
1914, the Board of Managers of the Methodist Board of 
Temperance, at that time called "The Temperance So- 
ciety," authorized the introduction in Congress of a bill 
requiring all alcoholic beverages to bear this label : "This 
bottle contains alcohol, a habit-forming, irritant, narcotic 
drug." 

POLITICAL ACTION— Sooner or later, no doubt, 
prohibition will enter into partisan politics between the 
dominant parties, unless Congress submits a constitutional 
amendment putting the matter up to the States. It is 
generally believed by the friends of prohibition that it 
would be a misfortune for it to become a subject of con- 
troversy between great parties. 

Refs. — See Parties and references. 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 323 

POLITICAL KVILS— See Brewers; and Lawlessness. 

POLYGAMY— The Bible, being- a book of human life, 
has a great many things in it that are not of it, many 
things given by inspiration that are not of inspiration. It 
relates the drunkenness of Noah, but does not recommend 
it as a model for modern sea captains. It tells the faults 
of its good men and the sins of its bad ones, and as a 
faithful history, of course, tells of slavery and polygamy, 
but in no instance does it sanction either. 

Lamech, the fifth from Adam, was the first to practice 
polygamy, and he acknowledged it to be a violation of the 
divine order, for when his wives, Ada and Zillah, warned 
him of the divine displeasure, he quieted their fears by 
citing the case of Cain and said, "If Cain shall be avenged 
sevenfold, truly Lamech seventy and sevenfold" (see 
Gen. 4. 19-24). No instance can be found where God 
sanctioned more than one woman for one man, not even 
in the case of Abraham, the father of all the faithful. 
True. Abraham had taken Hagar, by whom he raised 
Ishmael, and Keturah, by whom he had six sons, yet is 
Isaac called his "only son." "Take now thy son, thine 
only son Isaac, whom thou lovest" (Gen. 22. 2) ; and Paul 
) calls Isaac Abraham's only begotten son (Heb. 11. 17) ; 
and our law taken from the Bible recognizes the same 
principle. All children born outside of one lawful wife 
in law have no existence; and with Moses • and Paul 
Abraham had but one son. So Jacob, when dying, but 
filled with inspiration of God, recognized but one wife, 
and, fearing that thru parental affection, Joseph might 
bury him beside his own mother, who thru his whole life 
had held first place in his natural affection, was compelled 
to give specific directions otherwise. 

When Joseph was made to swear that he would bury 
his aged father by the side of his wife Leah, the wife 
God gave him while he was Jacob, the Supplanter, and 
in a state of alienation for a gross deception practiced 
on his blind father, he recognized the doctrine of mo- 
nogamy. Altho history relates that Rachael, Joseph's 
mother, was Jacob's favorite, the only wife God then or 
since recognized was Leah. Hence, in the moment of 
supreme inspiration Jacob said to Joseph, "There they 
buried Abraham and Sarah his wife [but one] ; there 
they buried Isaac and Rebekah his wife; and there I 
buried Leah." Not a trace of polygamy was allowed by 
the God of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob to invade that 
holy resting place, and the cave of Macpelah still preaches 
the primitive home of man in Eden, which God made for 
one man and one woman. The precedent for polygamy 
is found in the history of the Bible, where idolatry and 
other evils are recorded, but .never sanctioned. 

How different the inspiration of these men from that 
of the Mormon prophets ! Joseph Smith, before the 
United States Committee on Privileges and Elections, 
supports his practice of polygamy from the example of 
the Hebrew people, to whom were committed the oracles 
of God, and refuses to abandon lys plural families forbid- 
den by laws he admits he caused to be passed. But, the 
patriarchs, when shown a wrong and told to abandon 
it immediately obeyed : "Cast out this bondwoman and 
her son" (Gen. 21. 10). This command Abraham obeyed, 
altho it was very "grievous" (Gen. 21. 12). This Mr. 



324 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

Smith refused to do, and not imitating Abraham's obedi- 
ence, he could hardly justify his own conduct by quoting 
Abraham's error. The history of events shows the wis- 
dom of the patriach's choice. A hundred nations have 
arisen and perished from the earth, but the descendants 
of these patriarchs preserved are the living witnesses of 
inspiration and the truth of their doctrine. Abraham's 
descendants, thru Sarah, are seen, to-day. scattered over 
the whole world with vigor unabated and no mark of 
decay. For two thousand years sun and climate have 
changed their skin, while birth and education have warped 
their tongues to speak all of the languages of the babbling 
earth. Of his polygamous marriages the Bedouin Arab, 
descended from Hagar, predicted to be the wild man 
whose hand is against every man's and every man's hand 
against him, is the legitimate fruit of an illegitimate off- 
spring, while from Leah, Jacob's providential, but less- 
loved wife, have descended Judah, Moses, Aaron, David, 
and Christ. Surely, polygamy gains nothing by appealing 
to the patriachs. C. T. \V. 

POOR MAN'S CLUB— A term applied to the saloon 
by those who wish to magnify the harmless social fea- 
tures of that institution and minimize its evils. It is true 
that the saloon at the present time fills a certain social 
place that no other institution has successfully occupied, 
but it is aLso true that the dues of money and character 
demanded are far too high. The poor man's club has 
always been responsible for many a poor man's miserable 
home. 

Refs. — See Substitutes. 

POPULAR FALLACIES— See Objections to Prohibi- 
tion. 

PORT — A heavy wine usually containing more than 
20 per cent of alcohol. 

PORTLAND— See Oregon. 

PORTUGAL — Thtre is practically no temperance move- 
ment in Portugal. The evils of drinking are very exten- 
sive. More settled political conditions will undoubtedly 
give birth to reforms. 

POSTERS— The use of posters to warn the people 
against the ettects of alcohol has been much more com- 
mon in Europe than in America. In France the govern- 
ment alone is permitted to display posters printed in black 
and white, and at various times the French government 
has seen fit to warn the people against "alcoholism, which 
is the chronic poisoning resulting from the habitual use 
of alcohol, even when the latter would not produce 
drunkenness." The Italian government has also advised 
governors of various provinces to warn the people in a 
similar way. In England a large use is made of the poster 
method. Very frequently they are displayed under the 
authority of medical officers of health, mayors, sanitary 
committees, temperance organizations, and distinguished 
medical practitioners. Upon the outbreak of war anti- 
alcohol posters became especially common in England. 
One of the most famous of these posters is given here: 

Effects of Alcohol on Naval and Military Work 
"To all men serving the empire: It has been proved by 
the most careful scientific experiments and completely 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 325 

confirmed by acttial experience in athletics and war as 
attested b X Field-Marshal Lord Roberts, V.C., K.G., K.P. ; 
Field-Marshal Lord Wolseley, K.P., G.C.B. ; and many 
other army leaders that alcohol or drink (1) slows the 
power to see signals, (2) confuses prompt judgment, (3) 
spoils accurate shooting, (4) hastens fatigue, (5) lessens 
resistance to diseases and exposure, and (6) increases 
shock from wounds. 

"We, therefore, most strongly urge you for your own 
health and efficiency that at least as long as the war lasts 
you should become total abstainers. (Signed) : Thomas 
Barlow, M.D, F.R.S., K.C.V.O., Pres. Coll. Phys., Physi- 
cian to H.M. the King; Frederick Treves, F.R.C.S, 
G.C.V.O., Hon. Col. R.A.M.C, T.F., Sergeant-Surgeon to 
H.M. the King; G. J. H. Evatt, M.D., C.B., Surgeon-Gen- 
eral R.A.M.C; Victor Horsley, F.R.C.S., F.R.S., Captain 
R.A.M.C, T.F.; and G. Sims Woodhead, M.D, F.R.S, 
Lt-Col. R.A.M.C, T.F." 

POVERTY— See Pauperism. 

PREACHERS — Whenever some clergyman "goes 
wrong," the liquor interests parade the fact over the coun- 
try as if clergymen were a particularly criminal class. The 
census of 1900 shows us that in that year there were in 
the United States 111,628 clergymen. In the same year 
there were 20,962 brewers and malsters and 3,144 distillers 
and rectifiers. The United States criminal statistics pub- 
lished in 1904 show that, during that year, 47 clergymen 
were committed to prison and 48 brewers, distillers, and 
rectifiers, classed together. In other words, for every 
10,000 clergymen 4.3 went to prison and for every 10,000 
brewers, distillers, and rectifiers 20 went to prison. 

PRINCIPLES OF PROHIBITION— See Prohibition, 
General Principles of. 

PROFITS OF THE LIQUOR TRAFFIC— Barrels 
and Bottles, of Indianapolis, is responsible for the state- 
ment that "the cost of pure whisky with corn around fifty 
cents a bushel is about seven cents a gallon. In view 
of these facts, let us see what becomes of the averment 
that the people of our country spend some two billions 
of dollars annually for strong drink. Nine tenths of the 
outlay is for licenses, excises, imposts, taxes, and the 
enormous cost of espionage and collection, together with 
the various species of graft, tribute, and excessive profit 
involved in the traffic. Drinkers pay it, doubtless, but not 
for drink. * Most of those two billions are blackmail." 

There is undoubtedly a startling difference between the 
cost of producing whisky and the cost of drinking it. 
The Rugby Distillery Company of Louisville, Ky., recently 
said that, at the current price of corn, whisky can be 
produced in Louisville for twenty-seven cents per gallon. 
The average price to the consumer who buys by the gallon 
is $4.00, and over the saloon bar that same gallon of 
whisky will sell for $8.53. 

According to the testimony of L. F. Padberg, a brewer 
of Saint Louis, in a proceeding in which the Mutual 
Brewing Company was involved, it costs only $2.52 to 
manufacture a thirty-one gallon barrel of beer, which will 
sell over the bar for $26.90. 



326 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

The profits of the saloon are being constantly brought 
out in the "Want Ad" columns of daily newspapers. A 
recent ad in the Xew York World states that an invest- 
ment of $1400 will yield $7,500 profit during the year. 
An ad in the Chicago Tribune promises $350 a month in 
return for an investment of $1,400, and another ad in 
the same paper says, "This saloon has made two men rich ; 
will sell cheap for a quick deal." 

The federal government's tax on a gallon of whisky 
is $1.10, and on a barrel of beer $1.50. 

After bleeding the public with such prices as these for 
scores of years, have the liquor interests a right now to 
cry for compensation? 

PROGRESS— See History of the Temperance M'ove- 
ment. Also, Prohibition Situation up to May 1, 1917, in 
front of book. 

PROGRESSIVE PARTY— Always friendly toward 
the policy of prohibition, the Progressive Party is now 
squarely committed to immediate nation-wide prohibition. 
A union with the Prohibition Party has been practically 
effected. 

PROHIBITION, BENEFITS OF— See Benefits of 
Prohibition; also, Kansas; West Virginia, etc. 

PROHIBITION, GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF— 
"The legal prohibition of an act is solely upon the grounds 
of its evil effect upon society, and not at all upon the 
grounds of the inherent evil of the act itself." 

The evil effect of the liquor traffic upon society is in- 
disputable. 

The very presence of the saloon lessens the value of 
surrounding property and raises the fire insurance rates. 

When a man engages in a traffic which lessens the value 
of property in his vicinity, which increases the burdens 
of taxation, which promotes crime, disease, and social 
disorder in the community, then the interests of the 
people become affected. The personal rights of others 
become invaded* which rights it is the duty of the State 
to protect. 

Prohibition is justified as a remedy for these evils be- 
cause the evils do not result from the abuse of a good 
thing, but the use of a bad thing. 

It is not reasonable to prohibit any good thing because 
its use is abused. 

It is reasonable to prohibit a thing which is evil in itself 
—always and everywhere evil. 

It is not a question of the man that gets drunk. It is 
a question of an institution that exists for the purpose 
oi making men drink. 

Mr. C. A. Windle, prize spieler for the poison venders, 
says : "A man gets sick. You send for a doctor. You 
give the sick man rnedicine, but do not compel every man 
in town to take medicine because one man is sick." 
Neither do you license shops to retail typhoid fever germs, 
tuberculosis germs, etc. Prohibition says, "Give the sick 
man medicine and clean up the cesspool that made him 
sick." 

If the saloon can be run without harm to the community, 



PROHIBITION AND^PUBLIC MORALS 327 

why isn't it? If the "abuses" of the liquor traffic can be 
separated from the sale of liquors, why is it not done? 

The principle of prohibition is not now applied in the 
hope that it will act directly upon the morals of the indi- 
vidual. As Bishop Matt S. Hughes has said: 

"Paris green does not add to the edible qualities of 
potatoes any more than legislation directly acts upon the 
moral character of men. But when the potato bugs are 
getting in their work on the crop, a dose of paris green 
protects the plant, insures the crop and gives us potatoes 
to eat which otherwise would be destroyed. Thus law 
may not make men moral, but it can do much to keep 
them from immorality. It can lay hands upon the para- 
sites who commercialize the weakness and ruin of their 
fellows and thus give the weak members of the community 
a chance of survival. At any rate, it can forever put a 
stop to the legalized encouragement of drunkenness with 
all its evils and the artificial stimulation of all kinds of 
vice for the sake of the dollar." 

Efficiency of the Method 

The efficacy of the prohibition policy in dealing with 
the evil has been proven both by experience and -logic. 

The saloon advocates say, "Prohibit the saloon and there 
will be more drinking than ever." 

Go to any business house in town and say : "Close your 
doors and take down your signs. The people will hunt 
you up and give you more patronage than ever before." 

Doesn't it sound silly? 

The majority of men and boys drink because of the 
accessibility of the saloon, because of its bright signs and 
its bright windows, because of its flamboyant temptation. 
Remove these features and you remove their inclination 
to drink. 

The average self-respecting young man will shudder 
with disgust at the mere thought of hunting up a sneak- 
ing bootlegger. 

The policy has been applied to other evils. For instance, 
in 1908, 5,623 serious accidents were reported as the result 
of the use of fireworks in the celebration of Independence 
Day. In 1913 the number had been decreased to 1,163. 

This reform was accomplished by the enactment of 
prohibitory law„s and ordinances. It is a clear case of pro- 
hibition accomplishing" a great task in spite of the personal 
liberty of American citizens to shoot firecrackers, etc. 

It is noticeable that these laws did not entirely wipe 
out the evil at which they were aimed, still very few people 
call them failures. 

In the words of the Chicago Tribune, which was edi- 
torially advocating this reform, "the way to prevent is to 
prohibit." (For the practical effects of prohibition see 
Kansas; West Virginia ; Local Prohibition, etc.) 

In Bonfort's Wine and Spirit Circular of January 10, 
1914, Mr. Lee Bernheim, of the Bernheim Distilling Com- 
pany, one of the largest whisky distilleries of the United 
States, said, in reviewing the year 1913 : "Business has 
been bad in Ohio, Texas, and Arkansas. Adverse legisla- 
tion cut down the business very heavily." And yet these 
people would be the last ones in any other connection to 
admit that adverse legislation had any effect at all upon 
the consumption of liquor. 



328 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

Bon fort's Wine and Spirit Circular of June 10 offers 
a striking illustration of the insincerity of the attacks upon 
the prohibition principle : 

"Let anyone visit the homes and the clubs of Maine, Kan- 
sas, Oklahoma, North Dakota, Georgia, Tennessee, North 
Carolina, or any other so-called prohibitory State and he 
is impressed with the sentiment in favor of prohibition 
and the belief that prohibition is working wonders for 
society." 

This is from page 78. On page 98 the following ap- 
pears: 

"There is not a State in the Union to-day living under 
dry laws in which a large proportion of the population 
is not disgusted with existing conditions." 

Refs. — See Amendment, Constitutional and references; and Pro- 
hibition, Theory of. 

PROHIBITION, LOCAL— Local prohibition operates 
under the handicap of a hostile State and federal policy. 
It has very appropriately been called "prohibition with 
half a chance." And yet, even with half a chance, local 
prohibition very frequently shows amazing results. The 
amount of available data in this connection is so large 
that we confine ourselves to a report of a careful survey 
of the State of Illinois made by the Board of Temperance 
itself in January, 1915. In the spring of 1914, 1,100 saloons 
were voted out of Illinois. The Board conducted an 
investigation reaching every town which voted dry at 
that time. According to representative bankers, lawyers, 
ministers, merchants, and city officials in these contented 
towns, the 1,100 saloons have small chance of a welcome 
back. 

Some of the towns reached were Rockford, Herrin, 
Mount Sterling. Woodstock, Piano, Carmi, Warren, 
Geneseo, Ava. Canton, Dwight, Hinckley. Taylorville, 
Stockton, Somonauk, Grant Park, Ashkum, Harrisburg, 
Fairbury, Sandwich, Manteno, Libertyville, Grafton, 
Genoa, and Freeport. The business men were taken "as 
they come." and were urged to express their opinions, 
whether favorable or unfavorable to the dry law. 

"License Mayor" is Now a Dry 

Mr. Chandler-Starr, once known as the "license mayor" 
of Rockford, the largest dry city in Illinois, says that the 
actual operation of the dry law in that city has changed 
his opinion. 

"Speaking as a business man and not as a politician," 
said Mr. Starr, "I believe that prohibition has been very 
beneficial to this city of 50,000 to 60,000 people. When it 
was first voted upon in Rockford I was opposed to it, 
believing it would be a failure, as was the case under 
the old dramshop act. But after prohibition had been 
tried under this new law for a period of six months I 
became satisfied that it was a great success. Blind pigs 
are few and far between, and are very generally sup- 
pressed after a short run. 

"Our merchants have claimed that under this present 
law they sell more for cash and less on credit accounts. 
There are more savings accounts thruout the city, and 
the working people are much better off. Under the old 
law nearly 90 per cent of the pay checks from the fac- 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 329 

tories came into the banks with saloon accounts. Now, 

: as a general thing, the wives come in and get these checks 

cashed, or they are used to pay bills at grocery stores, 

drygoods stores, etc." 

Mr. Starr is now the cashier of the Winnebago National 

: Bank of Rockford, a half-million dollar institution. 

His opinion in regard to the law is shared by the presi- 
i dent of the bank, Mr. W. T. Robertson. 

Mr. J. D. Waterman, president of the Forest City Na- 
1 tional Bank of Rockford, and Mr. G. C. Spafford, presi- 
dent of the Third National Bank, also believe that Rock- 
ford is better off without saloons. "Manufacturers in 
i general are pleased with the effects of the law," says Mr. 
Spafford. And Mr. F. F. Wormwood, president of the 
People's Trust Company, says this satisfaction extends 
to all employers of labor as well as the manufacturers. 

What Prohibition Did for Herrin 

A shining example for the prohibitionists is afforded 
i by the little town of Herrin, where an investigation was 
conducted for the society by Mr. Manly J. Mumford. 
Herrin Township, including the city of Herrin, closed its 
saloons May 7, 1914. The arrests for intoxication .for the 
, last seven months under saloons numbered 92, but for 
the first seven months after saloons were banished, such 
arrests numbered only 12, as is shown by the following 
table : 

Arrests for Intoxication 

With Saloons Without Saloons 

Oct., 1913 24 June, 1914 1 

Nov., 1913 28 July, 1914 o 

Dec, 1913 13 Aug., 1914 o 

Jan., 1914 7 Sept., 1914 1 

Feb., 1914 8 Oct., 1914 5 

Mar., 1914 8 Nov., 1914 2 

Apr., 1914- 4 Dec, 1914 3 

Total 92 Total 12 

There was very nearly as wide a discrepancy in the 
matter of arrests for disturbing the peace, assault and 
battery, etc. Some places were discovered which still sell 
liquor, but it was found that the number of such places 
was not greater than the number in addition to the saloons 
under license. It was Mr. Mumford's opinion that the 
consumption of liquor in Herrin is not now more than one 
fifth as great as it was before the saloons were voted out. 
It should also be understood that the officers of the law 
in Herrin are not supposed to be overly friendly to the 
prohibition law, and the splendid showing outlined is not 
due to entirely favorable conditions. 

Representative opinions secured from other Illinois 
towns are almost uniformly favorable. 

PROHIBITION PARTY— The national headquarters 
of the Prohibition Party at the present time are located 
at 106 North La Salle Street, Chicago, 111. Mr. Virgil 
Hinshaw is chairman of the national committee. 

The Prohibition Party was organized by a convention 
meeting in Chicago on September 1, 1869, with five hun- 
dred delegates in attendance. Its first nominating con- 
vention was convened in Columbus, O., February 22, 1872. 



330 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

The presidential candidates with the vote polled by each 
are given in the table that follows : 

Year Place Nominees Vote 

1872 — Columbus James Black, Pennsylvania 5,607 

John Russell, Michigan 
1876 — Cleveland Green Clay Smith, Kentucky 9,737 

Gideon T. Stewart, Ohio 
1880 — Cleveland Neal Dow, Maine 10,366 

H. A. Thompson, Ohio 
1884 — Pittsburgh John P. St. John, Kansas 150,626 

William Daniel, Maryland 
1888 — Indianapolis Clinton B. Fisk, New Jersey 249,945 

J. A. Brooks, Missouri 
1892 — Cincinnati John Bid well, California 270,710 

J. B. Crannll, Texas 
1896 — Pittsburgh Joshua Levering, Maryland 130,753 

Hale Johnson, Illinois 
1900 — Chicago John G. Woollev, Illinois 209,469 

H. B. Metcalf, Rhode Island 
1904 — Indianapolis S. C. Swallow, Pennsylvania 258,205 

George B. Carroll, Texas 
1908 — Columbus Eugene W. Chafin, Illinois 263,231 

Aaron S. Watkins, Ohio 
191 2 — Atlantic City Eugene W. Chafin, Arizona 208,923 

Aaron S. Watkins, Ohio 
1916 — Indianapolis J. Frank Hanly, Indiana 225,101 

Ira C. Landrith, Tennessee 

The party suffered from a split in 1896, the dividing 
issues being free silver and woman suffrage. 

The principle upon which the Prohibition Party is 
founded is that this is a government of political parties, 
and that the executive, judicial, and legislative branches 
as well as the State and federal government cannot be 
united in opposition to the liquor traffic except by the 
victory of a political party pledged to the prohibition 
policy. 

The influence of the Prohibition Party upon the move- 
ment in America has been much larger than its vote. In 
1884 it prevented the election of James G. Blaine to the 
presidency, and ever since it has been considered by other 
parties as a menace. Frequently, a slight increase in the 
vote for the Prohibition Party State candidates has re- 
sulted in substantial concessions by the qld parties to 
prohibition sentiment. 

The Prohibition Party has the distinct honor of having 
been the first political party to advocate in its platform 
a great number of measures commonly called "progres- 
sive." These measures include such propositions as uni- 
versal suffrage, civil service reform, direct election, reduc- 
tion of letter postage, international arbitration, prohibition 
of polygamy, uniformity in marriage and divorce laws, a 
permanent tariff commission, income tax, federal prohibi- 
tion of child labor, conservation of resources, etc. 

PROHIBITION STATES— The number of States 
which had passed prohibition laws up to May 1, 1917, was 
26. These States are : Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, Colo- 
rado, Georgia, Idaho, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Maine, Michi- 
gan, Mississippi, Montana, Nebraska, North Carolina, 
North Dakota, Oklahoma, Oregon, South Carolina, South 
Dakota, Tennessee, Utah, Virginia, Washington, West 
Virginia, and New Hampshire. 

PROHIBITION, THEORY OF— A liquor trade 
paper says, "The trouble with this so-called prohibition is 
that it destroys the existing machinery of the trade." 

That is exactly what prohibition is intended to do. 

■ 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 331 

Alcoholic drink- contains an appetite-creating drug which 
"produces in the human body a morbid condition against 
which the"* human will is as powerless as it is against 
disease germs." Prohibition protests against the confer- 
ring of the sanction of law upon the trade which profits 
by the creation of such a morbid condition in its patrons. 
While education has its place, no education on moral 
suasion can prevent the creation of that morbid condition 
in a large number of men and women so long as there 
is a legalized traffic, the dividends of which depend upon 
the promotion of the drink appetite. 

PROPERTY INTERESTS— Prohibition deprives no 
man of property. It deprives him only of license to do 
a thing which is contrary to the general welfare. Every 
brewery and distillery is adapted to useful purposes, or 
can be so adapted with slight trouble. In prohibition 
States these establishments have been converted to better 
uses, employing more men and using more raw material, 
with only slight delay. A recent joint investigation of 
the Board of Temperance of the Methodist Church and 
the Board of Temperance of the Presbyterian Church, 
under Dr. Woodfin, disclosed much interesting informa- 
tion in regard to the adaptation of property to legitimate 
uses after States have gone dry: 

"A great many of the breweries have been converted 
into plants turning out soft drinks. Knowing that people 
will drink something, they substitute nonalcoholic for 
alcoholic drinks with profit to themselves as well as their 
patrons. A notable instance is that of the Olympia Brew- 
ing Company, in Washington, which is turning out apple 
juice that is gaining recognition thruout the country. It 
is reported that this plant will handle 250 cars of apples 
of twenty tons each per year. 

"The Salem Brewing Association of Oregon, is manu- 
facturing loganberry juice. The Ph. Zang Brewing Com- 
pany, of Denver, Colo. ; the H. Weinhard Brewing Com- 
pany, of Portland, Ore. ; the Julius Roesch Brewing Com- 
pany, of LaGrande, Ore., and numerous other breweries 
are making popular soft drinks. The Anheuser-Busch 
Brewing Company, of Saint Louis, has spent two and a 
half million dollars on buildings and equipment to take 
care of their soft-drink trade, and it has been suggested 
that the brewery will be converted to this business when 
Missouri prohibits the manufacture of beer. 

"Perhaps more breweries have been converted into ice 
plants than any other line of business. The brewery at 
Knoxville, Tenn., which once supplied all that territory 
with beer, now supplies the demand for ice. The Kanawha 
Brewing Company, at Charlestown, W. Va., has been con- 
verted into cold storage by the Biogi Fruit & Produce 
Company. The Roseburg Brewing Company, of Oregon, 
is turning out ice exclusively. 

Packing Plants 

"Other breweries are finding profitable employment as 
packing houses. On the site of the old Acme Brewing 
Company, in Macon, Ga., there is being placed a million- 
dollar packing plant, which will have a capacity of 1,000 
hogs a day and will be one of the largest in the South. 
The Huntington (W. Va.) Brewery is engaged in packing 



332 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

meat. The Spokane Brewery has been turned into a 
canning factory. The Reymann Brewing Company, of 
Wheeling, which formerly employed 75 men, has been 
changed into a packing plant employing many more than 
the brewery every employed. 

Milk Products 

"Many of the breweries have been turned into creameries. 
The Astoria Brewery, Oregon, has been converted into 
a condensed milk plant; the Fairmont (W. Va.) Brewery 
into an ice cream factory. The Uneeda Brewery, W. Va., 
and the Iowa City Brewery have been turned into cream- 
eries. The Adolph Coors Brewery of Golden, Colo., one 
of the largest breweries in Colorado, is now turning out 
malted milk instead of malted beer. The Cedar Rapids, 
Iowa, Brewery has been changed into a yeast factory. 

Many Uses 

"The breweries seem capable of being transformed into 
very good purposes. The Flint (Mich.) Brewery has 
been converted into a Methodist church. The Lansing 
(Mich.) Brewery is now used in the manufacture of auto 
parts. The Benwood (W. Va.) Brewery has been trans- 
formed into a chemical and soap plant. The Portland, 
(Ore.) Brewery has been changed into a furniture factory 
employing 600 men where it employed 100 as a brewery. 
The Pacific Coast Brewery, Portland, Ore., has been 
converted into a shoe factory employing 2,500 men against 
the 125 employed in the brewery. 

"A great number of the former breweries are now turn- 
ing out denatured alcohol. The prohibition movement 
is solving the riddle of Samson, Tor out of the eater 
came forth meat.' From these factories of death are 
now pouring forth streams of life to nourish and uphold 
the life of the nation." 

Refs. — See Business and references. 

PROSTITUTION— Prostitution is not a necessary 
evil, and its continued existence is a solemn challenge to 
Christian civilization. 

The toleration of public prostitution is indefensible. It 
corrupts the administration of the law and the officers of 
the law. It allies itself with graft and crime. It spreads 
abroad the most loathsome diseases. It degrades man- 
hood and consigns womanhood to unspeakable shame. It 
poisons the life of the race at its source. Government 
should make with it no compromise. 

Segregation is not a remedy. It protects and fosters 
the evil it is supposed to cure, and spreads contamination 
about the dwellings of the weakest and the poorest. 

Punishment by fines is a vain and hurtful policy. It 
sends lewd women into the street to increased offense and 
delivers them helpless into the hands of the traders in 
shame. 

The work of reform is not complete when the com- 
munity officially expels and disperses vice. The State 
should provide for the care and reform of prostitutes, 
preparing for an honest place in society those who men- 
tally are capable, placing in confinement those who are 
incorrigible, and establishing industrial settlements for 
the kindly restraint of those who are mentally deficient. 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 333 

The force of publicity should be used freely and fear- 
lessly. 

Parents "and others charged with the care of the young 
ought to give careful consideration to the proper educa- 
tion of your youth, to the end that there may be health 
of body, purity of mind, and righteousness of life. 

All good citizens must be vigilant and active in the 
enforcement of the laws against vice and must hold 
public officers to the faithful performance of their 
duties. 

We call upon our people and upon our churches to give 
themselves and to give of their means to every wise effort 
which aims by means of education, legislation, or admin- 
istration to cure the social evil. — Written by Abram W. 
Harris and unanimously adopted May 27, 1916, by the 
General Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church. 

PSYCHOLOGY OF INTEMPERANCE— In the 
field of psychological investigation emphasis is laid on 
the manner in which alcohol intoxicates and thus causes 
the many and varied results which we so long have ob- 
served. Its action on nerve tissue and brain cells has been 
studied with a view to .showing how it affects mental 
states and physical action. The method of arriving at 
these results has been the modern laboratory method — 
actual investigation and classification of the phenomena 
concerned. The actual results of this work can best be 
summarized under the following heads : 

1. The whole fallacy of the so-called "stimulating" 
power of alcohol has been exploded. 

2. It has shown us that the alcohol habit is largely 
mental rather than physical. The old belief was that a 
man's stomach cried out for alcohol. The new knowledge 
shows us that it is a man's mind that points back to the 
lethal pleasures of the bowl and tells him that his nerves 
tingle for the intoxicating effects of alcohol. The effect 
of this drug is to give a person a temporary "surcease of 
sorrow" thru the narcotization of the higher brain cen- 
ters, which releases the cruder, more primitive impulses 
and emotions and turns a man into a care-free animal. 
This is unquestionably a pleasant sensation and is soon 
developed into a mental habit. 

From a practical standpoint this is a source of great 
hope. It is easier to make a man's mind think than to 
control the appetites of his stomach. If the motive con- 
sists in the knowledge that alcohol "makes him feel good," 
then the remedy consists in putting a motive for sobriety 
into his mind that will outweigh the motive toward intoxi- 
cation. We have this ready .to hand. It is absolutely 
certain that the benefit derived from intoxication is very 
temporary and that there are evil results that far out- 
weigh the supposed benefits. Make a man know this and 
his personal problem is largely solved. 

The notion has long prevailed that to take liquor away 
from people intensifies their desire and determination to 
get it. The natural supposition is that if the habit is a 
mental one, the knowledge that alcohol can no longer be 
obtained would be a help to sobriety rather than an in- 
ducement toward intemperance.. The investigations of 
workers in the psychological field show this to be entirely 
true. For instance, G. E. Partridge, Ph.D., made 
many studies among men detained in hospitals and prisons 



334 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

for drunkenness. He found that almost invariably, even 
in the most confirmed cases, the appetite wholly ceased 
as soon as the subject realized absolutely that alcohol 
could no longer be obtained. Thus, the facts, instead of 
presenting an argument against prohibition, are urgent 
in their insistence upon the advisability of that principle. 
It further follows that the more complete we make prohi- 
bition the more thorough will be the suppression of the 
alcohol habit. 

3. Another important result of this work is the light 
that it has thrown upon the relation of intemperance to 
crime. For a long time we knew very little about "how" 
alcohol increases a man's tendency toward criminality. 
The common thought was that a drunken man commits 
crime, "because he doesn't know what he's doing." Psy- 
chological research has proven that to say a man commits 
crime "because he doesn't care what he's doing" js a much 
truer statement. The results of "a million years of evolu- 
tion" are temporarily swept away by a drunken debauch. 
Brain centers and thought association circuits are broken 
up so that he becomes actually "de-civilized." Those 
higher ideals of social and ethical conduct which make a 
man different from an animal are for the time being sur- 
rendered. Is it any wonder that a man in such condition 
is more apt to commit crime? 

4. The knowledge that the alcohol habit is not handed 
down from father to son is another result of the psycho- 
logical study of intemperance. True, a drinker's children 
are apt to inherit weakened bodies and nervous systems 
which are highly susceptible to alcohol or other drugs ; 
but that the actual craving for such is handed down to 
them is thoroly disproven. 

5. Perhaps the most important result of this line of 
study, from a practical standpoint, is the emphasis placed 
upon the knowledge that drinking customs are almost 
entirely social. This, in addition to the fact that the 
habit is mental rather than physical, is bound to be pro- 
ductive of large results in working out methods of hand- 
ling the situation after we achieve prohibition— in helping 
the social temperance forces to provide "substitutes" (not 
competitors) for saloons. 

The drink custom is a dominating error. The univer- 
sality and continuity of it do not indicate any natural 
drink impulse. 

It is true that primitive tribes used alcohol in endless 
variety of connections. About it gathered myths and super- 
stitions. State ceremonials, worship, birth, marriage, 
death, festivals, dances, and epochs were marked red in 
alcohol and blood. 

What of it? Human flesh has served a similar purpose 
with millions of people. Epilepsy, chorea, and other neu- 
rotic conditions have been induced and have been thought 
to usher man into the presence of his gods. 

Are we to judge alcohol by the standards of the stone 
age? Are we to fight pain and fatigue and need with 
corrective effort or repress these symptoms with drugs 
and. in repressing them, push their roots deep into the 
soil of our racial life? If the law and philosophy of the 
savage — the man who fed on blood and entrails — is to 
govern, then there is nothing to be said against the use of 
alcohol. 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 335 

(See "The Psychology of Intemperance," by Partridge, 
and "The Psychology of Alcoholism," by Cutten.) 
Refs. — See Drinking Customs and references. 

PUBLICITY— The agents commonly used by both 
parties to the prohibition fight in America are addresses 
in churches and city halls, street speaking, the circulation 
of literature, the securing of space in publications, and 
the use of posters. 

In the use of leaflets, the securing of space in publica- 
tions and the reaching of men on the streets, the Board 
of Temperance, Prohibition, and Public Morals of the 
Methodist Episcopal Church, has spent its utmost efforts. 

The peculiar situation of the Board as a church benevo- 
lence has given it access to the columns of hundreds of 
newspapers which accept its bulletins as reliable and im- 
portant. 

Newspapers Do Not Always Know 

The importance of this work is tremendous not only 
because it affords an opportunity of getting accurate pro- 
hibition news and information before the people, but 
because of its educational influence upon editorial opinion. 
Perhaps the editors of the country constitute one of the 
most intelligent classes, yet the best of them sometimes 
show a woeful lack of information on the prohibition 
issue. A great Pennsylvania daily several years ago 
assailed the prohibitionists for asserting that the per capita 
consumption of alcoholic beverages in the United States 
was, at that time, twenty-one gallons. "The statement 
is absurd. It is not one tenth of that." The statement 
seemed absurd to that writer, but, as a matter of fact, 
it was based upon United States returns and was un- 
assailable. On November 5, 1914, the Trenton (N. J.) 
Times, in an editorial upon, the death of some men in 
Bristol, Vt., said : "Vermont is a dry State, but some of 
the residents have a thirst," etc. The Trenton Times is 
a splendid paper, well edited, and yet this editorial writer 
did not know that Vermont was at that time a license, not 
a prohibition State. This instance is an illustration of 
how frequently newspapers which depend solely upon the 
general news agencies for information in regard to the 
temperance and prohibition question fall down. The 
Chicago Tribune, one of the greatest newspapers in the 
world, immediately after the election of November 3, 1914, 
said that "thirteen States now have prohibition." The 
number was at that time fourteen, not thirteen. It further 
said, "That part of Oklahoma that was Indian Territory 
is under prohibition." In reality, all of Oklahoma is 
under constitutional prohibition. Because of the fact that 
the large news agencies only handle temperance news of 
unusual importance, and therefore even the best news- 
papers seldom have available any temperance or prohibi- 
tion news except that which arises locally or is of sufficient 
importance to be handled by the news agencies, the Board 
of Temperance, Prohibition, and Public Morals of the 
Methodist Church is supplying a weekly review of news 
and argument covering the entire field. This bulletin has 
been wonderfully well received by the press. 

The Importance of Opinion 
The value of issuing bulletins that can command respect 



336 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

not only to secure space for matter, but to influence edi 
torial opinion, is recognized by the liquor interests an 
other interests as well. During the Colorado coal trouble 
the operators issued a bulletin that went not only to news- 
papers, but to prominent men in all parts of the country. 
They had no hope of securing space for what they said, 
but they desired to shape influential opinion. 

The liquor interests do not secure one tenth the free 
space secured by the Board of Temperance, Prohibition, 
and Public Morals, but they pay large salaries, station 
leading newspaper men in big cities, buy advertising space, 
and, the whisky people especially, issue a vast quantity 
of bureau matter. The brewers are also taking up this 
work. 

"During the past year," said Edward A. Schmidt, presi- 
dent of the Brewers' Association, in his address to that 
convention in New Orleans, "a department of publicity 
has been organized in a modest way, the wisdom of which 
has already shown itself. I am firmly convinced that the 
work of this department will have to expand and grow 
to very large proportions during the ensuing year, as it 
is clearly indicated that only thru educational and pub- 
licity channels can we look for permanent success in 
winning the good will of the people of this country." 

Midas Criterion, the standard liquor magazine, under 
date of December 16, 1914, summed up the whole necessity 
from the standpoint of both parties to the war when it 
said : 

"The education of the public by means of literature 
ready for distribution broadcast, as well as a steady fire 
kept up in the press, even if space has to be paid for, must 
be a part of our work." 

There is particular need at this time to reach Americans 
speaking foreign languages with literature and speakers 
of their own tongues. 

PUBLIC SCHOOLS, BIBLE IN— The Bible should 
be studied in our public schools as the life, laws, and 
literature of an ancient people, as we study the life, laws, 
and literature of Greece and Rome. Why not? Where 
shall we find more inspiring ideals than in the Old Testa- 
ment from which our own political ideals have been 
largely derived? Where a commonwealth better worthy 
of our study than the Hebraic Commonwealth, which for- 
bade all caste and class distinctions, required that all peo- 
ple should be equal before the law, provided against an 
ecclesiastical aristocracy by making the priesthood depend- 
ent for their subsistence upon the contributions of the 
people; surrounded the monarchy with carefully framed 
constitutional safeguards ; organized the government in 
three departments, legislative, executive, and judicial; pro- 
vided two representative assemblies corresponding to our 
House of Representatives and our Senate ; made provision 
simple, but not ineffective, both for public charity and 
for public education; surrounded both slavery and 
polygamy with such restrictions that both had disappeared 
among the Jewish people before the time of Christ? 

Where shall we find a simpler and more compact state- 
ment of the spirit which should animate and the principles 
which should control organized society than will be found 
in the Ten Commandments: Reverence for God, respect 
for parents, a little time systematically saved from drudg- 



s 






PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 337 

ery for rest and^ spiritual development, and regard for 
the four fundamental rights of man, the rights of person, 
property, the family, and reputation? Where shall we 
find nobler spiritual ideals — a God of righteousness to 
be worshiped by reverence, not a God of mere power to 
be worshiped by fear? Where characters, thoroly human 
in their complexity, more worthy of discriminating study 
than Moses, Joshua, David, Isaiah in the Old Testament, 
and Paul in the New Testament? Where an idyll purer 
than that of Ruth, or an epic worthier of study than that 
of Job, or a love drama furnishing a better interpretation 
of the conflict between love and ambition than the Song 
of Songs, or an oratory dealing in nobler forms with 
nobler themes than the orations of Isaiah ? 

It is contended that we may not study this literature 
because it is religious. We may study Zeus of the Greeks, 
Jupiter of the Romans, Thor of the Scandinavians, but 
not Jehovah of the Jews. We may study the religions 
which have worshiped power and are founded on fear, 
but we must not study the religion which worships right- 
eousness and is founded on love. We may study the lives 
of other great men, but we may not study the life of Him, 
whom those who are not his disciples call the greatest 
of the sons of men. 

In China, which we call a pagan land, the book which 
tells the story of the life of this incomparable Man is 
studied in certain of the public schools ; in America, which 
we call a Christian land, it cannot be studied. I hope that 
my children, or at least, my grandchildren, will live to 
,see the ecclesiastical prejudices on the one side and the 
skeptical prejudices on the other give way, and the Bible, 
the most inspiring book of all literature, ancient or mod- 
ern, taught in our public schools as the life literature and 
laws of a great people to whom and thru whom has come 
the great moral and spiritual message of the world's 
redemption. — Lyman Abbott. 

PUBLIC SENTIMENT— The relation of prohibition 
to public sentiment is twofold. It must register the con- 
viction of a sufficient proportion of the people to make 
it effective, and it must contribute toward the education 
of the remainder of the population. Its importance as 
an educational factor must not be minimized. Few people 
could be found in the United States to-day who would 
deny the good fortune of the establishment of American 
independence; but if Washington had been defeated, it 
is probable that the entire population would say, "Wash- 
ington was a good man and meant well, but see what 
a great nation we have now and what a calamity it 
would have been if the Revolution had succeeded and 
the political" power of the Anglo-Saxon race had been 
divided!" 

Existing conditions exert a powerful influence upon 
existing beliefs, and, therefore, it is highly important that 
the conditions should be in accord with right principles. 

Refs. — See Majority Rule. 

RACE SUICIDE— The use of alcohol does not de- 
crease the birth rate, but it does increase infant and adult 
mortality. According to T. Alexander MacNicholl, the 
eminent surgeon of New York, the birth rate in the United 
States has fallen off 33 per cent within the past few years. 



338 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

The necessity, therefore, of conserving life and conserving 
the racial good qualities is apparent. 
Refs. — See Heredity and references. 

RAILROADS — Practically every railroad in the United 
States operates under this rule : 

"The use of intoxicants by employees while on duty is 
prohibited. Their use or the frequenting of places where 
they are sold is sufficient cause for dismissal." 

This rule has very generally been extended now to 
prohibit the use of intoxicants on or off duty, and observa- 
tion by the Pennsylvania Railroad and others shows that 
the ruie is rarely violated. Railroads are also beginning 
to manifest their hostility by discontinuing the sale of 
liquor in their stations and on dining cars. 

Applications for positions very frequently must bear a 
pledge against the use of liquors, and almost all agree- 
ments, general regulations, etc., embody a prohibition 
clause. 

Refs. — See Industry. 

RECHABITES— The Rechabites of Bible times were 
descended from Jonadab, the son of Rechab. As a clan 
and religious order they wholly abstained from wine. 
They were finally admitted into the tribe of Levi. The 
Independent Order of Rechabites is a modern fraternity, 
especially strong in England. The English branch was 
founded in August. 1835. and the order was established 
in America August 2. 1842. The Rechabites of England 
constitutes the oldest of the modern secret temperance 
societies. 

RECTIFICATION— Rectification consists of repeating 
the process of distillation for the purpose of concentrating 
alcoholic spirits. The number of rectifiers paying the 
federal tax in the year ending June 30, 1914, was 2.369. 

REPUBLICAN PARTY— This party has been more 
inclined to favor temperance and prohibition measures in 
the Xorth than the Democratic Party. In the South the 
contrary is true, altho there is hardly enough of the 
Republican Party in the South to bear the opprobrium. 
(For the vote of the Republican congressmen on the na- 
tional prohibition bill see Hobson-Sheppard Bill.) 

Refs. — See Parties and references. 

REVENUE— The total collections on distilled spirits 
for the benefit of the federal government during the year 
ended June 30, 1916. was Si 58.682.439.53. The total collec- 
tions on fermented liquors amounted to $88,771,103.99. 
making a total of S247.453.543.52. 

In a bulletin issued by the Census Bureau on Wealth, 
Debt, and Taxation, the statistics for the year 1913 show 
that the liquor revenue received by State, county, and 
municipal governments amounted to only $79,516,989, or 
a per capita of eighty-two cents. This includes all incor- 
porated places of 2.500 people and over. This liquor 
revenue constituted only 4.3 per cent of the total State, 
county, and municipal revenues. $1,845,901,128. To put it 
simply, the States, counties, and cities got a total revenue 
of $19 per capita and a liquor revenue of only eighty-two 
cents. 

If prohibition wiped out the liquor revenue entirely, 
and there were no compensating features to decrease the 



. 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 339 

total of revenue needed, the general property tax alone, if 
increased 7.3 per cent, would take care of the loss. 

InasmucTi as the per capita drink bill of the American 
people is in excess of $23, it is apparent that we spend 
about $1.00 for every three and one half cents returned 
to the States, counties, and cities by the liquor traffic. 

A consideration of the federal figures will also tend 
to allay the alarm of anyone who is agitated by the prob- 
lem, "What can we do when the government loses the 
liquor revenue?" fhe volume on Wealth, Debt, and 
Taxation referred to above showed the wealth of the 
American people in 1912 to be $175,425,551,588, with 
wealth exempted from taxation to the amount of $12,000,- 
ooo.ooo and more. A tax rate of one and one half mills, or 
an average tax payment of $1.50 upon every thousand dol- 
lars of taxable property of the American people, would 
replace the liquor revenue in the federal treasury. The 
amount could be easily secured by the imposition of in- 
heritance and increased income rates. 

Thru a long period of America's history, with infinitely 
less of resources to draw upon, our federal affairs were 
administered without a cent of revenue from the liquor 
traffic. 

Two additional facts should be borne in mind in the 
consideration of this question: There is no proof what- 
ever that prohibition would result in permanently in- 
creased taxation. There is not on record a case where 
the loss of revenue froiii State or local prohibition has 
resulted in an increase in the tax rate. In the second 
place, the consumer pays the tax. We may quote the 
National Liquor Dealers' Journal to this effect. It says : 

"The consumers pay all of it without complaints. The 
consumers pay the more than $300,000,000 of taxes, the 
consumers pay the profits made by the manufacturers, 
the jobbers, and retailers. You say the taxes are only 
$300,000,000 and the poor consumers have to pay to these 
retailers, to the saloon men about seven times as much. 
(They don't have to if they don't want to; nobody is com- 
pelled to pay one cent for liquors.)" 

The liquor traffic is a channel of revenue and not a 
source. Only the producer of wealth can be a source of 
revenue, and the. liquor traffic is not a producer of wealth. 
One may not lift himself by his boot-straps nor squeeze 
blood from a turnip, but it is quite possible to squeeze 
blood from a sponge if it is allowed first to absorb the 
blood. When a man shoves a dollar across the bar, one 
spending of that dollar has not registered the production 
or transfer of value. 

These Cannot Help 

The gambler cannot help support the burden of the 
government ; he is a part of it. Prostitutes, thieves, and 
saloon keepers cannot help. We may put loads upon their 
shoulders, but they themselves are fastened securely on the 
shoulders of the producer and the producer must carry 
their burden and them also. 

The liquor traffic is a tax-farmer, a publican, whereas 
the history of prohibition in the various States which have 
tried it demonstrates that it is a tax-reducer. 

According to the latest volume on Wealth, Debt, and 
Taxation, issued by the federal government, there are 



340 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

only two States having a lower rate for State purposes 
than Kansas, and one of these is the prohibition State of 
West Virginia. 

According to federal figures, only 8 license cities between 
45.000 and 60,000 in population have a less tax rate than 
Wichita. Kan., and only 5 have a less rate than Topeka. 

A census bulletin, for 1913, showed $10.12 per capita of 
general taxes collected in the prohibition States; $11.08 
per capita in the near-prohibition States : $14.32 per capita 
in the partially license States, and $16.98 per capita in the 
wet States. 

A Revenue Hog 

The proposition is simple : The liquor traffic hogs revenue 
from the Treasury and produces no revenue at all. Liquor- 
bred crime, insanity, pauperism, and inefficiency consume 
the taxes drawn from the product of honest labor. 

A striking illustration of this is afforded by comparing 
the cost of maintaining penal, charitable, and similar pub- 
lic institutions in Spokane, Wash., during five months of 
the license year, 191 5. and five months of the prohibition 
year, 1916. The figures are: 

(1915) doio) 

Auditor $1.2,396 $13,041 

Prosecuting attorney 7,690 6,906 

Sheriff 8,645 7-?4i 

Tail 6,082 

Superior court 36,763 

Poor farm 13-779 9,680 

Aiding county poor 20,943 18,363 

Charitable institutions 2,020 2,025 

Mothers' pensions 2,080 

Lazy husbands 136 

Honor camp 2,634 1,500 

The vast cost of the license system to any community- 
is clearly revealed by this table. 

Another very enlightening table deals with the cost of 
the liquor traffic to Philadelphia and the revenue receipts 
therefrom. It is as follows : 

Total Percent Exp. Due 

1915 Exp. to Alcohol to Alcohol 

Department of Public Safety, 

Bureau of Police $4,640,111 48 -^7,253 

Department of Public Safety, 

Bureau of Correction... 244,081 56,138 

Department of Health and 

Charities, 

Bureau of Charities 1,686,107 50 843,053 

Eastern Penitentiary, care of 

Philadelphia prisoners . . 36,625 80 29,300 

Philadelphia County prisoners ---.696 80 219,756 

District Attorney's Office... 107,954 80 • 86.363 

Clerk of Ouarter Sessions... 11 7,437 80 93-949 

Philadelphia County courts.. 436,817 11 48,049 

Salaries of Philadelphia judges 

(paid by State) 165,000 1 1 

Coroner 69,297 1 2 

State asylums 173,9-7 10 17, 392 

Dependent children, through 

Juvenile Court 291,820 50 145*9™ 

Social Departments, Muni- 
cipal Court 210,000 45 94,500 

House of Detention - -.-S3 50 : ; : - 1 

Total I ." 901*769 

CR. 

Receipts from retail liquor licene $1,918,489 

Wholesale 408 

Brewers" licenses S : 

Bottlers' licenses - : ' 

Total $1.919,165 

Balance due city $1,982,604 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 341 

The New York Times well says: "Nobody has any more 
patience with talk, about the loss of public revenue that 
goes with the decreased manufacture and sale of intoxi- 
cants. Suc*h talk is too stupid and too vicious for present 
tolerance." 

Refs. — See Federal Government; History of the Temperance 
Reform; and Taxes as Affected by Prohibition. 

REVIEW OF 1916 — See Prohibition Situation up to 
May I, 1917, in front of book. 

RHODE ISLAND— Information for this State is in- 
complete, but as it stands shows 7 dry and 31 wet towns. 
The drys are gaining slowly. 

ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH— See Catholic 
Temperance Societies. 

ROOSEVELT, THEODORE— Mr. Roosevelt has 
never claimed to be a total abstainer nor a prohibitionist, 
but when the State-wide prohibition campaign was on in 
Ohio in the fall of 1914 he declared, "If I were a voter 
in this State, I would vote for prohibition." Mr. Roose- 
velt declared further, "It is now a question of whether 
the liquor interests are to dominate your parties, dominate 
your public life, and dominate your government." In 
Kansas City, just previous to his Ohio declaration, he 
said, "It is strange that we always find whisky and 
crooked politics hand in hand." 

During the State-wide prohibition campaign in 1914 in 
the West the liquor people attempted to use Mr. Roose- 
velt's name in opposing prohibition. Mr. Roosevelt took 
notice of this in a letter to Mr. W. E. Johnson, dated 
October 2, 1914, in which he said : 

"I am informed that my name is being used by certain 
saloon leagues and other organizations against the cause 
of temperance, and that statements purporting to come 
from me are quoted to give the impression that I have 
declared against State-wide prohibition in various States 
where the issue is up this fall. 

"I have made no statements of any kind or sort to 
warrant such use of my name. Where I have spoken at 
all on the subject it has been with reference to the special 
needs of the State in which I have spoken, and the utter- 
ances which I have made are public and accessible to 
everyone." 

In a letter to Mr. Charles Stelzle, Mr. Roosevelt said : 

"There is nothing more absurd than the belief that the 
closing of the saloon will cause working men to lose their 
jobs. There are few things more important to our social 
advancement than the loosening of the grip of the liquor 
interests upon the labor movement. The saloon represents 
economic loss." 

In 1917, he advocated prohibition to conserve the na- 
tion's raw food materials. 

ROUMANIA— See Balkan Countries. 

ROYAL TEMPLARS OF TEMPERANCE— The 

purpose of the Royal Templars of Temperance was to 
form a league of members who belonged to the Good 
Templars, Sons of Templars, and Templars of Honor. 
It was organized in Buffalo, N. Y., in 1869, to do a purely 
educational work along total abstinence lines. It was 



342 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 






never intended to be more than a local organization, no 
attempt being made to organize it in other places. In 
1877 it was reorganized as a beneficiary society, and con- 
tains two classes of members — beneficiary and honorary. 

RUM — This drink is distilled from the juice of the 
sugar cane, from molasses, or other sugar cane products. 
The name is derived from "rumbullion," provincial Eng- 
lish for "a great tumult." 

RUSH, BENJAMIN, M.D.— 1745-1813. one of the 
signers of the Declaration of Independence and a member 
of the Constitutional Convention of 1787, is generally 
recognized as the father of the antiliquor movement in 
the United States. Dr. Rush was one of the most promi- 
nent physicians of his time and a professor in the Phila- 
delphia Medical College, which was consolidated with the 
University of Pennsylvania in 1791. He was also promi- 
nent in social and political circles. In 1799 he was chosen 
Treasurer of the United States mint, which position he 
held to his death in 1813. 

Dr. Rush's essay on "The Effects of Ardent Spirits on 
the Human Body and Mind," published in 1785, marks 
the beginning of the public discussion of the problem of 
intemperance, at least in English-speaking countries. It 
was read widely, having run thru many editions besides 
appearing in several prominent newspapers and maga- 
zines. This article uncompromisingly condemned all 
beverage use of distilled liquors, but, in accordance with 
the popular belief of the time, allowed the use of malt 
liquors, Dr. Rush even supposing them to contain valuable 
food qualities. It is especially interesting to notice that 
Dr. Rush recommended substitutes for the help of the 
man suddenly breaking off the liquor habit. Among these 
the one most prominently mentioned is opium. Other 
opiates were also fully recommended. This shows most 
strikingly the ignorance of the time on this whole ques- 
tion. Dr. Rush did not create an organized following. 

Refs. — See History of the Temperance Reform. 

RUSSIA — "The prosperity of the national treasury must 
not be made dependent upon the moral and material ruin 
of my people," said Nicholas II, the late Czar of Russia. 

The policy of national prohibition adopted by the Rus- 
sian government upon the outbreak of war undoubtedly 
saved Russia, saved Europe, and possibly saved the world 
from the German Kaiser's assault. The Russian armies 
were mobilized weeks before the German staff expected 
to have to meet them. 

The following story is told by the Paris correspondent 
of the Standard: A German general, taken prisoner, re- 
lated at Petrograd the following remarks of the Kaiser : 
"I was certain of crushing the Russians when they were 
freely given to drink, but now that they are sober the 
task is much more difficult!" And he added in a melan- 
choly tone, "Who on earth could have foreseen the anti- 
alcoholic coup d'etat perpetrated by Nicholas II?" 

By this action the Russian government wiped out a 
revenue of $403,019,945, at a time when revenues were 
more needed than ever before, but in so doing they, 
according to the London Times, "vanquished a greater 
foe than Germany." 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 343 

The success of prohibition in Russia is beyond doubt. 
The Associated Press says, "Russia may be said to have 
success fully' abolished the liquor traffic," and the corre- 
spondents of the United Press, the London Times, and 
other great news agencies and papers have repeatedly 
testified to prohibition's good results. 

"Prohibition in Russia means that not a drop of vodka, 
whisky, brandy, gin, or any other strong liquor is obtain- 
able from one end to the other in a territory populated 
by 150,000,000 people and covering one sixth of the habit- 
able globe," says the Associated Press. 

Prohibition was afterward extended to cover all drinks 
containing more than one and one half per cent of alcohol, 
but is reported to have been modified by the provisional 
government so as to permit the sale of light wines in 
cities. 

A Russian Scientist on Russian Prohibition 

Dr. Alexander Mendelson, of Petrograd, a distinguished 
neurologist and member of the Petrograd Town Council, 
has investigated the whole matter of Russian prohibition, 
with the result that his investigation is published in the 
British Journal of Inebriety for January, 1916. 

In the area of medical statistics Dr. Mendelson found 
a higher death rate in the hospitals, due to the use of 
denatured spirits, by a very much smaller number of 
patients. The sale of denatured spirits is now, however, 
under very strict control. 

The results of the prohibition of vodka in Petrograd 
were immediately seen in a very sharp decline in the 
number of arrests for drunkenness. These are best indi- 
cated by contrasting periods of a half-year, thus : 

Number of Arrests of Men for Drunkenness in Petrograd 

1913 

First Half- Year Second Half- Year 

30,510 33,830 

1914 

First Half- Year Second Half- Year 

29,461 12,242 

If we take a single district in the city during 1914, and 
watch the arrests by the month, the following descending 
scale is obtained : 



May 

917 


June 
666 


July 
474 


Aug. 
123 


Sept. 
100 


Oct. 
7i 


Nov. 
56 


Dec. 
31 



Dr. Mendelson has further included statistics dealing 
with other aspects of the question than those that are 
purely medical. The reduction in the number of small 
loans (one to five rubles) — mostly on clothing — made by 
the pawnshops in Petrograd is shown by these figures for 
the second half-year in either case: 1913, 177,585; and 
1914, 113.306. 

The increases in the deposits in the savings banks were 
as follows for all Russia, in millions of rubles : For July, 
1914, the figure was 41. 1 less than in the previous year, 
but for the succeeding months to the end of the year the 
figur.es show these progressive increases : August, 10. 1 ; 
September, 25.8; October, 21.7; November, 24.8; Decem- 
ber, 29.1. In the case of the imperial savings banks, the 



344 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

figures of difference in millions of rubles are as follows 
for the first three months in each case: 

1915 1914 1915 

+6-7 -rl.2 +149.6 

For Petrograd alone the corresponding figures are : 

1913 1914 1915 

+2.1 +0.8 +12.3 

and for Moscow : 

1913 1914 1915 

+1.8 4-1.7 +8.0 

All these figures are official. For the first five months 
of 191 5 the total savings represent a gain of 200.000.000 
rubles. These are savings from drink and the allowances 
payable to the wives of soldiers, and they do not represent 
the absolute savings, because these are partly expressed 
in better clothing and better feeding. But when we con- 
sider that some 840.000.000 rubles were spent on vodka 
in 1914. and that the government was counting on the 
figure rising to 900,000,000 in 191 5. we can realize what 
an economic transformation must have taken place in the 
country. 

Testimony of a Medical Society 

The Pirogoff Society is the leading medical society* of 
Russia. In the 29th number of the Russian Physician 
(,1915) may be found the report which this society passed 
concerning alcohol and prohibition. This report (in part) 
is about to be published in "Russian Prohibition," by 
Ernest Gordon, and to him we are indebted for the fol- 
lowing extracts : 

Prohibition. — A mass of facts allow us to believe that 
the cessation of the drink traffic in Russia has contributed 
to a diminution of sickness (especially venereal and 
mental), accidents (especially railway), fires, suicides, 
crimes ; and to an increase of industry and material 
wealth. 

Beer. — To the question. Shall we eliminate vodka, but 
allow the return of beers? the answer is that the use of 
wine and beer cannot be a remedy for alcoholism, because 
they lead to alcoholism. Beer and wine, on the contrary, 
are dangerous, because, being weaker and pleasanter to 
the taste, they attract women and children. 

The society regards it as necessary that not only inter- 
nal manufacture but also importation from abroad be 
forbidden. 

To take part in the fight against alcohol is the duty of 
every citizen, especially of physicians. 

Alcohol as a Medicine. — From the statements of many 
chemists and investigators we may infer that the internal 
use of alcohol is no help to the sick, and in their treatment 
can be well abandoned. At the same time the society 
believes that there should be a thoro investigation of the 
whole question of alcohol as a medicine, and that uni- 
versities should acquaint their students with all the facts. 

The Use of Poisonous Substitutes. — Data concerning 
the internal use of various injurious substitutes for vodka 
indicate that the evils of these substitutes are negligible 
compared with those which vodka and other liquors caused 
to the general health. The exaggerated importance which 
is still given to these substitutes can be explained partly 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 345 

by the obviously serious results of certain cases of poison- 
ing, partly by the'circumstance that persons interested in 
the alcohdi industry purposely overestimated the results 
of these substitutes in order to prove that among the 
people there exists an irresistible need of alcohol. In 
order to get at the real facts about substitutes, the society 
recommends an investigation. 

Note. A survey made in Russia, Province of Penza, 
showed that only 14 per cent of former drinkers had used 
substitutes, and most of these were comparatively harm- 
less drinks. 

Effect on Russian Industry 

Miss Cora Frances Stoddard reports the good effect 
of prohibition upon Russian industries as follows : 

"An effort to ascertain statistically what Russia is 
gaining in industrial productivity with the abolition of 
vodka has been made by an inquiry among 172 factories 
in Moscow employing 214,700 workers, comparing the 
months, August to October, in the years 1913 and 1914. 

"Complete replies were received covering the records 
of 189,250 employees who were mostly cotton and linen 
spinners, metal workers, or engaged in the manufacture 
of food stuffs. There were 106,379 men, 23 per cent of 
all employed in 1913; 69,328 women, 21.6 per cent of all 
women employed; 13,293 youths, 15.7 per cent of those 
at work, and 1,250 children who constituted 93 per cent 
of the children employed in 1913. 

"Among the subjects investigated was the comparative 
loss of time from work, because drunkenness is generally 
believed to contribute to it. No account was taken of 
the losses of labor due to army mobilization, strikes, or 
temporary interruption of employment. The inquiry con- 
sidered only the hours lost from work because of drunken- 
ness, sickness, personal business, etc. 

"The information obtained showed a reduction in 1914 
of 31 per cent in the amount .of time lost. Not all of 
this improvement in steadiness at work can be attributed 
to prohibition, however, for many factories had to reduce 
their production on account of the war. In such cases 
the workers lost relatively less time, as, realizing the 
shortage of work, they attended to it more strictly. When, 
however, the time losses were recorded by sex and age, 
it appeared that the improvement in 1914 was much 
greater among the men than among the women and young 
people. They lost 46.8 per cent less time than in 1913. 
Women, youths, and children showed very little change, 
as perhaps was to be expected, since, in general, they are 
not drinkers. 

"In the factories where full-time employment was 
offered in both 1913 and 1914, the effect of prohibition 
can be more definitely seen. The time loss of women and 
youths again showed very little change in 1914. But 
with the men employees there was an average improve- 
ment of 0.9 per cent. ' This may seem small, but is not 
the only indication of increased production, as the Mos- 
cow report remarks, and as will appear later. But a 
progress of this amount (0.9 per cent) is noteworthy, says 
L'Abstinence, because in the textile industries of Russia 
the average production of a worker increased between 
1900 and 1910 some 5.5 per cent, that is, an average 



346 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

annual increase of 0.5 per cent, while in this one matter 
of time loss in 1914 productivity was increased 0.9 per 
cent. 

"Further, the loss of days following Sundays or holi- 
days was studied. In 1913, August-October, such days 
constituted 23.5 per cent of all working days. The women 
lost on the average 18.6 of their working days ; but the 
men lost 27 per cent. In 1914 during the same period, 
work days following Sundays and holidays were 19 per 
cent of the total number of work days. Men lost 19 per 
cent; women 18 per cent. 

"Thus, in 1913, when the men had access to drink their 
loss of time was 3.5 per cent above the average; with 
women who are sober, the loss was below the average. 
In 1914, during the prohibition period, the men worked 
after Sundays and holidays as much as on other work 
days. 

"Pay days too had a story to tell. 

"The report gives the following figures : 

Aug.-Oct., 1913 1914 

Number of employees 63,314 62,968 

Total number of days after pay days 234 195 

Loss of time after pay days per 

thousand hours 133 .2 51. 

"Thus in 1914 there was a loss of time considerably 
smaller both absolutely and relatively than in 1913. 

"Another investigation in Moscow was more detailed 
and complex. An effort was made to determine whether 
the employee, when actually at work, accomplished more 
under prohibition — that is, whether his achieving efficiency 
was increased. To ascertain this, wages were chosen as 
the most convenient measure of production that could 
be expressed in figures. Only employees were considered 
who, in the two periods under consideration, had done 
piece work ; who, moreover, had done the same kind of 
work on the same kind of machines, and with the same 
wage scale. This made the number available for study 
relatively small, yet it included 3.358 employees. 

"The comparison of work in the two periods gave the 
following results : 

Aug.-Oct., 1913 1914 

Average loss of time in hours 32.7 14.6 

Average loss of time per ioq hours of 

normal work 4.88 2.4 

Average wages per hour (kopecks).. 13.5 14.1 

"Thus there was a gross diminution of time loss (55 
per cent), which is equivalent to a better utilization of 
working time of 2.4 per cent, and increased earnings of 
4.4 per cent. 

"The figures for men only are still more favorable: 
the reduction in lost time signified an increase in pro- 
ductivity of 3.3 per cent, and earnings were 4.7 per cent 
larger. 

"For certain classes of employees the gain was even 
more considerable. For example, those employed in metal 
working establishments showed a productivity increase 
of at least 3.5 per cent and a gain in earnings of 8.9 
per cent." 

Refs. — See War. 

SALOONS — The charge is made that saloons are not 
as bad as painted by the opponents. Let us introduce 






PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 347 

evidence from their friends and supporters. The Whole- 
salers' and Retailers' Reveiew, of California, is a periodical 
devoted to the interests of the liquor business. Here is 
what it says of the saloon : 

"With comparatively few exceptions our saloons are 
houses of drunken men, profanity, and obscenity of the 
vilest possible type. It is no wonder that even in the 
better towns of the Wild West, as well as the effete East 
and the conservative South, the stranger who visits a 
saloon is at once invoiced, labeled, and damned." 

Try another witness. Bon fort's Wine and Spirit Circu- 
lar, of New York, is one of the best-known liquor jour- 
nals of the country. Here is its evidence : 

"The modern saloon has been getting worse instead of 
better. It has been dragged in the gutter ; it has been 
made the cat's-paw for other forms of vice ; it has suc- 
cumbed to the viciousness of gambling; and it has allowed 
itself to become allied with the social evil." 

And here is what W. H. Austin, secretary of the Wis- 
consin Brewers' Association, said about the retailers in 
an address before the legislative committee of his State: 

"The retail liquor dealers are not worthy of considera- 
tion. They are bums and beggars, and are not fit to asso- 
ciate with yellow dogs. They go on a drunk and blow 
in their money every time they get a few hundred dollars, 
and then complain about the high price of beer." 

SAVINGS — By handpicking States, the liquor trade 
tries to make it appear that the average of savings is much 
less in prohibition States than in license territory. Fre- 
quently, in ^heir selected lists, they include States as prohi- 
bition which were not under prohibition at the time the 
figures were compiled. This fact is given just to illustrate 
their methods. 

There is no fair basis of comparison between States on 
the matter of savings. The savings statistics of the 
United States government do not credit Illinois with any 
savings banks at all. Neither Alabama, nor Arkansas, 
Nebraska, nor Oklahoma has any reported for 1914, 
while Missouri, Texas, and South Dakota are not listed 
among States having savings banks. This shows the 
absurdity of comparing States upon the basis of such 
reports. . 

A great many of the States are largely agricultural, 
and the people turn their savings into farms, homes, farm 
mortgages, building and loan associations, and municipal 
bonds of thriving little towns. 

If we were to follow the policy of the liquor traffic and 
handpick States for comparison, it would be easily possi- 
ble to construct tables greatly to the advantage of our 
cause, but we refrain. The true way to arrive at a just 
conclusion is to consider whether or not prohibition when 
adopted by the State has favorably affected the matter 
of savings accounts, and in every single instance these 
have been favorably affected. 

SCHOOLS — The following statement is compiled from 
the Nebraska Educational Directory of 1914-15, which is 
issued by the State Department of Education. It should 
convince every sane person that saloons keep at least one 
half of our boys and girls from getting a high school 
education. This statement gives the school population, 



• 






348 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

the enrollment, and the average attendance of the high 
schools in every town of Nebraska having between 1,500 
and 4,000 population. We, also, append a statement giving 
these same totals for all high schools of the State ac- 
credited to the university : 

City Sch. Pop. En. Av. Att. 

Aurora (dry) 808 214 181 

Alliance (wet) 1,402 168 140 

Blair (dry) 954 189 161 

Benson (wet) 1,150 105 88 

Broken Bow (dry) 666 197 173 

Chadron (wet) 855 83 64 

Central City >dry) 675 175 143 

Crete (wet) 833 148 134 

David City (dry) 647 165 148 i 

Florence (wet) 608 73 50 

Holdrege (dry) 633 161 138 

Havelock (wet) 1,000 174 -2 

Minden (dry) 487 174 153 

Madison (wet) 647 97 90 

Pawnee City (dry) ...... 562 253 2^2 

Xeligh (wet) ' 600 no 97 

Scottsbluff (drv) 922 114 92 

O'Xeill (wet) 563 87 84 

Tecumseh (dry) 620 165 149 

Schuyler (wet) 929 138 108 

Tekamah (dry) 515 144 128 

Seward (wet) 693 131 101 

University Place (dry) . . . 995 243 223 

McCook (wet) 1,147 191 154 

Wayne (dry) 612 112 93 

Sutton (wet) 480 85 74 

West Point (wet) 683 104 91 

Dry towns, total 9,126 2,306 2,014 

Wet towns, total 11,500 1,694 i>347 

Dry towns, ave. per 1,000 252.7 220.7 

Wet towns, ave. per 1,000 146. 1 116.2 

If further proof were needed to show that schools in 
wet towns are blighted instead of helped by saloons, it 
is found that in the dry towns listed above there is one 
high school graduate for every 21 of school population, 
while in the wet towns there is one graduate for every 
39 — an advantage for the dry towns of almost 100 per 
cent. These figures are taken from the official reports 
for last spring commencements, filed with the State uni- 
versity. 

In the 205 accredited high schools of the State, those 
in the dry towns enroll an average of 262.6 per 1,000 of 
school population, and the average attendance is 228.8 
per 1,000. 

In the wet towns the enrollment is 122.3 per 1,000 school 
population, and the average attendance is only 102.6 per 
1,000. Again, an advantage for the dry towns of more 
than 100 per cent. 

No person can raise the cry of "picking" the towns, for 
these official figures include every one of the high schools 
in Nebraska. 

It is not surprising that in view of these facts, Nebraska 
voted dry by such an overwhelming majority in 1916. 

Under the direction of Mr. William L. Bodine, super- 
intendent of compulsory education in Chicago, a pains- 
taking investigation was made of the conditions in and 
around the public schools of that city. 

There are 159,517 boys and 153,148 girls enrolled in the 
public elementary schools of Chicago. There are 15,647 
girls and 15.635 boys enrolled in the high schools. 

"The school districts are honeycombed with saloons in 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 349 

close proximity to school buildings and playgrounds," says 
Mr. Bodine, in his report of the investigation. 

* Conditions Surrounding Schools 

Says Mr. Bodine in his report : 

"A few saloons are within 20 feet of schools ; one next 
! to the lot line of a school yard; some within 100 feet, and 

many within 250 feet. One school — the Dante — has 8 
1 saloons around it. The Jenner has 7 saloons within a 

block of it — 3 very close to the premises. The Wells has 
] 1 next door. The Jones has 28 saloons and music halls 

(most of them on the State Street Levee) within a radius 
I of 1 block. Some saloons are opposite the school build- 
I ings. The Wendell Phillips High School district has 

within an area of 11 square blocks 85 furnished room 
I signs and 11 saloons. The Lucy Flower High School for 
! Girls is in the heart of a 'furnished room' and cheap 
j hotel district, frequently visited by the police. There are 

saloons in the immediate vicinity of 120 of 274 elementary 
, public schools, and the same conditions exist near some 
, of the private schools. In 17 of 22 high school districts 
I saloons are near school property. 

"Some of these saloons have been there for years. 

Truant officers keep them under surveillance during school 
, hours to see that children do not frequent them. But the 
! children pass them on their way to and from school." 

SCIENTIFIC BASIS FOR TEMPERANCE— See 

Alcohol, Effects of. 

SCIENTIFIC TEMPERANCE FEDERATION— 

This body was organized in 1906 as a bureau of informa- 
tion on the alcohol question. Its offices are in Boston, 
Mass. Miss Cora Frances Stoddard is at the head of 
the work. Its work has been especially notable for many 
valuable translations and much original investigation. 

SCIENTIFIC TEMPERANCE INSTRUCTION— 

See Educational Laws. 

SCOTLAND— See Great Britain. 

SEATTLE— See Washington. 

SHERRY — A strong, amber-colored wine. It derives 
its name from Xeres, Spain. 

SIZE OF THE PROBLEM— The London Times re- 
marked a great many years ago that if the liquor trade 
is doing harm its magnitude is the greatest argument 
against it. 

It is important not to underestimate or overestimate 
the economic magnitude of the question. Even if there 
were no compensating features, the entire liquor traffic 
could be wiped out without any possibility of disaster. 
But as is shown under the head, "Cost of the Liquor 
Traffic," it is of sufficient size to outweigh greatly any 
other public question now before the American people. 

Refs. — See Comparisons; Consumption of Liquor; Cost of the 
Liquor Traffic; etc. 

SOCIAL PURITY— See Prostitution ; also Vice. 

SOFT DRINKS— Undoubtedly, prohibition increases 
the use of harmless soft drinks. In prohibition communi- 
ties frequently the drug stores and confectionery shops 



350 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 






take on many appearances of social centers. Because of 
their usual cleanliness, the constant presence of respectable 
women, etc., they offer much of the legitimate appeal now 
offered in part by the saloon. 

Within five blocks on Kansas Avenue, the principal 
street of Topeka, Kan., are fifteen places which sell butter- 
milk, and some of these stores average from sixty to 
ninety gallons a day during the hot season. A speculative 
"soda-jerker" hazarded the opinion that Kansas Avenue 
dispenses a thousand gallons of buttermilk daily to citizens 
of this little town during the hot season. 

Police court records fail to reveal any fights due to 
buttermilk. A recent survey of the city made no charge 
that buttermilk causes a large percentage of the poverty 
in the city, or that it has sent any to the insane asylums, 
and it is said that not a doctor in Topeka has found a 
single case of cirrhosis of the liver due to the buttermilk 
habit. 

A Similar Tale from Virginia 

When Virginia voted on State-wide prohibition the 
saloons were closed for several days, and the soft drink 
places were overwhelmed with thirsty crowds. 

"Believe me, I am going to quit this job right flat on 
its syrup when Virginia goes dry," said one jaded dis- 
penser of soft drinks on a day when saloons were closed. 

"Why"' Because I am not equal to standing the strain 
like we have been thru since the bars closed Saturday 
night. Why. I have served more of this soft stuff the 
past three days than I did the whole of the hottest week 
we have had this summer. Men who have not been regu- 
lar customers have been frequent visitors since Monday 
morning. Buttermilk has almost poured over the counter. 
You would laugh to see how the old left foot begins to 
paw for the rail the minute they line up at the counter. 
When it fails to find its usual resting place there comes 
stealing a most surprised look over their faces — the cus- 
tomers' not the feet's faces — and it is all they can do 
to keep from setting 'em up by the round system. 

"No soda fountain job for mine if this State goes dry. 
There's too much work about it," and he took the orders 
of two men whose noses did not look as if soda water 
had been their regular drink. 

SONS OF JONADAB— On September i3, 1867, seven 
gentlemen met in the city of Washington, D. C, and orga- 
nized the order of the "Sons of Jonadab." Only two of 
them remained firm and true to their vows, therefore the 
order has perpetuated the names of James Croggon and 
Samuel G. Mills with honor. 

In the organization of the sovereign council of the Sons 
of Jonadab two fundamental and unchangeable principles 
were laid down: (1) Membership shall be confined to 
white male individuals over sixteen years of age ; (2) 
persons becoming members of the order must subscribe 
to a pledge and oath to abstain from the use, manufacture, 
and sale of all intoxicating drinks for life. It is a secret 
order and has a beneficial society known as the Jonadab 
Beneficial Society. Its work is strictly fraternal and edu- 
cational. Its present headquarters are located in Wash- 
ington, D. C. 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 351 

SONS OF TEMPERANCE— When the order of Sons 
of Temperance was formed in the city of New York on 
the twenty -ninth of September, 1842, its objects were 
declared to be threefold: (1) To shield its members from 
the evils of intemperance; (2) to furnish mutual assist- 
ance in case of sickness; (3) to elevate them as men. A 
total abstinence pledge was adopted at that time which 
has never since been changed. 
Prior to 1866 membership in the order was confined 
! to men, but that year at the twenty-second session, held 
I at Montreal, the door was opened wide to women and 
the words, "as a man," were eliminated from the pledge. 
The order has ever taken great interest in enrolling 
; boys and girls in the total abstinence army, and numer- 
j ous plans for effective work in this direction have from 
! time to time been put into effect. In 1890 at Ocean Grove, 
1 N. J., the national division called into existence "The 
Loyal Crusader" for boys and girls up to thirteen years 
of age. Various other juvenile branches of the work 
have been formed under such names as Bands of Hope, 
1 etc. 

In 1910 an effort was made to consolidate all the differ- 
ij ent juvenile divisions of the order into one society to be 
known as "Crusaders of Temperance," and a system of 
rules and regulations governing the new organization was 
adopted. The pledge is fourfold in terms and provides 
(1) that no member shall make, buy, sell, or use as a 
beverage any intoxicating liquors; (2) to abstain from 
the use of profane or vulgar language; (3) to abstain 
from the use of cigarettes ; (4) to abstain from tobacco 
in every form. 

The total membership in North America of all classes 
at the last report was over twenty thousand. It is a 
nonpartisan, total abstinence society for all and its work 
is confined to an educational propaganda. 

SOUTH AMERICA— There is a small but active tem- 
perance movement in various countries of South America, 
especially in the Argentine. In British Guiana the sale 
of liquor to the Indians is prohibited, and in Chile some 
steps have been taken by the government to curb the 
consumption of liquors. In Colombia the United States 
Brewing Company has a large brewery at Colombia, but 
in the Canal Zone the policy is hostile to the sale and 
consumption of liquors. In various parts of South 
America the United States liquor interests are pushing 
their traffic. This is especially true in Ecuador. 

SOUTH CAROLINA— Voted for prohibition on Sep- 
tember 14, 1915, by 41,735 for to 16,809 against, law be- 
coming effective December 31, 1915. 

Charleston, S. C, used to receive $53,000 license revenue 
from fifty saloons. It closed them July 1, 1914, and has 
been dry ever since. Mayor G. E. Bruce of that city 
writes : 

"Now as to the financial condition. The city has forged 
ahead and has built in the last two years forty miles of 
streets and kept pace with all improvements, kept the 
streets clean and the city in good, sanitary condition. 
This was done without increasing the taxes, but instead 
we have been able to reduce the levy from seventy-nine 
Gents to fifty-five cents for the running expenses of the 



352 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 



city; or, in other words, we have reduced the levy twenty- j 
four cents and have ample cash on hand to pay all obliga- ] 
tions. This comes about by a large reduction in the police I 
department, a large reduction in the court expenses, and I 
a large reduction in the poor fund. These reductions | 
greatly exceed the $53,000 we received from the fifty- \ 
three saloons in the city. Real estate is much more valu- 
able, and the closing of the saloon has increased the mer- 
chandise and food consumption." 

Refs. — See Anti-Prohibition; Crime; Insanity; Juvenile Delin- 
quency; Pauperism; Race Suicide; and Savings. 

SOUTH DAKOTA— State prohibition adopted Novem- 
ber 7, 1916, by about 12.000 majority, law becoming effec- 
tive July 1, 1917. Now has 30 dry counties, 14 with one 
saloon town each. Four hundred and fifty dry towns 
and cities, 70 wet. 

Refs. — See Anti-Prohibition; Crime; Insanity; Juvenile Delin- 
quency; Pauperism; Race Suicide; and Savings. 

SPECIAL TAXPAYERS— See Revenue; also Liquor 
Dealers. 

SPIRITUOUS LIQUORS— A term usually applied to 
liquors produced by distillation. See Alcoholic Beverages; 
also Distillation. 

Refs. — See Psychology of Intemperance; and Stimulation Impulse. 

SPOKANE— See Washington. 

STATE PROHIBITION— See Statutory Prohibition 
for list of States enacting prohibition by statute. See 
History of the Temperance Reform. 

STATES RIGHTS— The rights of the State are those 
rights not specifically delegated in the constitution to the 
federal government. It is absurd to say that national 
prohibition will violate States rights. 

Justice Bradley, of the United States Supreme Court, 
said, "The right to follow any of the common occupations 
of life is an inalienable right"; but neither men nor States 
have inalienable rights to legalize occupations which are 
inherently unlawful because inimical to the welfare of 
society. At one time the United States Supreme Court 
said, "There is no inherent right thus to sell intoxicating 
liquors." As the Supreme Court of Maryland said, "Any 
person is at liberty without governmental grant to pursue 
any lawful calling"; but it is also true that no government 
has a right to license any man to disregard the natural 
prohibition of wrong. 

George Washington said that the foundation of the 
liberties of the American people was the right to make 
and alter the constitutions of government, and certainly 
there can be no legitimate objection to allowing the States, 
by processes which they themselves fixed upon, to alter 
the federal constitution. 

Refs. — See Amendment, Constitutional and references; and Fed- 
eral Government. 

STATUS OF STATES— See each State by name. 

STIMULANTS— See Stimulation Impulse; Psychology 
of Intemperance, etc. 

STIMULATION— When a person takes alcohol he 
feels stronger. Certain physical processes are temporarily 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 353 

quickened. This has, until quite recently, been interpreted 
to mean that alcohol is a stimulant. It was thought to 
have -a real food value. But in view of the many recent 
careful experiments this view is no longer tenable. 

Alcohol is an irritant, narcotic poison. (There are bills 
pending before State Legislatures at the present time to 
require such a label to be put on every bottle containing 
alcoholic liquors.) It narcotizes nerve centers which con- 
trol mental and physical activities. Thus the process may 
be summarized ; alcohol is taken into the stomach. It 
is carried to the brain and at once has a stupefying effect 
upon nerve centers. These nerve centers are the dis- 
patchers that control the movements of the muscles. When 
they are stupefied they are, of course, forced to release 
their control over muscular activity. This allows musc.u- 
lar force to run wild. Thus, the first apparent effect is 
one of stimulation, but, as a matter of fact, no real power 
has been gained. It is as if the governor on a steam 
engine should become disabled. The first probable effect 
would be a speeding up. But anyone who knows ABC 
about a steam engine realizes that the engine's power 
would not be increased. The only way to do that would 
be to put more wood in the furnace. So it is ; alcohol 
does not put wood into the human furnace — it only 
smashes the governor. 

Refs. — See Psychology of Intemperance. 

STIMULATION IMPULSE— This is often spoken of 
as the "intoxication impulse," but the term should be 
avoided " on account of the false impression it creates. 
Many people have come to understand the term, "intoxi- 
cation impulse," as meaning that there is in human nature 
an inherent desire for intoxicants. Nothing is farther 
from the truth. A close examination will show that very 
few psychologists use the term in that sense, altho a 
few do seem to do so. At least three reasons may be 
given as proving conclusively that there is. no such thing 
as an "inherent intoxication impulse" : 

1. Alcohol is an artificial product not found normally 
in nature. It is true that processes of decay sometimes 
give rise to alcohol without man's aid, but rarely indeed. 
Few, if any, would deny that in all probability it was 
long ages after man appeared on the earth that he dis- 
covered the process of making alcohol. It does not seem 
reasonable to suppose that he came with an "inherent" 
inclination to use something which did not, for him, exist. 
Furthermore, in the times when he knew little or nothing 
of controlling the forces of nature, man was shaped to 
his environment rather than shaping his environment to 
himself. 

2. Another proof of this contention is that every drinker 
is forced to learn to like alcohol, and often against a 
terrific resistance of this very nature which is said to have 
an inherent drift toward the process of intoxication. Jack 
London in "John Barleycorn" tells what stubborn per- 
sistence was required in his case to acquire the taste for 
alcohol. A careful study of the experiences of drinking 
people will convince anyone that Jack London's is not an 
exaggerated case. Human nature rebels against this 
poison. Surely, there is little comfort here for those who 
prate about the human body's need of alcohol. 



354 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

3. A third fact and one that strongly substantiates the 
proof just given is that the liquor appetite is not inherited. 
If it were natural or inherent, it would be. It is only 
"acquired characteristics" that are not passed down from 
generation to generation. 

The root of this whole matter lies just here: human 
nature demands recreation ; we want something, at times, 
to cause us to forget the cares and duties of life. Our 
very nature cries out for relaxation. In other words, 
there is a "stimulation impulse." Somehow primitive man 
discovered alcohol and found that it has a seeming power 
to fill this need ; he knew nothing whatever about it except 
that it made him "feel good." He used it and it has been 
used ever since. Its use has been handed down by social 
custom and deepened by commercialized greed. Thus 
we have the liquor problem of to-day. But be not de- 
ceived ; when the liquor traffic is destroyed man will be 
deprived of nothing that his nature demands. 

Refs. — See Psychology of Intemperance. 

STREET MEETINGS— Carrying the message to the 
people on the street has of late become quite popular 
as it has always been effective. The history of street 
preaching and campaigning is one full of incidents and 
thrilling adventure. There* is hardly a more romantic 
story than "Seven Years of Street Preaching," by William 
Taylor, of San Francisco. In the rough mining days on 
the coast between '51 and '58 he would open his meetings 
every afternoon or night by singing. "Hear the Royal 
Proclamation," and all kinds of men — gamblers, sports, 
cutthroats from every part of the world, men fresh from 
the mining camps or ships — would gather around him ; 
and he would preach the gospel of Christ, and soon have 
all hats off and the men engaged in prayer; and Cali- 
fornia Methodism owes its start to this effective work 
of William Taylor, who. in California. Australia. India. 
South America, and South Africa, led evangelistic move- 
ments that made a complete history on four continents. 

Then came the days of the abandonment of this work 
and giving the vast masses on the streets to the irre- 
sponsibles. who were either talking for a collection or 
giving out their wild, weird, socialistic or religious fanati- 
cism, until street work was universally discredited. Xot 
only did the men of ability shun it as preachers of the 
gospel, but for a long period the temperance agitation 
was limited to conventions, platforms, or to pulpits on 
Sunday mornings to raise finances for the various organ- 
izations. 

The reinauguration and popularizing of the street 
method has been done by the Board of Temperance of 
the Methodist Episcopal Church. Dr. Clarence True 
Wilson, its gen'eral secretary, has averaged a thousand 
addresses per year since June, 1910, and with his helpers 
has conducted campaigns from automobiles in Oregon, 
for three different years, in California, in Washington, in 
Montana, in Nebraska, and has spoken on the streets 
in thirty-nine of the forty-eight States. 

At one time the organization had fifty-five speakers out 
in the eight States that had State-wide fights on. and 
they were all speaking day and night to the men on the 
street, and were given a few don'ts to observe as rules : 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 355 

Don't ring bells, -blow horns, or beat drums. The human 
voice in earnest conversation will draw better than any 
other attraction. 

Don't be noisy on the street. Talk so low that the 
people will have to come to you to hear, and so kindly 
that they will want to come. 

Don't try to lead them away to a church to hear your 
best, for you lose the very men who need your message 
most. When you have a great throng on the street give 
them your best message then and there. 

Don't denounce the saloon keeper or even his saloon. 
The men who are listening to you know ten times as 
much about that as you, and will resent your exaggeration 
of the evils of either. 

Don't go out with a group of singers unless it be a 
male quartet or a man leader. Have no responsibility 
for taking women on the street, for street work is not 
women's work. If there are any who wish to hear them, 
they can all go to the Salvation Army meeting. Don't 
compete with that organization. 

Nine tenths of all the meetings held by the Board have 
been as orderly as tho held in church. 

In 1914 the Board of Temperance purchased an auto- 
mobile and manned it with Clarence True Wilson, General 
Secretary, and M. C. Reed. The car was driven for 
about five thousand miles by Dr. Wilson's daughter Vir- 
ginia, a little girl of fifteen. More than four hundred and 
sixty addresses were delivered from this platform on 
wheels ; and the auto is known in all stories of how 
Oregon went dry as the "Oregon Water Wagon." It 
became famous, and all the towns of the State were on 
the outlook for it to appear in their community with its 
three speakers and its load of free literature. After two 
or three addresses volunteers would be secured to divide 
up the town and immediately go down the streets leaving 
literature in every house. 

In the 1916 campaign Mr. J. C. McDowell, of Pitts- 
burgh, donated a "Reo Six," which was used in the streets 
of Portland and right down the State of Oregon to 
inaugurate the bonedry campaign. A series of meetings 
was held in all the cities of California on the Coast Road 
and back by the Valley Road, and when the two months' 
trip was over, the machine had gone nearly five thousand 
miles, and two States had been practically covered. This 
mode of campaigning is coming into vogue, for automo- 
biles were used more extensively than ever before in 
Nebraska and Michigan. It secures the greatest number 
of hearers under the freest and most auspicious circum- 
stances at the least possible cost, and utilizes the speaker's 
time by giving him five times as many meetings as they 
could schedule in the old way of conducting their meet- 
ings in churches and halls. It saves all the hall rent and 
advertising bills, and above all it obviates the folly of 
expecting to win prohibition victories simply by making 
sentiment among the good men and women at the church 
services, all of whom are committed to the no-license 
policy. 

There are thousands of preachers who could more than 
double their .efficiency and multiply the number of people 
reached by their ministry if they would spend one or two 
nights a week on the crowded streets addressing man- 



356 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

fashion the throngs of men who are always willing to 
listen to sensible talk from manly men and who have been 
too long given over to the irresponsibles who talk anarchy 
and teach disrespect for every institution in that five-ply 
fabric of American civilization, the home, the church, the 
school, the press, and the voting booth. 

Some Striking Incidents 

Crowds are queer, as anyone must admit. And the 
experiences of a prohibition campaigner who forsakes 
the churches for the street corners are often as queer as 
the crowds. 

Some of the very queerest experiences have fallen to the 
lot of Dr. Wilson, who does the hefty part of the cam- 
paigning for the Board of Temperance, Prohibition, and 
Public Morals, and speaks on an average of ten times 
a day, whenever a big campaign is on, and practically all 
of his speaking is from the "deck" of an automobile. 
Section hands, factory workmen, and miscellaneous street 
gatherings constitute his audiences. Often they are more 
than hostile — at the beginning. And not everyone — in- 
deed, hardly anyone — can handle them. 

The Ripping of "The Cloth" 

On one occasion. Dr. Wilson arrived to speak at a 
certain street corner and found a preacher trying to get 
the attention of a hooting mob. "Gentlemen," he pro- 
tested, "I am a minister ; have you no respect for the 
cloth ?" They had none and showed it with great glee. 
Finally the preacher's religion evaporated as his temper 
rose to white heat, and turning, he shouted, "Aw, shut up, 
you d — fools." They wouldn't shut. This is a good 
illustration of how not to do it. 

At Cudahy's packing plant, in Omaha, Nebraska, during 
the 1916 campaign, a similar crowd greeted Dr. Wilson 
while talking to laboring men. One fellow shouted, "You 
white-livered dude, you never did any work in your life!" 
"If that is so," the Doctor shouted back, "how did I 
get these great callouses on my hands?" The man shrank 
back abashed, convinced that he was listening to a veteran 
beef killer. 

The Power of the Bible 

A very striking illustration of the reverence which all 
men have for the Old Book was afforded at one meeting, 
which was suddenly interrupted by a liquor man planted 
for that purpose, who shouted, "That ain't what the Bible 
says, that ain't what the Bible says !" He kept it up at 
the top of his voice until Dr. Wilson shouted back, "My 
friend, do you want me to tell you what the Bible says?" 
"Yes," yelled the crowd. The Doctor began and quoted 
verse after verse, while an awed hush fell upon the crowd 
w r hich a few moments before had been yelling derisively. 

No Danger from Laboring Men 

In San Francisco, the Board of Temperance automobile 
drew up before the employees' entrance of a big industrial 
plant and was immediately approached by a policeman. 
"If you try to speak on prohibition to these men," he 
said, "you will be torn to bits. I cannot be responsible 






PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 357 

for your safety." ^At this several local enthusiasts decided 
that they would prefer to hear the speech from across 
the street? But the Doctor declared that he was not 
afraid of any workingmen on earth, that only the idle 
poor and the idle rich were cowardly enough to harm 
a man for expressing his convictions, and he stayed. Six 
thousand workmen gave up their entire lunch hour, listen- 
ing in rapt attention, and the next day repeated their 
exemplary conduct. 

Here Is Where You Laugh 

At one indoor meeting a number of distinguished speak- 
ers were scheduled to speak and were to be introduced 
by a local official of a somewhat bookish turn of mind. 
His introduction of the first speaker consumed thirty 
minutes, a large part of which was used in reading a 
chapter from a book on sociology. 

When he had finished, Dr. Sheridan, the general secre- 
tary of the Epworth League, tiptoeing and pantomiming 
his appreciation, stepped up and said, "Brother, will you 
sell me that book for a dollar?" The astonished chair- 
man assented, whereupon Dr. Sheridan pretentiously 
fished up his dollar, stalked back to his seat, and care- 
fully sat down on the book, as much as to say, "I am 
to be the second speaker, and you will not spring anything 
like that on me!" The audience roared. 

A Pathetic Incident 

At Melcomb, Neb., Dr. Wilson was addressing a street 
crowd, when a drunken man approached and placed his 
arm over the Doctor's shoulder. There he remained, 
looking intently into the speaker's face, for nearly thirty 
minutes. Then he withdrew his arm and began to walk 
slowly away. "Better stay, Ben," called one young man. 
"You need this !" The old man seemed to be sobered by 
the words, for he walked, in a most dignified manner, to 
the speaker's side and said, "Yes, Old Ben needs it. 
Twenty-six years ago, this prohibition question was up. 
Nobody called me 'Old Ben' then. I had a fine farm. 
My boys respected me. To-day my farm is gone and my 
boys will not speak to me when they meet me on the 
streets. I voted dry then, and if your fathers had voted 
as I did, I would not stand here to-day as the town 
drunkard and the town joke." 

The incident was indescribably pathetic. Numbers of 
the young fellows had their hands over their faces and 
the tears were dropping from between their fingers. 
There was a moment's awkward silence and then the 
temperance speaker turned away. There was nothing 
more to be said. 

Dr. Wilson has put a hundred such incidents, occurring 
in his seven years of Street Campaigning, into a popular 
lecture, "Adventures of a Street Campaigner." It has 
human interest and thrills enough to spice a dozen dis- 
courses. E. H. Anderson. 

STRONG DRINKS— A term often applied to distilled 
liquors. 

SUBSTITUTES— It is undoubtedly true that the saloon 
performs some social services, but it is also true that the 
social service features of the saloons are entirely foreign 



358 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

to its essential nature. Upon the one hand, it is pointed 
out that the saloon aftords cheer and warmth to the 
workingman, but the workingman's saloon is usually more 
sordid than his home, while the patrons of the bright 
and cheerful saloon are usually well able to afford homes 
quite as light and cheerful. The harmless features of the 
saloon are the outgrowth of demand which would be by 
no means destroyed by prohibition, and which would 
create substitutes as surely as a stream dammed at one 
place will find an outlet at another. For the retail liquor 
trade as such, no substitute is needed, any more than we 
need a substitute for the itch, for typhoid fever, or for 
any other wholly evil thing. 

The Other Side 

In prohibition territory institutions spring up which at- 
tain by the processes of adaptation to demand all of the 
useful features of the saloon ; drug stores enlarge their 
soda fountains, provide chairs and tables, add light lunch 
counters, install phonographic machines, and offer tele- 
phone facilities and convenient toilet arrangements. They 
become neighborhood centers just as truly as the saloon 
ever was. There is just as much democracy, with the 
added advantage that women are as much at home in 
them as men. 

Refs. — See Motion Pictures. 

SUICIDES — A pathetic evidence of the social value of 
prohibition is to be found in the fact that during the 
first six months after the Washington law went into 
effect, there were only 27 suicides in Seattle as compared 
with 54 in the corresponding months of the previous year. 

SUMPTUARY LAW— No law prohibiting the liquor 
traffic is sumptuary legislation. The term "sumptuary 
law" became odious because it described a historic dispo- 
sition on the part of governments to interfere with 
matters which were entirely personal to the individual. 
In Rome during the Republic and after the wars with 
Hannibal, women were not allowed to wear a dress of 
different colors or to ride in a carriage within the city 
except on certain occasions. Italy. France, and England 
were guilty of much legislation of this character. Charles 
V of France forbade the vvearing of long-pointed shoes. 
That was manifestly sumptuary legislation ; but if the 
United States were to forbid the manufacture or wear- 
ing of shoes of excessive height and pass such legislation 
because of the scarcity of leather, it would not be sumptu- 
ary law in the same sense at all. 

To compare modern laws in behalf of the social welfare 
and designed solely to protect the health, prosperity, and 
peace of the people, with laws regulating the use of pies, 
baked meats, the wearing of "sumptuous" clothing, and 
similar matters, such laws as obtained under Edward II, 
Edward IV, and James I, is insulting to the intelligence. 

SUNDAY CLOSING— See Cities. 

SUNDAY SCHOOLS— The Sunday school army is the 
reserve force from which the prohibition battle line must 
draw its future material. This publication cannot give 
sufficient space to a discussion of temperance in the Sun- 
day school to do justice to the subject. 






PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 359 

Suggestions and Pemonstrations for Practical Use 

"What is -sauce for the goose" may be "sauce for the 
gander," but what is good for the adult Bible classes 
;Jdoesn't do at all for the little tots. In these days of 
Efficiency, grading is vitally important in the Sunday 
school. Considered broadly, the temperance lesson should 
be adapted to three different ages : 

First, those between six and twelve should be taught 
ithe simpler properties of alcohol and its effect on the 
jbody. 

Second, those between twelve and twenty should hear 
jmore as to the effect of alcohol upon the physical and 
Imental being, with a special stress made upon athletics, 
scientific conclusions, etc. 

Third, the classes for young men and classes for young 
iwomen, as well as adult Bible classes, should consider 
Ithe effect of alcohol upon the race, the vital social aspects 
jof the problem, such as the relation of the liquor traffic 
(to business, to social delinquency and to the work of the 
ichurch, and the duty of fighting it in the name of 
jpatriotism. 

The Board of Temperance frequently gets requests for 
'simple outlines for talks to children, Sunday schools, and 
young people's meetings, with demonstrations that will 
appeal to the eye. We give below a suggested lesson for 
use before the entire Sunday school, in the classroom, 
or among any group of young people : 
Scope of Lesson : 

(1) To teach some of the simpler properties of alcohol. 

(2) To contrast water and alcohol showing that water 

is beneficial and that alcohol is injurious. 

(3) To show how water helps the work of the body. 
Apparatus : 

Glass cylinders or test tubes, salt, sugar, an egg, alcohol, 
aniline, wood alcohol, specimens preserved in 
alcohol. 
Notes of Lesson : 

Elicit from the children some of the uses of water as 
follows : 

(a) To quench thirst. 

(b) To sustain life. 

(c) To remove waste material from the body. 

(d) To soften food. 

(e) To keep the body moist and cool. 

(f) To cleanse the body outside. 
Teach the following facts : 

(1) That we cannot live without water. 

(2) That water forms, a part of all the tissues of the 

body. 

(3) That water is an important food. 

(4) That so necessary is it, that from three and one 

fourth to five pints are required by an adult every 
day. 

(5) That water is present in nearly every kind of food. 
Xext point out : 

(1) That we can live without alcohol. Millions of 
abstainers, if we may judge from insurance sta- 
tistics, are living longer and healthier lives with- 
out it, than those who use it. All the animal 
world lives without it. 



3 6o THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

- That alcohol does not form any part of the tissues 
of the body. It cannot build up bone, or brain, 
or blood, or muscle. 
(3) That alcohol is not a food. 

_ That it is never needed by the healthy body. 

(5) That it is not present in any natural and whole- 

some food. 

(6) That it is no substitute for water. 

Water dissolves certain foods and helps in the solution 
of all foods, and in this respect it is our friend. Illustrate 
the differences between water and alcohol in the following 
way : 

Experiment — Into two tubes, place pieces of salt, and 
into two others some white of egg. Add to one of each 
of the sets of tubes water, and shake. Add to the remain- 
ing tubes of each set alcohol, and shake. 

In every case the water will break down the substance 
and in every case the alcohol will harden it. 

Another experiment may be shown as follows : 

Mch two pieces of sugar to pieces of string and 
suspend them in two - Saturate each piece oi 

sugar with a little aniline dye ; this will penetrate the 
sugar thru and thru. To one glass add alcohol, to the 
other glass add water, and let both stand for five or sis 
minutes. In each case the liquid will become colored 
by the aniline, but with this difference : whereas in the 
first glass the sugar remains intact and is simply washed 
cleaner by the alcohol, the sugar in the glass with the; 
water will disappear. The water has not only washed 
out the aniline, but it has also done its natural work of 
dissolving the sugar. It must be remembered that the 
alcohol not only came into contact with the outer sur- 
face of the sugar, but penetrated it thoroly and sur- 
rounded every tiny crystal and yet had no solvent 
This is a striking illustration of the difference between 
water and alcohol. 

A further experiment shows that alcohol not only pre- 
vents food substances from dissolving in water, but it 
has the power of throwing substances out of their solu- 
tions. Make a saturated solution of salt and water. .A 
solution is saturated when it cannot further dissolve anj 
particular substances. To make a saturated solut: 
salt, put two or three lumps of salt in a boiling tube. Add 
water and boil. If all the salt dissolves, add more until 
it is found that some remains at the bottom of the glass 
undissolved, no matter how much it is stirred ; cool the 
liquid. The clear water above is a saturated solution oi 
salt in water. Pour some of this clear solution on 
a test tube and add alcohol. As the alcohol is added the 
salt will be thrown out of solution and precipitated tc 
the bottom of the tube. The same kind of experimenr 
can be shown with a solution of lime, thus showing thai 
altho the water had done its work of solution, that 
lone by the addition of alcohol. 

Then show specimens of substances preserved in alco- 
hol, such as meat, bread, fish. etc. 

It has been remarked that alcohol can preserve a dead 
body, but it can also kill a living one. 

As water is both good and necessary, and we see thai 
the properties of alcohol are just the opposite of water 
it follows that it cannot be good and necessary too. 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 361 

:| Our lesson showjj the valuable properties of water and 

teaches us that it is not only itself a food, but that it 

helps us to "get value from other foods, and in many ways 

I it helps the body to live and to grow. Alcohol acts in 

I the opposite way and we are justified therefore in speak- 

I ing of water as our friend, and alcohol as our foe. 

End with a Blackboard Summary. 

Refs.— See Abstinence and references; and Alcohol, Effects of. 

SWEDEN — Sweden was the birthplace of the Gothen- 

! burg movement for public ownership of the liquor traffic. 

; The system has completely broken down in the country 

j of its origin and the movement for national ^prohibition 

! is gaining great headway. The crown prince of Sweden 

has declared: 

"I do not hesitate to say that the people which first 

I frees itself from the influence of alcohol will in this way 

"1 acquire a distinct advantage over other nations in the 

peaceful yet intense struggle. I hope it will be our own 

people who will be the first to win this start over the 

others." 

This statement is all the more significant in view of 

the fact that prior to the year 1800 the Swedish royal 

1 family were granted a monopoly of the native spirit, 

branvin. Later this monopoly was abolished and private 

citizens allowed to manufacture on payment of a small 

fee. By 1827 there were 173,124 domestic spirit stills ; 

, the country was consuming 46 liters per capita, and 

" Sweden was on the brink of a disaster. In 1835 the 

Riksdag abolished the domestic spirit stills, and within 

ten years the consumption fell to 22 liters per head. 

An eminent commission was appointed some years ago 
to study the liquor problem and provide for reduction in 
the consumption of liquors and for final prohibition. 
There is no doubt whatever that prohibition has the 
support of a vast majority of the people and is inevitable. 
In 1914 the total consumption of spirituous liquors was 
only 2,979,682 liters, compared with 5,004,642 liters for 
the year before. The decrease in 1915 has been even 
more marked. 

The present movement toward prohibition cannot be 
credited to the Gothenburg system ; it has been brought 
■i about by twenty years of temperance instruction in the 
schools, by a general propaganda of temperance education, 
by the rural and local success of prohibition, and by the 
failure of the Gothenburg system. 

SWITZERLAND— Switzerland prohibited absinthe in 
1008 by a vote of 241,078 to 138,669. The membership 
! of total abstinence organizations has increased from about 
1 6,000 in 1891 to more than 100,000 at the present time. 
j The probability is that the country will adopt a system 
I of local option in the very near future. 



TAX — The federal tax on liquors is discussed under 
! the head "Revenue." 

! TAXES AS AFFECTED BY PROHIBITION— 

; There is not a case upon record where State or local 
prohibition, enforced by honest officials, has increased the 
j tax rate even slightly, while in innumerable cases it has 
! resulted in a decreased levy. 

According to the latest volume on Wealth, Debt and 



362 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

Taxation issued by the federal government, there are only 
two States having a lower tax rate for State purposes 
than Kansas, and one of these is the prohibition State 
of West Virginia. The tax rate for each State as given 
by that volume is as follows : 

Average Tax 
Rate per 

Geographic $100 of Assessed 
Division Valuation 

and State 191 2 

Total Si .94 

New England 1 . 69 

Maine 2.16 

New Hampshire 1 . 59 

Vermont 1 . S 1 

Massachusetts ' • 7- 

Rhode Island 1 .32 

Connecticut 1 . 58 

Middle Atlantic 1 .95 

New York 1 . 99 

New Jersey i . 98 

Pennsylvania 1 .84 

East North Central 1 .88 

Ohio 1. 18 

Indiana 2.40 

Illinois 3.62 

Michigan 2.07 

Wisconsin 1 .49 

West North Central - • -3 

Minnesota 2.58 

Iowa 4.05 

380Uri 1. 91 

North Dakota 4.05 

1 Dakota 3.03 

Nehraska 4.27 

Kansas 1.20 

South Atlantic 1.57 

Delaware 1 .91 

Maryland 1-3-2 

I tistrict of Columbia 1 .50 

Virginia 1 .60 

West Virginia .86 

North Carolina 1 .34 

South Carolina 2.3- 

Georgia 2.19 

Florida 3 . 96 

East South Central 1 . 96 

Kentucky 1 .71 

Tennessee 2.26 

Alabama 1 . 76 

Mississippi 2.41 

West South Central 1.65 

Arkansas 2.48 

Louisiana 2 . 62 

Oklahoma 1 . 65 

Texas 1.30 

Mountain 3.33 

Montana 3-4 

Idaho 4-i5 

Wyoming 1 . 44 

Colorado 4.01 

New Mexico 4-73 

Arizona 3-n 

Utah 3.26 

Nevada 2.25 

Pacific 2.30 

Washington 3 . 1 

Oregon 1.89 

California 2.15 

The following figures are taken from a census bulletin 
and show the tax rate in cities between 45,000 and 60,000 
population : 

Tax Rate Per 
1,000 on 
Cities Pop. Val. Assd. 

Wichita, Kan 59,222 15-50 

Allentown. Pa 57,090 11 .40 

Springfield, 111 54,979 35 10 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 363 

Tax Rate Per 
1,000 on 

Cities Pop. Val. Assd. 

Covington, Ky 54,648 I7-5Q 

Altoona, Pa 54,45 1 20 . 00 

Pawtucket, R. 1 54,39i 14.98 

Canton, Ohio 54, 000 9.30 

Mobile, Ala 53,647 11.00 

Sacramento, Cal 53,340 16.49 

Saginaw, Mich 5-2,334 24 . 60 

Sioux City, Iowa 51,118 63.70 

Binghamton, N. Y 50,409 17.25 

Atlantic City, N. J 50,244 14.16 

Little Rock, Ark 48,710 12.00 

Springfield, Ohio 48,568 10.50 

Lancaster, Pa 48,5 1 7 1 3 . 00 

Pueblo, Colo 47,975 33-86 

New Britain, Conn 47,430 13.69 

York, Pa 47,206 1 5 . 00 

Maiden, Mass 46,805 16.47 

Berkeley, Cal 46,558 13.40 

Bay City, Mich 46,153 24.44 

Haverhill, Mass 45,665 16.46 

Topeka, Kan 45,478 13.10 

Average of cities in license States: 19.28 

The average tax rate in 376 incorporated towns of 
Kansas — including county, State, and city — is only 9.97 
on the $1,000 of assessed valuation. It further emphasizes 
the truth conveyed by the fact that the average for the 
dry cities in the above table is so far below the wet city 
average of 19.28. 

The people of Arizona were preparing to vote on 
November 3, 1914, and during the campaign Mr. G. F. 
Rinehart of Phoenix called attention to a specific case, 
showing how the liquor traffic increases taxes. Mr. James 
McKisson, now a resident of Peoria, Ariz., showed Mr. 
Rinehart a tax receipt for $20.90 on land in Kansas. This 
land had been traded for land at Peoria, Ariz., even ex- 
change of value. The tax receipt for the assessment on 
the Peoria land was $105.73, or fi ye times as much in 
wet Arizona as in dry Kansas. 

Mr. Ora R. Weed also traded 140 acres of Kansas land 
for 120 acres near Peoria, Ariz., the two lots being of 
practically the same valuation. The tax on the Kansas 
land was $17.42, and on the Arizona land $136.55. 

Arizona voted dry on November 3, 1914. 

Cities Show the Same Thing 

The same thing is true in regard to cities. In Portland, 
Ore., in 1913-14, the city tax rate was y.y, but in the very 
face of the "disastrous action" of the voters in favor of 
prohibition at the polls on November 3, 1914, the rate 
was lowered for the following year to 7.5, and the entire 
pate in Multnomah County, which contains Portland, was 
reduced from 27 mills to 22.5 mills. 

As the public debt is so closely connected with the tax 
rate, the following figures are interesting: 

Highest Per Capita Debt in Ten Wet States 

Massachusetts %22 . 78 

Arizona 1 3 • 28 

Virginia 10.46 

New York 9.05 

Rhode Island 9-02 

Louisiana 7.89 

Nevada 7-67 

Connecticut 6.12 

Alabama 5.95 

Idaho 5.92 



364 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

Every one of these States in the year mentioned, 1913, 
was wet. 

The liquor trade is an habitual tax-dodger. Seventy 
per cent of Baltimore's saloons pay no city taxes, accord- 
ing to a dry advertisement in the Baltimore News. Only 
357 of 1,196 of the city saloons were assessed on one 
cent's worth of merchandise. Especially bad conditions 
were found among the saloons owned by the brewers. 

According to the law, saloons of Baltimore should pay 
taxes on their stocks of wine, beer, and liquors, just as 
a householder pays taxes on his furniture, but they seem 
to be no more law-abiding in this respect than in others. 

Refs. — See Revenue. 

TEMPERANCE— The true definition of temperance 
would be "moderation in the use of everything good, 
abstinence from the use of everything bad." 

TEMPERANCE COMMISSION OF THE FED- 
ERAL COUNCIL OF CHURCHES OF CHRIST IN 
AMERICA — Represents thirty denominations with 17,000,- 
000 communicants. 

TEMPERANCE SOCIETY OF THE METH- ; 
ODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH— Prior to the General 
Conference of 1916 this was the name of the Board of 
Temperance, Prohibition, and Public Morals of the Meth- 
odist Episcopal Church. 

TEMPLARS OF HONOR AND TEMPERANCE— 

This was organized December 5, 1845, by members of the 
Sons of Temperance as a subsidiary society. It separated 
from that order in 1849, becoming a secret fraternal order. 
It was the first such to admit women into its membership, 
which it began to do on its separation from the Sons 
of Temperance. It also has the distinction of being the 
first temperance organization to form a boys' department, 
which it did in 1880. Its work is wholly educational. 

TEMPTATION— See Objections to Prohibition. 

i TENNESSEE — Legislature enacted prohibition effec- 
tive July 1, 1909. The law was practically ignored in 
Nashville, Memphis, and Chattanooga until passage of 
nuisance act in 1913. This legislation was reenforced in 
1915 by "Ouster" bill for removal of faithless officials and 
soft-drink stand act, resulting in enforcement in cities. 
Under Ouster law, more than a score of officials have 
been forced out of office. 

The 1917 Legislature further strengthened the law in 
many ways, including the absolute prohibition of importa- 
tion of liquor to be used as a beverage. 

Much that is misleading has been circulated in regard 
to Tennessee by the liquor interests. It is said, for in- 
stance, that this State has been ruined financially by its 
dry policy, but the State's total debt decreased from $12,- 
467,901 in 1908, the year before the prohibitory law was 
enacted, to $11,811,726 in 1912, the date of the latest 
federal figures. This is a decrease from $5.78 per capita 
to $5.32. Since 1912 the debt has been still further 
reduced. On the other hand, the total increase of ex- 
penditure for government in Tennessee during 1902-1913 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 365 

was from a little less than $11,000,000 to more than 
$24,000,000. The "State has been making wonderful im- 
provements*. The Bureau of the Census calls attention 
to the immense increase in expenditures for "the building 
of roads, the construction of free bridges, schoolhouses, 
courthouses, etc." Between 1909 and 1915 the State in- 
creased its expenditures for school purposes from one 
fourth of the net receipts to more than one third and 
doubled the sum annually appropriated for pensions to 
Confederate soldiers. 

At the present time prohibition has been accepted as a 
permanent policy by both cities and rural districts, and it 
would be reaffirmed by the people of the State, if per- 
mitted to vote, by an enormous majority. 

Refs. — See Anti-Prohibition; Crime; Insanity; Juvenile Delin- 
quency; Pauperism; Race Suicide; and Savings. 

TESTIMONY— The following - testimonies of great 
men as to the evils of drink are useful for quotation: 

The liquor trade has done more injury to England than 
war, pestilence, and famine, all combined. — William E. 
Gladstone. 

England must put a stop to the liquor traffic or it will 
put a stop to England. — John Morley. 

If sifted, nine tenths of the crime of England and 
Wales could be traced to drink. — The late Lord Chief 
Justice Alver stone of England. 

The liquor traffic is a cancer in society, eating out the 
vitals and threatening destruction. Attempts to regulate 
it will not only prove futile, but will aggravate the evil. — 
Abraham Lincoln. 

The liquor traffic is the most degrading and ruinous of 
all human pursuits. By legalizing this traffic we agree 
to share with the liquor seller the responsibilities and evils 
of his business. Every man who votes for license be- 
comes of necessity a partner to the liquor traffic and all 
its consequences. — William McKinley. 

The liquor traffic tends to produce criminality in the 
population at large and lawbreaking among the saloon 
keepers themselves. — Theodore Roosevelt. 

Had I ten million tongues and a throat for each tongue, 
I would say to every man, woman, and child here to-night, 
throw strong drink aside as you would an ounce of liquid 
hell. — Terence V. Powderly, former General Master 
Workman of the Knights of Labor. 

I believe that liquor has contributed more to the moral, 
intellectual, and material deterioration of the people and 
has brought more misery to defenseless women and chil- 
dren than any other agency in the history of mankind. — 
John Mitchell. 

The encouragement of drunkenness for the sake of the 
profit on the sale of drink is certainly one of the most 
criminal methods of assassination for money hitherto 
adopted by the bravos of any age or country — Ruskin. 

I verily believe that if strong drink could be wiped out 
of the earth to-night, humanity would wake in the morn- 
ing with more than half its sins and sorrows gone. — Hall 
Caine. 

I am a surgeon. My success depends upon my brain 
being clear, my muscles firm, and nerves steady. No one 
can take alcoholic liquor without blunting these physical 



366 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

powers which I must keep on edge. As a surgeon I must 
not drink. — Dr. Lorenz, famous Austrian Surgeon. 

The destruction of the poor is their poverty, and the 
present licensing system is the chief cause of the present- 
time poverty, debasement, and weakness of the poor.— 
John Burns, M.P., English Labor Leader. 

So far as my observation goes, drunkenness was at the ' 
bottom of all misery in workingmen's homes. Every 
dollar received in revenue from the liquor traffic costs 
the government $21.00. — Ex-U. S. Commissioner of Labor] 
C. D. W right. 

The habit of using ardent spirits by men in office has 
occasioned more injury to the public and more trouble I 
to me than all other sources. And were I to commence 
my administration again, the first question I would a^k 
respecting a candidate for office would be: "Does he use 
ardent spirits?" — Thomas Jefferson. 

Let there be an entire absence from intoxicating drinks 
thruout this country during the period of a single genera- 
tion, and a mob would be as impossible as combustion 
without oxygen. — Horace Mann. 

I have found that if the murders and manslaughters, 
the burglaries and robberies, the riots and tumults, the 
adulteries, fornications, rapes, and other enormities that 
have happened in that time [twenty years] were divided 
into five parts, four of them have been the issue and 
product of excessive drinking. — Sir Mathew Hale, Chief 
Justice of England, 1670. 

In our criminal courts we can trace four fifths of the 
crimes that are committed to the influence of rum. — Judge 
Allison, Philadelphia. 

It is the sum of villainies, the father of all crimes, the 
mother of abominations, the devil's best friend. — Robert 
G. Ingersoll. 

The deriving of vast sums for the revenue from the 
bitter sufferings and grinding pauperism of the people 
is a terrible offense. If Judas had received one thousand 
dollars instead of thirty pieces of silver, would that have 
justified his conduct? — Canon U'ilbcrforce. 

The temperance cause is the foundation of all social 
and political reform. — Richard Cobden. 

To sell rum for a living is bad enough, but for a whole 
community to share the responsibility and guilt of such 
a traffic seems a worse bargain than that of Eve or Judas. 
— Horace Greeley. 

Every year I live increases my conviction that the use 
of intoxicating drinks is a greater destroying force to 
life and virtue than all other physical evils combined. — 
Henry Ward Beecher. 

The so-called ideal saloon does not exist; it is merely 
an imagination. The decent, respectable saloon is as im- 
possible as a virgin prostitute. — Judge Art man, of Indiana. 

I am weary of saloon domination. I am weary of a 
condition of things where the man whose business it is 
to make the laws must hold his office by consent of the 
man whose business it is to break the laws. — Senator 
Carmack, of Tennessee. 

Germany has more to fear from her beer than from all 
the armie's of France.— Count von Moltke, Germany's 
Great Field Marshal. 

The fiery serpent of drink is destroying our people, and 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 367 

now they are waiting with longing eyes the uplifting of 
the remedy. — Joseph Chamberlain. 

You aft' more likely to fail in your career from acquir- 
ing the habit of drinking liquor than from any of the 
other temptations likely to assail you. I have known of 
but few exceptions to the rule. — Andrew Carnegie. 

The great cause of social crime is drink. The great 
cause of poverty is drink. I go to the gallows and ask 
its victim the cause — drink. Then I ask myself in per- 
fect wonderment, "Why do not men put a stop to this 
thing?" — Archbishop Ireland. 

Nine tenths of our poverty, squalor, vice, and crime 
spring from this poisonous tap root. Society, by its habits, 
customs, and laws, has greased the slope down which 
these poor creatures slide to perdition. — General Booth. 

As a Christian minister I oppose drink because it 
opposes me. The work I try to do, it undoes. — Bishop 
Foss. 

Leave drink alone, absolutely ! He who drinks is 
deliberately disqualifying himself for advancement. Per- 
sonallv, I refuse to take such risk. I do not drink. — 
William H. Taft. 

The average saloon is the most disreputable place in 
the community; it is a bureau of information on vice; it 
is the first place one would enter to inquire of a gambling 
hell or for a disorderly house. It is likewise the first 
place visited by the officers of the law when they are 
looking for a criminal, and the first place closed in case 
of riot and disturbance. — W . J. Bryan. 

If I could, by offering my body as a sacrifice, free this 
country from this cancer, the demon drink, I'd thank the 
Almighty for the great privilege of doing it. Tell the 
young men that General Grant does not drink a drop of 
liquor — has not for eighteen years, because he is afraid 
to drink it. Drink is the greatest curse, because practically 
all the crime and all disaster are the result of it. — General 
Fred D. Grant. 

After making what I believe was a thoro, disinterested 
study of the question, being perfectly willing to be 
convinced that alcohol is a benefit, or, within limits, is 
a benefit, or, at any rate, not an injury, I came personally 
very strongly to the conclusion, on the basis of statistics 
as well as on the basis of physiology, that alcohol, so far 
as we can observe its effects, is an evil and not a benefit. 
As soon as the effects manifest themselves they are injuri- 
ous and not beneficial. It is not what we could properly 
call a stimulant; it is a depressant. — Irving Fisher, of 
Yale. 

Our revenue may derive some unholy benefit from the 
sale of alcohol, but the entire trade is nevertheless a 
covenant with sin and death. — Lord Bacon. 

Let there be no mistake about the voice of medical 
practitioners or authorities on this matter. It is on the 
side of temperance — of extreme temperance — anything 
else is risky. — Sir B. W. Richardson, M.D. 

I never saw a city or village yet whose miseries were 
not in proportion to the number of its public houses. — 
Oliver Goldsmith. 

Intemperance is the mightiest of all the forces that clog 
the progress of good. — Buxton. 

It is absolutely impossible to have a permanent decent 



368 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

municipal government where the saloon dominates muni- 
cipal politics. The elimination of the saloon will help 
municipal politics everywhere. — Governor Hoke Smith, 
Georgia. 

While I am not a teetotaler, I am a Prohibitionist. I 
am firmly convinced that the evils produced by alcohol so 
far outweigh any of its supposed advantages as to leave 
but one logical conclusion, namely, the prohibition of the 
manufacture of alcohol for any but industrial purposes. — 
Harvey IV. Wiley, former chief of United States Bureau 
of Chemistry. 

A partial list of governors, ex-governors, and mayors 
who testify to the success of prohibition is: James Withy- 
combe, governor of Oregon ; Locke Craig, governor of 
North Carolina ; George A. Carlson, governor of Colo- 
rado ; Arthur Capper, governor of Kansas; Tom C. Rye, 
governor of Tennessee ; Henry D. Hatfield, governor of 
West Virginia; L. B. Hanna, governor of North Dakota; 
Earl Brewer, governor of Mississippi ; Lee Cruce, governor 
of Oklahoma ; Hoke Smith, governor of Georgia ; W. W. 
Bennett, mayor of Rockford, 111.; A. D. Newell, mayor 
of New Castle, Pa. ; W. J. Pierpont, mayor of Savannah, 
Ga. ; George B. Ward, mayor of Birmingham, Ala.; A. W. 
Fawcett, mayor of Tacoma, Wash. ; C. A. Fleming, mayor 
of Spokane. Wash.; Hanna, mayor of Des Moines, la.; 
Wendell D. Rockwood, mayor of Cambridge, Mass. ; Ed. 
Overholzer, mayor of Oklahoma City, Okla. ; Z. E. Cliff, 
mayor of Somerville, Mass. ; H. C. Gill, mayor of Seattle, 
Wash.; H. L. Albee, mayor of Portland, Ore.; T. L. 
Kirkpatrick, mayor of Charlotte. X. C. 

Recent memorials for national prohibition have been 
signed by almost all of the leaders of thought and activity 
in America, including among hundreds of others such 
men as Luther Burbank ; Elbert Gary, chairman of the 
United States Steel Corporation ; Darwin P. Kingsley, 
president of the New York Life Insurance Company; 
John D. Rockefeller, Jr.; F. A. Vanderlip, president of 
the National City Bank of New York; Frederick Fre- 
linghuysen, president of the Mutual Life Insurance Com- 
pany ; George W. Cable, author ; David R. Forgan, presi- 
dent of the National City Bank of Chicago; Orville 
Wright and Simon Lake, the inventors; Dr. W. J. Mayo, 
the famous surgeon ; W. J. Harahan, president of the 
Seaboard Air Line Railway Company ; Howard Elliott, 
president of the New York, New Haven & Hartford 
Railroad; John Wanamaker, the merchant; Ray Stannard 
Baker, author; P. P. Claxton, United States commissioner 
of education ; Herreshoff, famous yacht builder ; Dr. 
Haven Emerson, health commissioner of New York; 
Roger Babson, the financial authority ; Albert J. Stone, 
vice-president of the Erie Railroad ; J. M. Gruber, vice- 
president of the Great Northern Railroad ; Dr. H. W. 
Wiley, the pure food expert; Dr. Howard Kelly, the 
famous surgeon ; Miss Jane Addams ; A. W. Harris, 
president of the Harris Trust and Savings Bank of 
Chicago ; Dr. Irving Fisher, professor of Economics, Yale 
University ; Booth Tarkington, the novelist ; Dr. George 
Blumer, dean of the Medical Department, Yale Univer- 
sity; William Jennings Bryan; Professor Winfield Scott 
Hall, department of Physiology, Northwestern Univer- 
sity, Chicago ; Chancellor David Starr Jordan, of Leland 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 369 

Stanford University; Dr. J. H. Kellogg, of Battle Creek, 
Mich.; John B. "Lennon, Bloomington, 111., treasurer of 
the American Federation of Labor; E. A. Ross, of the 
University of Wisconsin, former chief of the United 
States bureau of chemistry ; Dr. W. A. Evans, health 
editor, Chicago Tribune; former governor Eugene N. 
Foss, Massachusetts ; Professor E. C. Hayes, University 
of Illinois ; Professor Jacques Loeb, New York, Rocke- 
feller Institute for Medical Research; Professor M. V. 
O'Shea, University of Wisconsin ; Dr. Dudley A. Sar- 
gent, Harvard University, director Normal School of 
Physical Training; the Rev. Charles M. Sheldon, Topeka, 
Kan. ; Dr. W\ F. Sheridan, Chicago ; Warren S. Stone, 
grand chief of the Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers, 
Cleveland ; former governor Samuel R. Van Sant, Minne- 
sota, and William Allen White, Emporia, Kan. 
Refs. — See Doctors on Drinkr 

TEXAS— Of the 252 counties in Texas, 187 are dry, a 
gain during the year of 9. Twelve counties have only 
1 wet place, nine only 2, four only 3, and five only 4. 
In the Democratic primary, July 25, 1916, the people in- 
structed the Legislature to submit a constitutional amend- 
ment for prohibition. 

( As, however, a two-thirds majority was required the 
liquor interests were able to whip the Legislature into 
line and defy the mandate of the people. An election 
was refused. 

In 191 1 the State voted dry if only the honest ballots 
had been counted. However, prohibition was defeated by 
a count of 6,000. In 1887 it had lost by 90,000. The his- 
tory of the liquor traffic in Texas is a story of almost 
unbelievable corruption. Recently the State fined one 
group of brewers more than a quarter of a million dollars 
because of their corrupt practices. 

TOPEKA— See Kansas. 

TOTAL ABSTINENCE— See Abstinence, and Pledges. 

TRAVELING MEN— "In the old days," says John D. 
Rockefeller, Jr., "when a salesman applied for a job he 
was often asked to take a drink of whisky, and, incident- 
ally, he was tested to see how much he could drink and 
hold his wits. Usually the man who could drink most 
got the job. Now all that is changed. Great corporations 
will net employ men who drink, and their emphasis is on 
total abstinence." 

The United Commercial Travelers of Kansas and Okla- 
homa, in session at Salina, Kan., gave indorsement to 'the 
Webb-Sheppard prohibition amendment bill now before 
Congress. 

TREATING — This is peculiarly an American custom, 
and undoubtedly augments the total consumption of 
liquors greatly. Measures have been proposed in various 
Legislatures and city councils to prohibit treating, but 
they are impracticable and have made no headway. 

TUBERCULOSIS— A report of the Phipps Institute 
for 1907-08, regarding tuberculosis patients, showed that 
of those patients who had been obviously harmed by 
alcohol, 29.5 per cent improved under treatment. Of 
patients who were abstainers or light drinkers r 49.2 per 
cent improved. 



37o THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

Of patients whom alcohol had obviously harmed, 21.8 
per cent died. Of patients who were abstainers or light 
drinkers, 9.9 per cent died. 

In view of this the popular superstition that whisky is 
a great aid to the consumptive appears in its true charac- 
ter as a falsehood. 

M. Henri Schmidt, deputy for the Vosges, in France, 
is responsible for a recent statement coming from that 
country that in the more sober districts of France the 
number of deaths from tuberculosis is 1.95 per 1,000. On 
the other hand, in Western France, where the consump- 
tion of alcohol is large, the proportion of deaths due to 
tuberculosis is 2.61 per 1,000; the maximum of death from 
tuberculosis — 4.54 per 1,000 — is attained by the area 
around Paris, where the influence of alcohol is joined to 
that of bad housing and exhausting conditions of life. 
Tuberculosis tends to increase in the country, particularly 
in the districts where the right of private distilling exists. 
Mr. Schmidt quotes Dr. Brunon as saying that alcohol 
is in some cases put into babies' bottles, especially in 
Normandy, where the largest number of mothers addicted 
to alcohol is found. 

Indeed, this is so well understood in Europe at the 
present time that at the International Convention on 
Tuberculosis, at Paris in 1905, the following resolution 
was passed : 

"In view of the close connection between alcoholism 
and tuberculosis, this congress strongly emphasizes the 
importance of combining the fight against tuberculosis 
with the struggle against alcoholism. 

Refs. — See Doctors on Drink; and Medical Practice. 

TURKEY— See Koran. 

UNEMPLOYMENT— See Labor and Unions. 

UNFERMENTED WINES— See Bible and Drink; 
and Communion Wines. 

UNIONS — The Committee of Fifty, in their exhaus- 
tive study of the liquor traffic, found that out of the 
unions investigated one out of every five is, by its con- 
stitution, directly opposed to the saloon, one out of every 
three is at least generally opposed to it, while only about 
25 per cent of all unions seem to have no definite policy 
in relation to the liquor traffic. 

To inquiries, answers were received as follows : 

Order of Railway Conductors — We are absolutely op- 
posed to the saloon, and it is incorporated in our laws 
that a man cannot engage in the liquor traffic and remain 
a member of this organization. 

Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen — We oppose the 
saloon to the extent that the Brotherhood will not tolerate 
a member being connected with the sale of liquor. 

United Garment Workers — Our organization is de- 
cidedly opposed to the saloon. 

International Seamen's Union — We continually enjoin 
sobriety upon our members by refusing to publish adver- 
tisements of the saloon, etc., in the official organ of the 
union. 

The Journeymen Tailors— The officers of our organiza- 
tion are decidedly opposed to the use of intoxicating 
liquors as a beverage and its general secretary adds: "I 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 371 

have not failed whenever the opportunity has presented 
itself, to declare "myself upon this question." 

The United Mine Workers of America — The officers 
of the United Aline Workers of America discourage in 
every respect saloon business. 

The constitution of the Telegraphers reads — The use 
of alcoholic liquor as a beverage shall be a sufficient cause 
for rejecting any petition for membership. 

And to crown it all. and to prove that the fight against 
the saloon is not of recent origin, in 1894 the International 
Typographical Union in its convention called for "the 
State and national destruction of the liquor traffic." 

Thos. L. Lewis, president United Mine Workers — 
If you want to know where the miners of America stand 
upon the temperance question. I'll tell you. In our con- 
stitution we have a clause which forbids any member 
to sell intoxicants even at a picnic. That's what we think 
of the liquor traffic. Some people say that the saloon is 
a necessary evil. I don't believe in that kind of doctrine. 
Because the liquor traffic tends to enslave the people, to 
make them satisfied with improper conditions, and keeps 
them ignorant, the leaders of the trades unions are called 
on to fight the saloon. 

But the Committee. of Fifty did its work many years 
ago. and since that time the sentiment against booze 
among union men has grown tremendously. 

Air. W. S. Stone, of Cleveland, Ohio, grand chief of 
the Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers, in a recent 
letter used some plain and forceful language from which 
we quote the following: "The position of the organization 
is well known. We fight the liquor evil perhaps as hard 
as any of the churches, at least." 

"The greatest curse to the labor movement has been 
the saloon, and it is high time that the labor leaders get 
together and forever divorce the trades union movement 
and the saloon influence," says the Blacksmith's Journal. 

The following miscellaneous statements indicate clearly 
what most of labor's leaders and representatives think : 

If a brewery is closed down, in its place springs up a 
factory. If a saloon is closed, in its place comes a store. 
It is simply a process well known to union men, the same 
process as follows the introduction of machinery. It 
is a readjustment, a changed condition of society. Almost 
every disturbance in the ranks of organized labor can 
be traced back to some connection with the saloon. — John 
Mitchell, Vice-President A. F. L. 

If the workers could solve the problem of the drink 
traffic, they could put an end to all the social troubles 
behind it. — Mr. Vcrran, Prime Minister {Labor Party), 
South Australia. 

Every friend of the workingman will vote against the 
saloon every time he gets a chance, and to close it up, not 
only on Sunday, but upon every day of the week. — P. M. 
Arthur, former President of the Brotherhood of Loco- 
motive Engineers. 

The tavern thruout the centuries has been the ante- 
chamber of the workhouse, the chapel of ease to the 
asylum, the recruiting station for the hospital, the ren- 
dezvous of the gambler, the gathering ground for the jail. 
Alcohol pollutes whatever it touches. It enervates where 
it does not enslave. It destroys slowly what it does not 



372 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

degrade quickly. For the individual it is a malignant 
disease, for the community it is a murrain, for the nation 
it becomes a self-inflicted obstacle to all phases of their 
progress. — John Burns, M.P., L.C.C., in his Lees and 
Raper Memorial Lecture, Labor and Drink. 

I have been criticized for my fight against the saloon, 
but I give notice here and now that I will fight the traffic 
as long as the saloon opposes the interests of the people. 
Too many men and women are going downstream to 
degradation for me to keep silent. To the trades unionist 
there is no redeeming feature in the saloon. Go any- 
where where its influence is felt and you see the demorali- 
zation it brings. We are fighting for social well-being, 
civic benefits, and moral uplift. Never a foul plot is 
organized to injure public rights and social well-being but 
the saloon is used for the job. — John B. Lcnnon, Treas- 
urer, American Federation of Labor. 

Because the liquor traffic tends to enslave the people, 
to make them satisfied with improper conditions, and 
keeps them ignorant, the leaders of the trades-union 
movement are called on to fight the saloon. — Tom L. 
Lezi'is, President United Mine Workers' Union. 

I know that I am right ; I know that in refusing to 
even touch a drop of strong drink I was. and am, right. 
In refusing to treat another to that which I do not believe 
to be good for my gel f to drink, I know I am right. In 
refusing to associate with men who get drunk. I know 
I am right. In not allowing a rum-seller to gain admit- 
tance into the Order of the Knights of Labor, I know 
that I was right. In advising our assemblies not to rent 
halls or meeting rooms over drinking places, I know that 
I was right. I have done this from the day my voice 
was first heard in the council halls of our order. — Terence 
V. Powderly, former General Master Workman of the 
Knights of Labor. 

In various ways on many occasions the evil influence 
of the saloon has been recognized and pointed out by the 
labor unions of the United States. While the liquor in- 
terests have sought to convey the impression that there 
was some common interest between trade unionism and 
the manufacture and sale of intoxicants, this suggestion 
is repelled on every occasion when the matter is presented 
to the labor men in its true light and when the malign 
purpose of the liquor interests is exposed to view. I have 
no sympathy with the statement, so often made, that the 
manufacture and sale of liquor has contributed to the in- 
dustrial development of the nation. On the contrary I 
believe that liquor has contributed more to the moral, 
intellectual, and material deterioration of the people and 
has brought more misery to defenseless women_ and chil- 
dren than has any other agency in the history of mankind. 
— John Mitchell, Vice-President America)! Federation of 
Labor, in a letter to the Very Rev. James E. Cassiday, 
Fall Rizcr, Mass., dated December 8, 1909. 

The Effect of Prohibition 

Especially emphatic in their support of prohibition are 
union labor men in prohibition territory, for they have 
had an opportunity to judge the effect of banishing the 
saloon : 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 373 

Union labor men of Denver, Colorado, are satisfied with 
prohibition. Prohibition went into effect in that State 
January >i, 1916, and the organized labor movement has 
had a tremendous growth since that time. 

Clint C. Houston, editor of the Denver Labor News, 
official organ of union labor in Colorado, wrote that "If 
the trade unionists of Detroit and of Michigan want to 
better their condition morally and financially from 50 to 
75 per cent, they will vote dry at the coming election." 

Chester J. Common, president of the Building Trades 
Council of Denver, in a letter dated Oct. 23, says : "I 
am frank to say I voted against the prohibition movement, 
thinking it would hurt business in a general way. Organ- 
ized labor in Colorado is in better shape than it has been 
for years. Our members are better fed, better clothed, 
and have more money in the banks than at any time since 
I have been in Colorado — fourteen years." 

William C. Thornton, president of the Denver Trades 
and Labor Assembly, also states that he voted against 
prohibition. "I venture to assert," says Mr. Thornton, 
"outside of the old saloon interests, you couldn't muster a 
corporal's guard in the labor movement of Denver to-day, 
who would assert that they were in favor of the return 
of the saloon." 

The strongest indorsement of the prohibition law in 
Colorado comes from Otto F. Thum, the first president 
of the Colorado Federation of Labor and nationally known 
in trade union circles. Mr. Thum says that prohibition 
has strengthened organized labor in that State, and that 
it is in better condition to-day than ever before. 

"Brewers and malsters," writes Mr. Thum, "have suf- 
fered loss in their trade, but the other departments of the 
brewery workers are still intact — bottlers, drivers, engine- 
men, and stablemen. These are all thriving. 

"But, to the surprise of all, the cigarmakers have more 
members at work in Denver now than at any other time. 
Barbers have more members employed than ever before. 

"The movies are the greatest beneficiaries, and we have 
one of the strongest movie operators' unions in the whole 
country. The musicians feared they would suffer the loss 
of the cabaret. But they are more* than compensated by 
the gain in the movies, where they are much more numer- 
ously employed under vastly better conditions than in the 
saloons. The milk business has grown beyond compre- 
hension, and we expect to organize these in the near 
future. 

"In Denver we have been for many years trying to get 
the boys to build a labor temple, but were always thrown 
down by a sinister influence — the saloons. We have 108 
unions in Denver and they meet in 28 different buildings. 
The saloons saw to it that we were not bunched in a labor 
temple. But now that we are well rid of the saloons we 
are able to get together, and in a very short time we will 
have a labor temple to cost about $125,000." 

Mr. Thum's high standing in the American labor move- 
ment stamps the above testimony as absolutely reliable. 

J. W. Sanford, Colorado organizer for the Cigarmakers' 
Union, reporting for his trade to the Denver Labor Bul- 
letin, says : "Reports from East and West are to the effect 
that there are very few cigarmakers out of work; how- 
ever, the readjustment of bills of prices in some localities, 



374 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

especially in the Eastern country, has made it necessary 
for our members to keep close watch on the situation." 

The Denver Labor Bulletin, in a recent issue, says that 
the musicians in that city have secured a wage increase of 
$5 per week. In view of the wets' claim that "musicians 
in Denver are walking the streets seeking employment," 
this is significant. Certainly there cannot be a surplus 
of labor among musicians when it is possible for {hem 
to force an increase of $5 per week. 

The correspondent of the Machinists' Union reports 
that "Machinists' Union No. 47 moved next door in the 
Florence building into larger and more convenient quar- 
ters." Evidently, the Machinists' Union is not suffering 
loss of members on account of prohibition in Colorado. 

Since prohibition went into effect Denver bricklayers 
have increased their wages from $6 to $7 per day. 

Wages Going Up 

Carpenters in Denver have succeeded in securing the 
first wage agreement with the contractors in that city 
for a number of years. It provides for an increase of 
five cents per hour — 40 cents a day — the eight-hour day, 
and Saturday half holiday. 

The Building Trades' correspondent boasts that a new 
quarter-million-dollar mill is to be erected at Brighton, 
in which union labor will be employed in every branch 
of the work. It is the first sugar plant in Colorado to 
be erected exclusively by union labor. 

The lathers have increased their wages from $4 to $5 
per day — eight hours at that — since Denver went dry. 

In July of this year Mr. E. R. Hoage, organizer for the 
American Federation of Labor in Colorado, sent in to 
headquarters his official report of conditions *in his State. 
Here is what Mr. Hoage said: "Organized labor is in 
better condition than it has been for years.*' 

Experience in Louisiana 

Tom J. Greer, president of the Louisiana Federation 
of Labor, says, "Since the influence of the liquor traffic 
has been removed from union politics we have been able 
to organize successfully in Shreveport." 

The following facts show what Shreveport labor has 
done since the town went dry in 1908: 

Membership in trade unions has increased from 1,800 
to 3,700. 

Home owners among union men have increased 40 per 
cent since Shreveport went dry. 

Carpenters receive 55 cents per hour, and are able to 
work 12 months in the year. In that town of 20,000 white 
people the Carpenters' Union has increased its membership 
from 65 to 375 since the town went dry. 

Painters, when Shreveport was wet, had 35 members, 
10-hour day, and the scale was $2.75 per day. To-day the 
Painters' Union has 145 members, an 8-hour day, and 55 
cents an hour, or $4.40 per day. 

Barbers have shortened their hours of labor, raised 
w T ages continuously, and have a 100 per cent organization 
since Shreveport went dry. 

A brewery under the wet regime employed six nonunion 
brewery workers. In dry Shreveport this brewery has 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 375 

been turned into .an ice factory, which employs 40 union 
icemakers. 

The wa^e scale in Shreveport compares favorably with 
any city in the country. Xew Orleans, south of Shreve- 
port, has 2,700 saloons and the lowest wage scale in the 
country. If saloons help organized labor why isn't New 
Orleans an organized town ? 

Still, labor's wet friends try to tell us that a dry town 
is detrimental to union labor, and that it throws men 
out of jobs. 

There's just one thing wrong with that "argument": it 
isn't true. 

The Central Labor Council of Seattle, Washington, in a 
series of jocose resolutions, burlesqued the claim of the 
liquor interests that prohibition would throw laboring men 
out of employment. The resolution, after the usual 
"whereases," reads : 

Resolzcd. therefore, that we, the delegates to the Central Labor 
Council of Seattle, are opposed to any move that has as its purpose 
the bringing about of universal peace until such time as the Con- 
gress of the United States provides some means for steady employ- 
ment of the thousands of persons who would be thrown out of their 
jobs if universal peace were established, and we hereby condemn 
any individual, organization, newspaper or magazine which advo- 
cates universal peace. 

The resolution was offered while the Council was con- 
sidering an effort of the wets to secure their indorsement. 

An investigation in Washington, D. C, revealed the fact 
that out of 280 retail and 94 wholesale liquor shops in 
that city, only 53 of them employed union bartenders. 

Refs. — See Labor. 

UNITED KINGDOM ALLIANCE— The organiza- 
zation in England which corresponds to the Anti-Saloon 
League in America. 

Refs. — See Great Britain. 

UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT— See Federal 
Government and the Liquor Traffic. 

UNITED STATES TEMPERANCE UNION— See 

American Temperance Society. 

UNWRITTEN LAW— Lord Coke once said, "The rea- 
son of the law is the life of the law; and, if a man know 
law and know not the reason thereof, he will soon forget 
his superficial knowledge." This means that a knowledge 
of the fundamental principle and purpose oi law is a 
safer guide than the committing of specific enactments. 
This harmonizes with Paul's great statement that "The 
letter killeth, but the spirit giveth life." The purpose of 
law is to preserve order and protect human rights of life, 
property, fame, and family. Whatever subverts this 
principle is unlawful. Whatever helps it is in harmony 
with the principle of law. Accordingly, Blackstone 
affirms: "If a judge is sworn to administer a specific law, 
and it can be shown that that law contravenes the law 
of God or the law of nature, his oath binds him to set 
aside that law, not on the ground that it is bad law, but 
on the ground that it is not law; for if the object of 
the lawmaker was to confine his law to the law of God, 
if he made a mistake, it is only like a clerical mistake, 
so that in setting aside his law, the judge carries out his 
intention." 



376 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

It is perfectly in harmony with this statement that in 
all civilized nations and thru all past time a man has 
been regarded as the natural protector of his home, his 
wife, his sister, and his daughter. It has, therefore, been 
recognized that when the good name of either was at 
stake, it was not unmanly for a natural protector to 
defend her, if necessary, with his life; and it speaks well 
for American manhood that a jury cannot be found that 
will convict a man of murder who thus defends his own 
household. 

When Jesus said, "If the goodman of the house had 
known what hour the thief would come, he would . . . 
not have suffered his house to be broken thru," he was 
giving expression to the universally recognized truth that 
when a house is attacked, a man does not have to call 
an officer, but is himself the natural protector of his own 
domicile. Civilization has accepted this idea of Jesus 
as a fundamental, legal axiom ; but it has a wider signifi- 
cance than men are accustomed to give it. and is the 
nucleus of unwritten law governing Christian civilization. 

This unwritten law, instead of being a retrograde 
movement, is strongest among the most highly civilized. 
The statutes covering criminal jurisprudence are all man- 
made, and even our constitutions were all made by bodies 
of delegated men; but the unwritten law is the law of 
nature and, therefore, the law of God. Any laws or - 
sentiments in conflict with it must be lower laws, for 
there can be none higher. While the Thaw trial was 
filling the public mind with filth and the unwritten law 
was being frowned out of court, a case occurred in Port- 
land, Ore., where a young man betrayed a girl to her 
ruin and failed to fulfill his promise of marriage. The 
girl's brother, walking to the home, shot his sister's be- 
trayer and reported the case himself to the courts. A 
brief trial resulted in his acquittal with twenty minutes 
deliberation of the jury. He had come into the court 
with clean hands and was in this far different from Thaw. 
He neither lost his standing in the community, nor in the 
courts, nor in his church. There are many young men, 
who with the wiles of a serpent, entwine themselves about 
the affections of innocent young women, and with any 
kind of promise of marriage, work their ruin. Such men 
have no fear of any of our written laws, but when it is 
known that they must face the wrath of the community 
and risk the vengeance of father or brother or friend, 
the effect will be salutary, and any man who plans to ruin 
virtue and who pushes frail and trembling innocence off 
the steep precipice to infamy ought to die. 

It will be a great day for civilization, for morality and 
for religion, when it is known that there is manhood 
enough to put this sentence into execution. The law of 
self-defense is universally recognized ; and the Saviour 
quoted with approval Adam's reference to his wife. "This 
is now bone of my bones, and flesh of my flesh. . . . 
Therefore shall a man leave his father and his mother, 
and shall cleave unto his wife" (Gen. 2. 23, 24). One has 
the same right to protect his wife as himself, and that 
without the assistance of any officer, police, or court; and 
it may be that his daughter or his sister may have an 
equal claim as the subject of his protection. 

C T. W. 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 377 

UTAH — Under^prohibition by legislative act of Febru- 
ary, 1917^, 

Refs. — See Anti-Prohibition; Crime; Insanity; Juvenile Delin- 
quency; Pauperism; Race Suicide; and Savings. 

VERMONT — Under local option law adopted in 1903. 
At March, 1916, elections, 23 towns voted license; 225 
no-license, a gain of 17. Total aggregate dry majority 
10,932, but State prohibition was defeated by 13,500. 

VICE — "The committee finds that the chief direct cause 
of the downfall of women and girls is the close connec- 
tion between alcoholic drink and commercialized vice," 
says the report of the Wisconsin Legislative Committee 
appointed to investigate vice. 

The close and vital relation of the saloon and the traffic 
in liquors to the trade in vicious service has been estab- 
lished beyond all controversy by the reports of such 
responsible bodies as the Chicago Vice Commission, which 
was made up of Chicago's most eminent citizens, the 
Minneapolis Commission, the Philadelphia Commission, 
etc. 

"In the commission's investigations of the social evil," 
says the report of the Chicago Commission, "it found the 
most conspicuous and important element next to the house 
of prostitution itself was the saloon and the most impor- 
tant financial interest — the liquor interest. As a contribu- 
tory influence to immorality there is no other interest so 
dangerous. Many of the disorderly saloons are under the 
control of the brewery companies, which have gone on 
record as opposed to the sale of liquors in connection 
with prostitution." 

The research of the Chicago Commission included an 
investigation of 445 saloons. "No less than 236 of these 
saloons," to quote Dean Sumner, head of the commission, 
"were nothing but houses of prostitution, and in the 
majority of cases their licenses were held by brewery 
concerns. In 445 saloons investigated there were counted 
928 prostitutes." 

Children, girls whose innocence yet followed hard 

upon their shame, tiny boys and even babies, messengers 

far under age, and half-frightened countrymen were 

found in practically every saloon, while drunken women, 

short-skirted and blear-eyed, with sin and disease written 

strong upon their faces, lolled beside them and drank 

imitation drinks for which exorbitant prices had been 

charged. Indecent exposures of the person and almost 

unbelievable community freedom were prevalent in saloons 

of apparent exterior respectability. 

The report of the Vice Commission reveals conclusively 

I that wayward girls are brought to their ruin almost 

! exclusively thru alcoholic drinks. Does the tired working 

' girl seek recreation in the dance, sooner or later she must 

1 yield to the temptation to drink, and then — her future is 

j settled for all time. Does the girl beset with poverty seek 

"the easiest way"? She goes to the nearest saloon, where 

i she is met with smiles and flattery and put to work to add 

I to the bar's receipts. 

The Saloon and Schools 

In numerous instances the Chicago investigators found 
; foul saloons located in proximity to schools. At one place 



378 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

only thirty-two steps separated a school which was daily 
filled with innocent children and a saloon in which the 
investigator found eighteen prostitutes drinking at one , 
time. Five of these women invited the visitor to partici- 
pate in immoral deeds. Every effort to secure the revoca- 
tion of the license was in vain. 

The saloon pays the prostitute's fines and bails her out 
when arrested, and she returns the favor by confining 
her activities to the saloon of her "protector." 

The investigators found beer on sale at practically every 
house of prostitution, kept not in the ice box, but in 
various filthy out-of-the-way places, because the sale of , 
liquors in such places was prohibited in Chicago. Who 
supplied the beer? Not the brewers, of course, for they 
are honorable men and will yet "down the dive." 

A "Want Ad" clipped recently from the Chicago Trib- 
une sets forth clearly, indeed, the relationship of the' 
saloon and vice. It reads : 

SALOON AND LICENSE— SOUTH ; AVER- 
ages $60 a day receipts ; has 25 furnished rooms ; 
cheap rent; will sell cheap; good transfer corner; 
established over 26 years. See COGAN, 118 No. 
La Salle St. 

Note that it says "twenty-five furnished rooms." Good 
business there, no doubt. This is one of the ideal saloons 
the license system promotes. 

English Experience 

There are three outstanding facts in the report of the 
English Royal Commission appointed to study the rela-, 
tion of alcoholic liquors to venereal diseases : 

First — That alcoholic liquor by weakening self-control, 
is the most important factor in aggravating social vice 
conditions; that the drinker is peculiarly liable to yield 
to temptations which otherwise might be resisted. One 
physician reports that out of thousands of cases, he had 
found 80 per cent had acquired such diseases while under 
the influence of liquor. 

Second — Alcohol makes the treatment of these diseases 
so difficult that most physicians require their patients to 
absolutely abstain during the period of medication. 

Third — That all cases in which bad results followed 
the administration of powerful remedial drugs were alco- 
holic. The report abundantly confirms the observations 
by physicians generally. 

Alcoholic liquors complicate and render more difficult 
the treatment and retard recovery in practically all dis- t 
eases — a fact which explains the high death rate among 
drinkers. 

Said Sir Victor Horsley, M.D. : "A person addicted , 
to alcohol is much more vulnerable to syphilis. A great = 
number of individuals become infected with venereal 
diseases simply because they are intoxicated. A man 
under the influence of alcohol becomes immoral." 

Dr. McAdam Eccles says : "I have been astonished at 
the number of patients who became infected with syphilis 
while under the influence of alcohol. It is certainly over 
75 per cent. A person who is actually affected by alcohol 
is in a state of low resistance to any virus." 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 379 

The Folly of Segregation 

That thare is no profit to the public in a partnership 
with vice is the outstanding fact in Abraham Flexner's 
report to the Rockefeller Bureau of Social Hygiene on 
conditions in Europe: 

"Police records show there is a more or less constant 
quantity of burglary in every city. Your hopeful theorist 
might say : 'Since we are bound to have about so much 
burglary anyway, why not license our burglars, make 
them report periodically to the police and put them under 
bonds not to murder anybody while burgling? Thus, by 
restricting the number of licenses we shall be able to keep 
burglary down to the irreducible minimum, and shall be 
sure that tho citizens are robbed they will not be killed.' 

"That might have a plausible sound, but experience 
would show that under such a system you would have 
your licensed burglars and then just as many unlicensed 
ones as there were before the system was adopted. 

"So, on a more or less plausible theory that the social 
evil might be kept down to an irreducible minimum 
and the spread of disease prevented, a system of licensing, 
with medical examination and police regulation, was very 
general in Europe a dozen years ago. 

"Mr. Flexner's report shows clearly that this system 
has everywhere broken down, and is now either aban- 
doned or in the way of being abandoned. It did not in 
the least keep the social evil within set bounds. It did 
not in the least prevent the spread of disease. There was 
the licensed vice and then an equal or greater quantity 
of unlicensed vice. By its policy of tolerating organized, 
established, advertised vice the licensing city merely got 
dirty hands and more vice than before. 

"No profane law can prevent vice, but any profane law 
i or ordinance that expressly or by implication sanctions it 
— as by licensing, segregation, and the like — will probably 
do much more harm than good." 

That the wiping out of Chicago's segregated districts 
has resulted in 15,000 fewer cases of disease is the con- 
clusion reached by Mr. Wirt Hallam, secretary of the 
Illinois Vigilance Committee. Mr. Hallam asserts that 
there were 80,000 known cases of venereal diseases in 
Chicago in 1910, and that at the present time, after the 
segregated districts have been abolished, but when much 
vice is still in existence, the number has been reduced to 
65,000 cases. 

Mr. Hallam declares that only three cities in the United 
States have adequate records in regard to vicious diseases. 

"The best records," he says, "have been made in Syra- 
cuse, New York. 

"In that city letters were sent to 265 physicians. Their 
replies indicate that Syracuse has less disease from vice 
now than it had when a census was taken by the same 
people in the same city when the vice district was open. 

Shows Effect of Closing 

"The records show that Syracuse had 26 cases to the 
1,000 of infection after the closing of the district, and 
32 cases to the 1.000 before the closing. Seventy-six per 
cent of all the persons infected were men and 24 per cent 
women. 



3 8o THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

"Since the closing of the district, gonorrhea shows a 
decrease of 7 per cent, while syphilis shows a decrease 
of 37 per cent. This would indicate that syphilis is a 
disease of the tolerated houses, while gonorrhea is a dis- 
ease of the streets." 

Forel, a scientist of high rank, found 75 per cent of 211 
cases of vicious disease due to drink. Forty-seven per 
cent, however, were only in "a state of slight exhilara- 
tion" when they became infected. 

According to the 1909 report of the inspector under 
the inebriate acts (Great Britain), of 865 immoral women 
in British reformatories, 40 per cent" of the immorality 
was found to be due solely to drink. 

Refs. — See Prostitution. 

VINOUS LIQUORS— Alcoholic drinks produced by 
fermentation from any vegetable products other than 
grain are called vinous liquors. (See Alcoholic Bever- 
ages.) 

VIRGINIA — State prohibition approved by people in 
autumn of 1914 and enacted by Legislature in February, 
1916, went into effect November 1, 1916. Enforcement 
under State prohibition commissioner. 

In November, the first "dry" month in Virginia, there 
were 1,554 fewer commitments to jails in the cities and 
counties in the State than in October, the last month of 
the "wet" regime. The figures compiled from reports 
received from every county in the State and all the cities, 
except Hopewell, by the State Board of Charities and 
Corrections show that the total number of prisoners com- 
mitted to jail in October was 3,134, and in November, 
1.580. 

The following comparison of arrests in Richmond was 
compiled by the Richmond Virginian . 

Oct., 1 91 6 Nov., 1916 Nov., 191 j 

Arrests for drunkenness 109 62 100 

Drunk and disorderly 98 16 81 

Selling liquor without license 6 17 

Selling liquor to minors .. .. 2 

Violating prohibition act -"9 

Totals 213 107 200 

Arrests For All Offenses 

October, 191 6 1,163 

November, 191 6 634 

November, 1915..... 959 

The Richmond Virginian also secured the following 
statements from heads of police departments in various 
Virginia cities : 

Chief of Police C. G. Kizer, of Norfolk, writes : 

"In compliance with your request of the 28th instant 
I beg to hand you herewith statistics in tabulated fonr 
giving the number of arrests made in November. 1915 
for all offenses and the number for drunkenness and foi 
disorderly conduct separately, also the same informatior 
for the present month to 2 p. m. of this date (Novembei 
29): 

"Total number arrests in November, 1915, 857; tota 
number arrests November, 1916, 546. 

"Number arrests for drunkenness November, 1915, 155 : 
number arrests for drunkenness November, 1916, 19. 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 381 

"Number arrests disorderly conduct November, 1915, 
85 ; number disorderly conduct November, 1916, 16. 

"Should* there be any additions to this number will 
wire same as requested to-morrow." 

Remarkable Transformation 

From Portsmouth Chief J. M. Broughton writes, telling 
of the marvelous transformation in that city. He says: 

"Your letter of the 28th inst., in reference to the num- 
i bers of arrests to hand : 

"We had 36 drunks and 8 drunk and disorderly in 
November, 1915, and in November, 1916, 4 drunks and 2 
drunk and disorderly. 

"The change in this city has proven to be wonderful. I 
believe that 50 per cent of the voters that voted the wet 
ticket would vote a dry ticket to-day." 

Petersburg's Miracle 

Probably one of the most remarkable of all the reports 
submitted is that of Chief R. F. Ragland, of Petersburg. 
J Chief Ragland writes: 

"In compliance with your request, you will find number 
of arrests for November, 1915; also for November, 1916: 
November, 191 5 — total arrests, 785; drunks, 439. Novem- 
ber, 1916 — Drunks, 26; total arrests, 128. 

"May the good work continue. We have been very 
! much relieved since November 1." 

And Still They Come 

Chief T. A. Mitchell, of the seaport town of Newport 
'! News, writes : 

"Replying to your favor of yesterday regarding number 
of arrests for drunks, beg to advise that our records show 
the following: November, 1915 — Drunk, 82; disorderly, 
106. November, 1916 — Drunk, 8 ; disorderly, 22." 

Great Reduction in Danville 

Chief J. R. Bell, of Danville, writes : 

"In reply to your request as to the number of arrests 
for drunk and drunk and disorderly in November, 1915, 
our records show: Drunks, 43; drunk and disorderly, 11. 
For November, 1916: Drunks, 13 ; drunk and -disorderly, 3." 

Refs. — See Anti-Prohibition; Crime; Insanity; Juvenile Delin- 
quency; Pauperism; Race Suicide; and Savings. 

WAR — Below we give a calendar of antialcohol action 
in Europe since the outbreak of war: 

France 

August, 1914. A few days after the outbreak of war 
the military governors of Paris and Lyons prohibited the 
sale of absinthe in their territory. 

On August 16 the French government enjoined prefects 
to take the same step in their departments. 

February 12, 1915. The president of the French Re- 
public issued a decree prohibiting the sale of absinthe 
thruout France. 

The French Chamber of Deputies, by 481 votes to 52, 
passed a bill suppressing for all time the manufacture, 
sale, and exportation of absinthe. "Similar drinks" to 



382 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

absinthe were also prohibited. The Senate ratified the 
measure. 

April. General Joffre forbade the sale of spirits to the 
French army in the war zone. 

June. General Goiran forbade the sale of spirits to 
the soldiers of the French, British, and Belgian armies in 
Normandy. 

July. General Gallieni, military governor of Paris, for- 
bade the sale of spirits to the troops in the Paris com- 
mand. 

October. The sale of liquor before noon forbidden and 
sale to women and children prohibited. Right of private 
manufacture of alcoholic liquors repealed. 

"Tho evident drunkenness is unusual in France," says 
Arno Dosch, "in certain parts of the country the workmen 
are never thoroly sober. They are always under the false 
stimulation of alcohol." 

Russia 

July 31, 1914. By order of the Czar "all wine shops, 
beer saloons, and government vodka shops were closed" 
during mobilization. The order prohibited, during this 
period, the sale of all intoxicants, except in first-class 
hotels and restaurants. 

September 16. A further order prohibited the sale of 
vodka and all spirits until the end of the war. 

October 11. The Czar, in answer to a great petition 
from the Russian people asking that the prohibition of 
the State sale of vodka should be made permanent, said, 
"I have decided to prohibit forever in Russia the govern- 
ment sale of vodka." 

October 23. Local government bodies thruout Russia 
were empowered to petition for the prohibition of the: 
sale of all strong drinks. 

This power of petition has been freely used. Petitions 
have usually been granted, so that in most of the principal c 
cities the sale of wines* and beer has been severely re- 
stricted or prohibited. 

News reports state that in 1917 the revolutionary gov- 
ernment somewhat modified the character of prohibition 
in order to provide for the sale of light wines in cities. 

The Russian government acquired the business of sell- 
ing vodka in 1894. On February 10, 1915, M. Kharitonov, 
the Russian treasury controller, said in the Duma : "Russia 
has entered the path of resolute conflict with the ancient 
national curse, intemperance, which weakened the will, 
strength, and enterprise of the population, and destroyed 
its well-being." On January 30, 1914, the Czar had sent 
an historic letter to M. Barck, the new minister of finance, «j 
in which he said, "It is not meet that the welfare of then 
exchequer should be dependent upon the ruin of the 
spiritual and productive energies of numbers of my loyal 
subjects." 

Because of prohibition, Russia was able to complete 
her initial mobilization in sixteen days instead of a month, 
and was actually under way weeks in advance of the day 
that either Germany or Austria had counted on. In 
August, 1915, Professor Pares, the official British eyewit- 
ness with the Russian forces, said, "I can state with cer- 
tainty that there is not one case of drunkenness in the 
whole Russian army." 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 383 

In 1913 the state savings banks of Russia showed sav- 
ings of 38,600,000 rubles, or about half that sum in dollars. 
In 1914 the amount was 95,300,000 rubles. In the first 
four months only of 1915 the amount was 198,900,000 
rubles. The increase was evidently due to prohibition. 

Germany 
It is known that : 

(1) During the first period of mobilization (that is, 
i until August 11, 1914) the sale of alcohol was forbidden 
j in German towns. There were wild scenes of intoxication 
i when the order was withdrawn. 

(2) The sale of spirits to soldiers in uniform has been 
I prohibited in certain areas. 

(3) For economic reasons local authorities were given 
power in March, 191 5, to limit the supply and sale of 
spirits. 

(4) The quantity of beer which can be brewed thruout 
the German empire has been limited to 40 per cent of 
the average output, so as to preserve barley for bread. 

Great Britain 

August 12, 1914. Powers were given to the naval and 
military authorities to close at any time licensed premises 
in or near a fortified place. 

August 31. Intoxicating liquor (temporary restriction) 
act became law. 

November 18. War tax on beer. 

February 28, 1915. Mr. Lloyd-George, as chancellor of 
the exchequer, stated at Bangor that war work was being 
delayed by the drinking habits of a minority of the 
workers. "Drink is doing us more damage in the war 
than all the German submarines put together," he said. 

March 17. Mr. Lloyd-George told a Conference of 
Trade Union representatives — convened at the request of 
the government — that drinking habits were "gravely inter- 
fering" with the output and transport of munitions of 
war. 

March 26. The executive of the Transport Workers' 
Federation, "in the interests of national well-being," urged 
the government "to take immediate decisive, action to 
reduce the results of intemperance to a minimum." 

March 29. A deputation from the Shipbuilding Em- 
ployers' Federation waited on the chancellor and urged 
"the total prohibition during the period of the war of the 
sale of excisable liquors." Mr. Lloyd-George said in 
reply, "Nothing but root-and-branch methods will be of 
the slightest avail in dealing with this evil. I am per- 
mitted to say that the king is very deeply concerned on 
this very question." 

March 30. Lord Stamfordham wrote in the king's name 
to the chancellor expressing deep concern at the delay, 
"without doubt largely due to drink," in the output and 
transport of munitions. "The king will be prepared," 
he added, "to set the example by giving up all alcoholic 
liquor himself, and issuing orders against its consumption 
in the royal household, so that no difference shall be made 
so far as his Majesty is concerned between the treatment 
of the rich and poor in this question." 

April 29. The Government Drink Bill introduced. 

May 2. An official return published, setting out the 



384 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

evidence of delays, attributed to drink, in the output and: 
transport of munitions. 

May 7. The proposed heavy taxes on liquor withdrawn, 
in face of the opposition of the liquor trade. 

May 19. The proposals for complete state control of 
the liquor traffic in war work areas became a law. 

May 26. A Central Control Board appointed to exercise 
the new powers of the state in war-work areas. 

June 10. Powers of the Central Control Board an- 
nounced. These powers permit the Board to deal with 
the liquor situation in war-work areas absolutely as ma> 
seem best to them. 

In 1917 Lord Devonport, food controller, reduced th< 
amount of beer which might be produced to io,ooo,oo( 
barrels, a reduction of 65 per cent. 

On March 29, 191 5, the Hon. David Lloyd-George mad< 
his famous statement : "We are fighting Germany, Aus- 
tria, and Drink, and as far as I can see the greatest o: 
these three deadly foes is Drink." Lord Kitchener warnec 
the expeditionary force against wine and temperanc* 
propaganda movements have been numerous and vigorous 
The majority of the leading military and naval men an 
setting an example of total abstinence. 

It has been well said that in Great Britain it was tin 
normal drink evil which was suddenly seen to be a grea 
menace to national safety and welfare. Drinking wa: 
not abnormal after the outbreak of war. The estimatec 
national drink bill for 1914 was $10,000,000 less than fo- 
1913. Strong drink, not in exceptional quantities, but a: 
Great Britain had used itself to liquor, was threatening 
the life of the nation. 

Roumania 

Roumania inaugurated prohibition immediately upoi 
the outbreak of war, but as the policy had not been ii 
force during the preparatory days, she had no time to 
show its workings. 

The United States 

This book is published too soon after the entry of th' 
United States into the war to record its anti-liquor action 
but war-time prohibition seems to be inevitable. 

Neutral Countries 

In Denmark the sale of liquor to soldiers in certah 
districts has been prohibited and the manufacture o 
alcohol from potatoes and various kinds of corn for 
bidden. 

In Norway steps were taken to curtail the consumptioi 
of liquors, and prohibition is at the present time a politica 
issue. 

In Sweden the measures taken resulted in decreasinj 
the consumption of liquor by half. Eventual prohibitioi 
is certain. 

In Switzerland the Federal Council prohibited the usl 
of grain and potatoes in the making of spirits. 

General Birdwood, before the departure for France o 
the heroic Anzacs, warned them of drink in these words: 

"Against drink I wish particularly to warn you. I im 
plore you to take hold of yourselves, and in the case o 
everv "one of you to absolutely make up your mind t< 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 385 

determine for yourselves that you will not give way to it, 
remembering that the honor of Australia and New Zealand 
is in your > keeping." 

Dr. C. W. Saleeby, F.R.C.S., F.R.S., one of the most 
eminent physicians of Great Britain, issued a statement 
declaring that during every year of peace alcohol takes in 
lives three fourths of the toll exacted by the first year 
of the great war, that it makes 45,445 widows and orphans 
in England and Wales every year, and that, as a "racial 
poison," an ally to syphilis, its trail is over the whole 
colossal loss of life before and soon after birth. This, 
he estimates, is not less than 200,000 annually. He says : 

"The first year of the great war cost us about 80,000 fine 
lives of our soldiers and sailors. 

"But during every year of peace, alcohol takes at least 
60,000 lives in this country. On the most moderate reckon- 
ing it is responsible for one seventh, or about 14 per cent, 
of the whole death rate. This toll of over 1,000 lives a 
week, year in and year out, is three fourths of the toll 
exacted by the greatest war in history. 

"Estimating from the average size of a family and the 
known death rate from alcohol, we find that this destroyer 
of the people, by its destruction of husbands and fathers, 
makes 45,445 widows and orphans in England and Wales 
every year, or over 124 every day. These figures are an 
understatement, for they do not recognize the fact that 
the mortality due to alcohol is really much higher among 
men than women. 

"We have in this country an infant mortality of about 
100,000 per annum, and a mortality of infants before birth 
which is at least as high. It is estimated that not less 
than half of this antenatal mortality, namely 50,000 lives 
per annum, is due to syphilis. Over the whole of this 
colossal loss of life, before and soon after birth, amount- 
ing to not less than 200,000 lives annually, is the trail of 
alcohol, either doing its deadly work hand in hand with 
syphilis or destroying life directly on its own account. 

"Obviously, therefore, the abolition of the mortality 
directly and indirectly due to alcohol would vastly more 
than compensate for the unprecedented loss of life due 
to the deadliest war in history." 

Refs. — See Great Britain; Navy; Russia; and Women. 

WASHINGTON— November 3, 1914, Washington 
adopted a drastic prohibition law, by a majority of 18,632, 
the law to take effect January 1, 1916. The law prohibits 
sale, manufacture, giving away, or otherwise furnishing 
or disposing of all intoxicating liquor ; or having in pos- 
session any intoxicating liquor, or any drug or medicine, 
containing alcohol, capable of being used as a beverage. 

In 1916 the liquor interests initiated a measure to 
destroy prohibition, commonly called the hotel liquor bill, 
and also a measure to permit the sale of beer. The first 
was defeated by a majority of 215,036, receiving only 
48,354 votes. The second was defeated by a majority of 
146,556, receiving only 98,843 votes. 

In 1917 the Washington Legislature reenforced the 
prohibition law by making it bonedry. 

Some months after prohibition went into effect two 
of the best-known men in the Northwest confronted each 
other at an evening affair. 

"Hello, Hi," said one.. 



386 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

"Hello, old man. I w,as just wanting to see you. I 
understand that down at your hotel you are keeping a 
stock of liquors from which guests are free to help them- 
selves." 

"That's true enough, Hi," answered the other, "but I 
don't sell anything. 'Pay your board and help yourself,' 
that's my plan." 

"Well," answered Hi, "all that I have got to say is 
that you^will have that place cleaned out before noon 
to-morrow or it will be wrecked." 

The other man's jaw dropped. 

"Wreck my place !" he said. "Hi, you wouldn't do that ; 
I know you too well. We have been oldtimers together." 

"No," was the reply, "you think you know me, but you 
don't. The Hi that you knew belongs to the dead past." 

The Wreck of the Hesperus Surpassed 

Before noon the next day a party of men with axes 
drove up to that hotel in an automobile, burst in the door 
of the room which had formerly been a bar, absolutely 
disregarded the proprietor's amazed protests, and twenty 
minutes later left the place with everything in it, liquor 
bottles, fixtures, mirrors, furniture, all a pile of debris. 

That is the way Seattle deals with the violators of the 
liquor law. When there is a clear case against a man, 
the wrecking crew goes into action and its work is thoro. 

"If we have made a mistake you can sue us and recover 
ample damages," they say to the proprietor, and when 
they have completed the ruin of the place, they make 
the loafers clean up. 

Take the case of the Hotel Cecil. Its dining room and 
former barroom was wrecked by Seattle's dry squad. 
The mahogany bar, two immense glass mirrors, fixtures, 
and furnishings, valued at $40,000, were smashed into 
dust. 

What of Prohibition in the Cities? 

Prohibition has marched on from city to city until 
to-day millions of people are asking, "What is its prac- 
tical working in the large centers of population?" Cam- 
bridge, Birmingham, Memphis, Nashville, Atlanta, Rich- 
mond, Portland, Seattle — all tell the same story, and 
Detroit will join the chorus in due time. 

Prohibition has succeeded beyond the shadow of a 
doubt in the Southern and Northwestern cities. Denver, 
Seattle, and other large towns which cast wet majorities I 
when prohibition was first enacted gave overwhelming 
support to the dry law when it was tested at the polls in 
November, 1916. 

How It Affected Liquor Consumption Figures 

The benefits of prohibition in Washington and other 
dry States have been due directly to the resulting decrease 
in the consumption of liquor. To import liquors into 
Washington it is necessary that the would-be purchaser 
go to the county auditor and there make out an affidavit 
that he is importing the liquor for personal use and has 
never been found guilty of lawbreaking. This system 
enables the State to keep an accurate record of liquor 
consumption. The figures showed during the first five 
months of prohibition an average per capita use of about 
United States into the war to record its anti-liquor action 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 387 

.$7 of a gallon per annum, while the average consumption 
for the country rs about 22 gallons. 

During N the first six months of prohibition there were 
imported on permits into King County, Washington, which 
contains the city of Seattle, 226,712 quarts of beer and 
35,903 quarts of whisky. That is less than one eighth 
of a quart of beer per month per capita and one sixtieth 
of a quart of whisky, whereas the average consumption 
of liquor for the country as a whole is about 88 quarts 
per capita per year or a little over 7 quarts per capita 
per month. It should be noted that prohibition does 
not increase the relative consumption of whisky. 

Take the figures for March, 1916, when Seattle im- 
ported 8.328 gallons of beer, 1,577 gallons of whisky, 58 
gallons of wine. 15 gallons of gin, 7 gallons of rum, and 
5 gallons of light wines. At the time it went dry Seattle 
had 315 saloons. The amount of liquor imported during 
March would have allowed these saloons a daily business 
of about 2 gallons of beer and total receipts of about 
$2.40 a day. 

The Effect on Taxes 

Seattle's experience demonstrated that prohibition has 
a most favorable effect upon bank deposits, upon business, 
upon real estate activity, upon arrests for crime, and upon 
the necessity for charitable relief. It should also be par- 
ticularly noticed that the tax; rate has been favorably 
affected. 

The 1917 budget in Seattle calls for $4,384,419.18, which 
is $183,649.59 less than was required in 1916 under the 
budget made up in 1915, the last wet year. Only $3.89 of 
$10 in taxes will be required for municipal purposes as 
against $4.04 last year. 

The levies for the two years for all purposes are as 
follows : 

1917 1916 

State 6.967 6.368 

County 9.66 9-36 

School 7. 6.50 

Port 1-454 1-332 

What It Does for Business 

Huge gains in both clearings and transactions were 
made by Seattle's 31 banks in 1916 over 1915. Lacking 
a half business day of completing the calendar year 1916, 
clearings were $878,747,068.09 as compared with $612,928,- 
879.69 in 1915, according to the Seattle Clearing House 
Association. This is a gain of $174,818,188.40 for the dry 
year. 

More valuable than clearings as a barometer of indus- 
try and trade activity are bank transactions. Lacking one 
and a half business days of completing the calendar year 
1916, bank transactions amounted to $1,848,523,681.72, as 
compared with $1,448,853,158.68 in 1915; a gain of $399,- 
670,523.04 for 1916. 

At the call of December 31, 1915, Seattle banks reported 
deposits of $87,815,076.91. At the November 17, 1916, 
call, deposits were $107,124,113.32. This is a gain of over 
$19,000,000 in ten and a half months. And the Northwest 
has done no war business. 

A gain of more than $32,000,000 in deposits for 1916 
over 1915 was shown by 279 State banks and nine trust 



388 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

companies in the State of Washington at the last call as of 
November 17, last, according to the official compilation 
of State Bank Examiner W. E. Hanson. 

Real estate transfers during the first «six months of 

1915 (wet) were $6,607,717. During the same period of 

1916 (dry) they were $7,079,408. an increase in real estate 
business of $471,691. Within six months after the saloons 
closed, every vacant property formerly used by saloons 
was occupied by a reputable business except 33 rooms 
located in ramshackle buildings. 

Clothing shops, shoe shops, jewelry, trunk and leather 
goods dealers, restaurants, and similar places occupy the 
rooms formerly harboring saloons. Building permits had 
:-hown an increase of $174,110. 

The aggregate of savings had increased $1,500,000, and 
the number of new savings accounts opened during the 
seven months was 7,165. 

The increase in business in Seattle, according to Major 
C. B. Blethen, editor of the Seattle Times, was largely in 
grocery and dry goods business, and it is a pathetic fact 
that the increase in the sale of dry goods stores was 
principally in wearing apparel for women and children. 

The following firms testify "business is very much 
better than last year"; "fewer bad and doubtful ac- 
counts": Schwabacker Bros. & Co., wholesale grocers; 
Julius C. Long, National Grocery Co. ; N. Pober, Seattle 
Grocery Co.; F. D. Fisher, Fisher Bros.; J. G. Davidson, 
Davidson Bread Co. ; Chas. M. Lewis, Holsom Baking 
Co. ; Chas. Schell, Seattle Hardtack and Toa^t Co. 

Why Taxes Are Low 

While the population of July 1. 191 6. was 17.805 over 
the figures of July 1, 191 5, there was not a corresponding 
increase in the population of the jails. The comparative 
record of the first six months of 1915 (wet) and of 1916 
(dry) shows the following startling contrast: 

1915 1916 

Wet Dry Decrease 

Arrests for drunkenness.... 767 253 514 

Arrests for vagrancy 692 186 506 

Arrests for disorderly conduct 360 128 232 

Treated for alcoholism 60 1 59 

Inmates in jail July 1 105 41 64 

Arrests for all causes 10,152 5,444 4,708 

During March, 1916, the arrests for drunkenness in 
Seattle were nearly 1,000 below the corresponding month 
of 1915- 

During nine months of 1916 there were only 6 suicides 
in Seattle opposed to 72 the first nine months of 191 5. 

Out in the State 

Figures from all over the State indicate similar splendid 
results of the prohibition policy. On July 1, 1915, the 
inmates of county prisons in Washington numbered 594; 
after six months of State prohibition the figure had been 
reduced to 204. 

The Spokesman-Review of Spokane declares that that 
city has saved $4,000,000 during its year of prohibition. 

"This," says the Spokesman-Review, "means a saving 
°f $35 P er capita, or about $100 for the average head of 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 389 

a family. This $4,100,000 would pay the costs of running 
the city government nearly three times over. Spokane's 
savings on booze would pay all the taxes levied for all 
purposes in a whole year." 

The average number of inmates in the county infirmary 
or poorhouse dropped from 172 in 1915 to 117 in 1916, 
and there was a net saving of $6,000 in the cost of opera- 
tion in 1916. In 1915, 120 cases of delirium tremens were 
handled by the county physician, and only eleven were 
handled in 1916. It cost $35,000 less to administer the 
jail, courts, infirmary, and indigent relief in 1916 than in 
191 5. The record of arrests shows drunkenness to have 
decreased 40 per cent, vagrancy 2y per cent, and disorderly 
conduct 31 per cent in 1916. 

"One half as many burglaries were committed during 
the dry year as were committed in 1915, one third as many 
forgeries, less than one half the robberies, less than one 
third the petty larcenies. When in 1915, with the saloons 
running, desperate men took, any means to get money; 
there were 439 cases of burglary, robbery, forgery, and 
larceny combined. In 1916, with the city dry, there was 
a combined total of 166 such offenses, a reduction of 62.2 
per cent." 

Taxes in Spokane 

The detailed story of how prohibition has affected the 
tax burden of Spokane citizens is astonishing. Take the 
following figures : 

Jan., 1 91 6 Jan., 1915 

Support of poor farm $1,298 $2,360 

Groceries to poor 1,000 1,500 

Children in detention 22 36 

Marriage licenses ,.. 95 87 

Divorce complaints 42 50 

Divorce decrees 30 48 

Criminal cases filed 8 40 

Cases of insanity 10 12 

Jail and Poor Farm 

The following tabulations show the conditions as com- 
pared to the last day of January, last year: 

Jan. 31, Jan. 31, 

1916 1915 

Prisoners, county jail 74 108 

Inmates at poor farm 190 242 

The total amount for indigent support January, 1916, 
was $3,100 and for January, 1915, $3,100. But in January, 
191 5, $6,000 was expended for emergency employment 
given the destitute ; January, 1916, no money was paid out 
for this purpose. 

Arrests by City Police 

Jan., 1916 Jan., 1915 

Total number arrests 234 497 

State cases included in above. . . 45 102 

Arrests for drunkenness 38 102 

Disorderly conduct 17 83 

Vagrancy 32 115 

Violations of liquor law 20 1 

Of those arrested for drunkenness in 1915, numbering 
120, only 6 went to trial. All of those arrested in 1916 
on the same charge went to trial. 



390 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 
Records of Muncipal Court 

Jan., 1916 Jan., 1915 

Total number cases 227 378 

Trials for drunkenness 20 6 

Disorderly conduct 27 77 

Violations of liquor law 20 1 

Of the 27 cases of disorderly conduct tried during Janu- 
ary, 1916, 15 cases, heard on January 3, were for offenses 
committed December 31, 1915. 

A continuation of the record thru other months would 
show a similar story. For the first five months of prohi- 
bition, arrests for drunkenness in Spokane were 210, as 
opposed to 642 for the first five months of the previous 
year; the arrests for vagrancy were 168, as opposed to 
583; the arrests for disorderly conduct were 116, as op- 
posed to 305. The taxpayers reaped a large reward in 
reduced costs of operating county departments, as the 
following figures for the first five months of prohibition 
show : 

Superior courts, reduction $9,211 

arm, reduction 4,099 

Jail, reduction 1.267 

Prosecuting attorney,, reduction 684 

Honor camp, reduction 1,133 

Aid county poor, reduction 2,580 

It is not surprising that hand in hand with thi remark- 
able showing goes a record of $32,000,000 in bank clear- 
ings, and a really remarkable increase in the number of 
savings accounts and in the total of building permits. 

Testimony Is All One Way 

There are on file with the Board of Temperance, Prohi- 
bition, and Public Morals testimonies from scores of busi- 
ness men in Tacoma, Spokane, Seattle, and other Wash- 
ington cities detailing the splendid results of prohibition 
as a business-maker. These testimonies would fill four or 
five pages of an ordinary newspaper. Especially strong 
in their commendation of the law are the editors of the 
newspapers thruout the State, hardly one of whom can 
be found who is not enthusiastic in his appreciation of the 
policy. 

Refs. — S*e Anti-Prohibition; Crime; Insanity; Juvenile Delin- 
quency; Pauperism; Race Suicide; and Savings. 

WASHINGTON, GEORGE— While George Washing- 
ton was neither a prohibitionist nor an abstainer because 
of the lack of sentiment on that subject in that day, he 
nevertheless prohibited alcoholic liquors on more than 
one occasion, and showed a lively realization of the evil 
nature of the beverage. 

On May 26, 1778. he issued an order directing that a 
corporal and eight men, with the commissary of each 
brigade, should be detailed to confiscate the liquors found 
in tippling-houses in the vicinity of his camp, and also 
that they should notify the inhabitants "or persons living 
in the vicinity of camp that an unconditional seizure will 
be made of all liquors they shall presume to sell in the 
future." 

Once again he issued this prohibition : 

"All persons whatever are forbid selling liquor to the 
Indians. If any sutler or soldier shall presume to act 
contrary to this prohibition, the former shall be dismissed 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 391 

from camp and the latter receive severe corporal punish- 
ment." 

Washington wanted to control the drinker, so he pro- 
ceeded to control the trade, and in these two cases at 
least his control amounted to prohibition. 

Refs. — See Fathers, The Early. 

WASHINGTONIAN SOCIETY— On April 6, 1840, 
a temperance lecturer visited the city of Baltimore. Thru 
his efforts a drinking club consisting of six men — W. K. 
Mitchell, a tailor ; J. F. Hoss, a carpenter ; David Ander- 
son and George Steers, blacksmiths; James McCurley, a 
coachmaker; and Archibald Campbell, a silversmith — were 
induced to leave off their habits of drink and sign a total 
abstinence pledge. 

This was the beginning of the celebrated moral suasion 
crusade known as the Washingtonian movement, the 
official name of their organization being the Washington 
Temperance Society. Within a year there were 700 mem- 
bers in the city of Baltimore, and under the leadership of 
John H. W. Hawkins, who was probably the most promi- 
nent Washington agitator, the movement spread like wild- 
fire thru other cities and States. Within two years at 
least 100,000 pledges had been signed and more than one 
third of them by confirmed drinkers. Societies for 
women, known as Martha Washington Societies, were 
inaugurated in 1841. The order of Sons of Temperance, 
started by six persons in New York City, September 29, 
1842, was also an offspring of this crusade. 

The force of this movement was spent by 1843, but its 
energy was of N great and lasting benefit to the general 
temperance movement. Like all similar moral suasion 
movements, this proved that propaganda of moral suasion 
is not sufficient to solve the drink problem. 

WASTE— See Cost of the Drink Traffic, Grain and 
High Cost of Living. 

WEBB-KENYON LAW— On February 28, 1913, the 

Senate of the United States passed over the veto of 
President William H. Taft the Webb-Kenyon bill to 
prohibit the shipment of intoxicating liquors into any 
State when they are intended to be used in violation of 
State laws. The Senate vote was 63 to 21. On March 1 
the House of Representatives also overrode the Presi- 
dent's veto by a vote of 244 to 95. 

It is an interesting fact that Robert W. Taft, the eldest 
son of the former President, disagreed with his father's 
veto in a very able editorial published in the Harvard 
Law Review. 

On January 8, 1917, the Supreme Court with only Jus- 
tices Brandeis and Vandeventer dissenting, upheld the 
Webb-Kenyon law. Chief Justice White, himself, read 
the decision. 

"The all-reaching power of government over liquor is 
settled," said the chief justice in announcing the decision. 
"There was no intention of Congress to forbid individual 
use of liquor. The purpose of this act was to cut out 
by the roots the practice of permitting violation of State 
liquor laws. We can have no doubt that Congress has 
complete authority to prevent paralyzing of State au- 
thority. Congress exerted a power to coordinate the 
national with the State authority." 



392 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

WESLEY, JOHN— John Wesley's attitude toward 
drinking and the drink traffic may be made plain by quot- 
ing what he said of wine-drinking : 

"You see the wine when it sparkles in the cup, and 
are going to drink it. I say, there is poison in it, and 
therefore beg you to throw it away. If you add, 'It is 
not poison to me, tho it may be to others' ; then I say, 
Throw it away for thy brother's sake, lest thou embolden 
him to drink also. Why should thy strength occasion thy 
weak brother to perish, for whom Christ died?" 

In 1760 he arraigned liquor sellers in these words : 

"All who sell liquors in the common way, to any that 
will buy, are poisoners general. They murder his Ma- 
jesty's subjects by wholesale; neither does their eye pity 
or spare. They drive them to hell like sheep. And what 
is their gain? Is it not the blood of these men? Who, 
then, would envy their large estates and sumptuous 
palaces? A curse is in the midst of them. The curse of 
God is in their gardens, their groves — a fire that burns to 
the nethermost hell. Blood, blood is there! The founda- 
tion, the floors, walls, the roof, are stained with blood!" 

In view of the time in which he lived, it is not remark- 
able that he was especially severe in speaking of ardent 
spirits. 

Refs. — See Methodist Episcopal Church. 

WEST VIRGINIA— Under State prohibition law West 
Virginia not only prohibited the sale of liquor but pro- 
hibited its importation for any purpose whatever and 
limited the amount that might be brought into the State 
on the person. 

West Virginia's "Debt" 

Much confusing matter has been put out by the liquor 
interests in regard to the effect of prohibition in West 
Virginia. For a time West Virginia was in debt, and the 
wets made much of this fact, but they did not admit 
that West Virginia's debt was a hold-over from the wet 
days. 

We do not think they have noticed the fact that West 
Virginia is now uproariously prosperous and out of debt. 

The last note held against the State in the sum of $400,- 
000, on account of moneys borrowed by the governor to 
tide over a temporary deficit in the State fund last year- 
has been paid in frill, together with the accrued interest, 
according to information given out by State Treasurer 
E. L. Long. Mr. Long's statement showing the condition 
of West Virginia's financial account June 30, the end of 
the fiscal year, shows : 

A cash balance in the State fund revenue of $392,312.23. 

The State fund special revenue money, to be used for 
the State institutions by the State Board of Control, has 
a balance of $211,599.93. 

The Workmen's Compensation fund has a cash balance 
of $582,594.97. 

The total cash balance of funds at the end of the month 
was $1,115,649.15. The amount of school fund invested 
was $1,327,000, making a grand total, including invest- 
ments, of $3,438,849.15. 

Refs. — See Anti-Prohibition; Crime; Insanity; Juvenile Delin- 
quency; Pauperism; Race Suicide; and Savings. 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 393 

WHISKY— The word "whisky" is from the Gaelie 
?Visge-Beatha" meaning "Water of Life." Its manu- 
facture in* Scotland and Ireland dates back into the Dark 
Ages, which it helped greatly to prolong. The smoky 
taste peculiar to Scotch and Irish whisky is due to the 
century-old process of burning peat-moss under the dry- 
ing ovens while preparing the malt. 

Almost any cereal, corn, wheat, oats, barley, or rye, 
singly or in combination, will do for the manufacture of 
whisky. The grain is ground into a coarse flour or meal 
and is then scalded to break down the starch cells, after 
which it is called "mash." The addition of yeast to 
malted grain causes the mash to ferment. During fer- 
- mentation the malt diastase converts the grain starch into 
sugar, which in turn is converted into ethyl alcohol. The 
fermented mash is next boiled over a slow fire to evapo- 
rate the alcohol, which rises in the form of steam or 
vapor, floats away into a cold coil of copper pipe, and, 
being condensed on its journey through the pipe, finds 
lodgment as whisky. The oak barrels which contain it 
are usually charred on the interior. The charring gives 
the whisky its color. Xew whisky is colorless and has 
a taste which is modified during years of storage by the 
oxidation of the oils it contains. 

WHISKY INSURRECTION— The year 1794 is strik- 
ing in American history by reason of the remarkable 
revolt among a portion of the inhabitants of Pennsylvania, 
which is known as the Whisky Insurrection. Three years 
previous to this outbreak Congress passed laws laying 
excise duties upon spirits distilled within the United 
States. This tax excited general opposition, but nowhere 
with such violence as in Pennsylvania, where the crops 
of grain were so abundant that, in the absence of an 
adequate market for its sale, an immense quantity of the 
cereal was distilled into whisky. 

Tax collectors and those attempting to serve legal 
processes upon the resisters of the tax were seized, tarred 
and feathered. Law-abiding inhabitants w r ere beaten, 
their houses broken into, property destroyed and lives 
threatened. The local militia and garrisons were power- 
less to quell the disorders. 

Washington now took matters in hand, called his 
Cabinet together and called into council Governor Mifflin, 
of Pennsylvania. A proclamation followed ordering all 
the insurgents to disperse on or before the first day of 
September. Preparations were made to get together a 
force of from twelve to fifteen thousand militia from the 
various States. 

On every side the signs of war were displayed. The 
troops began assembling at various places specified, but 
the rebellious hordes fled before such a demonstration, 
the clemency of the government was solicited, and sub- 
mission to every law freely promised. Some of the more 
evil disposed were arrested and tried, but pardon was 
ultimately extended to all. 

WHITE SHIELD LEAGUE— This organization was 
founded by the Rev. John T. McFarland, D.D., late editor 
of the Sunday School Publications of the Methodist 
Episcopal Church, indorsed by the General Conference, 
and became the official total abstinence society of the 



394 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

denomination. For twelve years up to 1912 it was very 

effective in enlisting the young people of our Sunday 
schools for total abstinence. The new pledge of the 
Board of Temperance of the Methodist Episcopal Church 
reads : "For Christ and Home and Country, I hereby 
enroll myself a member of the Methodist Temperance 
Society and promise with God's help to abstain from all 
intoxicating liquors as a beverage and use my influence 
to abolish the drink habit and the liquor traffic." It is 
estimated that a million and a half have signed this 
pledge since 1912. 

WHITE SLAVERY— See Prostitution, and Vice. 

WILLARD, FRANCES E.— Frances E. Willard was" 
born at Churchville. X. Y., September 28, 1839. She 
was graduated in 1859 from what is now the Woman's 
College of Northwestern University. Evanston, 111. 
Traveling in Europe from 1869 to 1870, she carefully 
studied the social condition of woman in the countries 
she visited. 

Miss Willard became dean of the Woman's Department 
of Northwestern University and professor of rhetoric 
in a faculty otherwise composed of men. She organized 
the World's Woman's Christian Temperance Union in 
1883. The same year she and Miss Anna Gordon visited 
each of the States and Territories of the United States 
on an organization trip. 

Among her numerous books are "Woman and Temper- 
ance," "Hints and Helps in Temperance Work," and 
"Glimpses of Fifty Years." an autobiography written at 
the request of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union, 
of which >he was president. 

For sixteen years Miss Willard traveled almost con- 
stantly carrying on the organization of the W. C. T. U. 
In 1888. at Washington. D. C. she organized, and was 
made president of, the National Council of Women. She 
died in 1898. 

Refs. — See Woman's Christian Temperance Union. 

WILSON, WOODROW— President Wilson has made 
only two utterances on the liquor traffic. In May. 191 1, 
he wrote to the Rev. Thomas B. Shannon of Newark, 
N. J., as follows : 

"I am in favor of local option. I am a thoro believer 
in local self-government and believe that every self- 
governing community which constitutes a social unit 
should have the right to control the matter of the regula- 
tion or the withholding of licenses But the questions 
involved are social and moral, and are not susceptible 
of being made part of a party program." 

Subsequent to that he wrote to Mr. W. E. Grogan of 
Texas, favoring State-wide prohibition there in these 
words : 

"I believe that, for some States, State-wide prohibition 
is possible and desirable because of their relative homo- 
geneity, while for others I think that State-wide prohibi- 
tion is not practicable. I have no reason to doubt from 
what I know of the circumstances that State-wide prohi- 
bition is both practicable and desirable in 1 exas." 

When the District of Columbia prohibition bill and 
the bonedry bill were passed by Congress, every effort 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 395 

was made to get the President to veto them, but without 
avail. 

Refs. — S^e Democratic Party and references. 

WINE — Produced by fermentation of grape juice. The 
alcohol content is frequently increased by the addition 
of brandy, etc. This is called "fortifying." "White wines" 
are made from white grapes ; so-called "light wines" are 
relatively weak in alcohol ; "dry wines" are so called be- 
cause they have a minimum of both sweetness and acidity ; 
"astringent wines" have a strong flavor of tannic acid. 
Champagne or other sparkling or effervescent wines are 
impregnated with carbonic acid gas. Wines that do 
not effervesce are called "still." The names of the various 
wines are usually derived from the place of manufacture. 
For instance. Aladeira comes from the Madeira Islands ; 
Port from Portugal ; Malaga from Spain, etc. "Sack," 
frequently mentioned in literature, is derived from the 
French word, "sec," meaning dry. The alcohol percentage 
of wine varies from 7 to 24. 

WISCONSIN — Two counties entirely dry; 30 per cent 
of the population live in dry territory. In last election, 
85,000 people were added to dry population. Four State 
educational centers and the second largest city in State 
are under prohibition. In three years, 150,000 people have 
voted out saloons and there has been a net gain of 84 
incorporated places. 

WOMAN'S CHRISTIAN TEMPERANCE UNION 
— The headquarters of the Woman's Christian Temperance 
Union are under the same roof with the former home of 
Frances E. Willard at 1730 Chicago Avenue, Evanston, 
111. The National W. C. T. U. also maintains headquar- 
ters at Hotel Driscoll, Washington, D. C, during sessions 
of Congress. The general officers of the organization 
are: Miss Anna A. Gordon, Evanston, 111., president; 
Mrs. Ella A. Boole, 1429 Avenue H, Brooklyn, N. Y., 
vice-president-at-large ; Mrs. Frances P. Parks, Evanston, 
111., corresponding secretary ; Mrs. Elizabeth P. Anderson, 
Fargo, N. D., recording secretary; Mrs. Sara H. Hoge, 
Lincoln, Va., assistant recording secretary; Mrs. Mar- 
garet C. Munns, Evanston, 111., treasurer. 

The World's W. C. T. U., organized by Miss Willard 
in November, 1883, has a membership of over half a 
million. Its officers are : Rosalind, Countess of Carlisle, 
president ; Miss Anna A. Gordon, Evanston, 111., and Miss 
Agnes Slack, London, Eng., honorary secretaries ; and 
Mrs. Mary E. Sanderson, treasurer. 

The National Woman's Christian Temperance Union, 
"the sober second thought" of the Woman's Crusade of 
!873-74, was organized in Cleveland, O., in November, 
1874. Every State and territory in the United States has 
its State or territorial union and they, in turn, are made 
up of district or county unions. 

There are thousands of local unions organized in towns 
and cities. National organizers, lecturers, and evangelists 
are kept constantly in the field, in addition to many who 
are employed in the several States. Under the six heads 
of Organization, Preventive, Educational, Evangelistic, 
Social, and Legal work are grouped various departments 
each under the charge of a national superintendent. 
Nearly fifty departments of work, under the direction of 



396 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

superintendents, are duplicated in the national, State, and 
the local W. C. T. U's, altho no line of work is binding 
upon any local or State union. Two branches of work 
reach the young people and the children, namely, the 
Young People's Branch of the W. C. T. U., and the 
Loyal Temperance Legion. The National W. C. T. U. 
at Evanston, 111., has an extensive publishing house of 
general and department literature, a weekly paper, The 
Union Signal, a juvenile paper monthly, The Young Cru- 
sader, and a Bureau of Publicity. 

Mrs. Margaret Dye Ellis. 

Refs. — See Willard, Trances E. 

WOMEN — The effect of alcohol upon women is in- 
finitely worse than upon men, as the habit is much harder 
to break and the evil effect upon offspring is much greater 
than where the offending parent is the father. 

"When the alcohol vice has become a habit it is difficult 
to cure in men ; it is all but impossible in women," said 
Sir Andrew Clark, physician to Queen Victoria. 

The brewers are making a great effort to increase 
drinking among American women. 

In a leading editorial of May I, 1914, the Brcii'crs' 
Journal, under the head, "Divorce Yourselves from 
Whisky," clearly outlined this defensive campaign: 

"The franchise will be extended to all women in this 
country — some day. There is little doubt about that. 
Within a few years most of our large and industrially 
developing States will grant the vote to the opposite sex, 
and where will the brewing industry be then, if it is still 
considered to be in alliance with the distillers and whisky- 
selling saloons ?" 

The Brewers? Journal acknowledges that "the saloon 
has become an eyesore to hundreds of thousands of 
Americans," and it concludes that, therefore, the saloon 
must go ; that the brewing trade has no right to assist 
in its own destruction by continuing a detrimental alliance. 
It offers this program of reconstruction : 

"It will be comparatively, easy to convince the women 
voters that beer and light wines are not detrimental to 
those accustomed to consuming them. The rapid develop- 
ment of the bottling trade shows that beer is a welcome 
adjunct to the family meal, and women themselves enjoy 
taking a glass of beer in their own homes." 

This is not simply an isolated editorial, for practically 
all of the brewing press is constantly preaching the de- 
velopment of the trade along these lines. On October 1, 
1914. the Journal said: 

"Newspaper advertising for beer should be designed to 
attract and appeal to women as well as men, for if beer 
is to be used in the home, women must be won over to it." 

How It is to Be Done 

And on a date somewhat previous (August 1, 1914) 
to the publication of the last paragraph we have quoted, 
the Journal suggests how this development may proceed: 

"The next step in order will be to invest part of the 
brewers' capital in the purchase of land or buildings 
available for places of recreation and public entertain- 
ment. There should no longer be a brewery in this 
country that does not own or finance one or several beer 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 397 

gardens, restaurants, or other places where beer is served, 
the arrangements* to be according to the well-known and 
profitable >European plan. 

"More beer will be consumed in places of that kind than 
in saloons where only comparatively few men will stand 
at the bar and hastily swallow the contents of a glass or 
two. Beer gardens and restaurants, as they exist every- 
where in Germany, Austria, and some other European 
countries, are visited by a far larger proportion of the 
population than the American saloon. 

"Another important step to be taken by brewers, who 
have not done so already, is the stimulation of the bottling 
trade. It increases the sale of the brewers' product, as 
bottled beer goes to the families where it formerly was 
an unknown item in the housewife's economy. 

"There are many thousands of families where bottled 
beer appears on the table at noon and evenings. The 
bottled beer is an effective weapon in the hands of the 
brewer who desires to do a profitable business and leave 
his brewery in the possession of his sons and daughters." 

In promoting development along this line the brewers 
are using advertising illustrated with women holding 
glasses of beer in their hands, and are outlining such 
courses of advertising in their trade periodicals for the 
benefit of the retail trade. In Chicago, very recently, 
young men of attractive appearance were sent around 
to the residence districts to solicit orders for beer by the 
case. Premiums of chinaware and other articles interest- 
ing only to women and children were freely offered to 
promote sales. 

The Liberal Advocate, organ of the retail liquor deal- 
ers in Ohio, suggests that barmaids would improve the 
social tone of the retail places and induce the attendance 
of women. The makers of whisky are trying to edge into 
the brewers' line of play. Bonfort's Wine and Spirit 
Circular of December 10, 1914, said : 

"It's a long lane that has no turning and a strange 
tide that has no ebb — so we may confidently count on 
the prohibition movement retreating one of these days. 
Before this occurs, however, the American saloon with 
its bar and its screens and its perpendicular drinking 
and its treating habit must be changed into a cafe, which 
a man may enter without hesitation accompanied by his 
wife and daughter." 

How can any man fail to see that the thing most ob^ 
noxious to an American is the spectacle of women drink- 
ing, at home, in a cafe, or anywhere else? Of course, 
this is middle-class provincialism, but it is also American- 
ism, and if the liquor people despise that sentiment, the 
quicker they get out of the country the quicker they will 
be in harmonious surroundings. 

The Fruit of These Efforts 

The brewers' promotion of the drink appetite among 
women is bearing fruit. In Chicago 160 girls were counted 
going into a single saloon in three hours on Saturday 
night. The South Side Civic Club had a canvass made 
of saloons on three streets and found an average of 32 
girl patrons for each saloon every twenty-four hours. 

During one evening 75 girls, evidently working girls 
or daughters of mechanics and clerks, entered a saloon at 



398 THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

Lincoln Avenue and Wells Street, Chicago, and the 
saloon was not considered a disreputable one. 

Mrs. Jane Deeter Rippen. chief probation officer of the 
Domestic Relations Court, and Mrs. Albert H. Smith, 
secretary of the Association of City Police Matrons, 
Philadelphia, declare that hundreds of young girls of 
lespectable families have become victims of the drink 
habit in that city. These girls are not ordinary prostitutes, 
but. according to Mrs. Smith, are clerks, shop girls, and 
other young girls from 16 to 22 years of age. Scores 
of such girls are nightly drunk in the cafes of that city, 
asserts Mrs. Smith, who made her statement some time 
ago. 

Mrs. Margaret Cooper, police matron of Central Station, 
Philadelphia, said : "Many girls get drunk every night 
in the cafes of our so-called fashionable hotels and some 
of them are not more than 16 years old." Dr. Lida 
Stewart Cogill, of that city, declares that the increase of 
drinking among young girls is very noticeable to a physi- 
cian, and that "something must be done immediately to 
stop the evil. This increase of drinking is among the 
girls of the middle class." Mr. E. M. Hackney, chief 
probation officer, concurred in the statement of Mrs. 
Smith and Mrs. Rippen. 

At the same time Mrs. Joseph Gazzam, a society leader 
of Philadelphia, and Miss Addie A. Sutherland, principal 
of the Ogontz school for girls, told of the alarming in- 
crease in the use of liquors and cigarettes by so-called 
fashionable young women. 

Miss Eva Booth, commander of the Salvation Army in 
America, testifies that "drunkenness among women is 
increasing in all of the big cities, and the increase is 
greatest among young women." 

Evidently, the boasts of the liquor papers that "the 
abominable Anglo-Saxon prejudice against the use of 
alcoholic liquors by women is fast breaking down" is not 
without foundation. 

"Fully 20 per cent of the entire beer output is now 
sold in bottles." writes Mr. Hugh F. Fox, of the United 
States Brewers' Association, in his booklet, "The Pros- 
perity of the Brewing Industry." and he continues: "Every 
family within range of the delivery-wagon now has its 
ice box and can keep beer at a palatable temperature, and 
when once they find how pleasant and harmless it is the 
habit soon becomes fixed." In October, 1913. in an ad- 
dress before the convention of the United States Brewers' 
Association held in Atlantic City, President Jacob Rup- 
pert, Jr., said: "I feel perfectly confident that the use 
of beer will become more and more general as time goes 
on. There has been a large increase in the family. trade." 

Beer and Nursing 

One of the most iniquitous ways of promoting the 
drink habit among women and children is the inducing of 
mothers to drink beer in order to increase the flow of 
milk. Beer undoubtedly increases the flow, and also 
it impoverishes the milk, whereas, well-cooked gruel in- 
creases both the flow and richness. Reputable physicians 
the world over are emphatic in their denunciation of the 
use of beer by nursing mothers. For instance, Dr. N. S. 
Davis of Chicago says : 



PROHIBITION AND PUBLIC MORALS 399 

"I have never seen a case in which heer had been used 
regularly for any considerable period of time where it 
did not result in more or less indigestion, and an early 
failure in the secretion of milk." 

Dr. Edmunds, of the Lying-in Hospital, London, Eng- 
land, says : 

"Infants, nursed by mothers who drink much beer, are 
more likely to die of convulsions and diarrhea while cut- 
ting their teeth than are the children of total abstinence 
mothers. . . . Bear in mind that when you take wine, 
beer, or brandy, you are distilling that wine, beer, or 
brandy into your child's body. Probably nothing could 
be worse than to have the very fabric of the child's tissues 
laid down from alcoholized blood." 

Dr. Condi says : 

"The only drink of the nursing mother should be water 
or milk. Never was there a more absurd or pernicious 
notion than that wine, ale, or porter is necessary to a 
nursing mother to keep up her strength, or to increase 
the quantity or improve the properties of her milk. So 
far from producing these effects, such drinks, when taken 
in any quantity, invariably disturb more or less the health 
of the stomach and tend to impair the quality and 
diminish the quantity of nourishment furnished by her 
to her infant." 

Dr. William Hargreaves says : 

"Alcohol is not only useless but injurious, for children 
whose mothers try to keep themselves upon beer, etc., 
very frequently suffer from vomiting and diarrhoea and 
often from convulsions. Sometimes a single glass of 
w T hisky taken by the mother will produce sickness and 
indigestion in the child for twenty-four hours after." 

Dr. Bussey says in "Stimulants for Nursing Mothers" : 

"The only rational way to be adopted by mothers to 
increase the supply of nutrition for their infants is to 
secure plenty of suitable nutritious food, prepared in the 
way that will most fit it for digestion, while they at the 
same time avoid as far as possible all fatigue and mental 
excitement. It is impossible that alcoholic beverages can 
add anything to the nutrition of either the infant or 
mother." 

Dr. Edis, of England, says : 

"Infant mortality is mainly due to two causes, the sub- 
stitution of farinaceous food for milk, and the delusion 
that ale or beer is -necessary as an article of diet for 
nursing mothers. . . . Countless disorders among infants 
are due simply and solely to the popular fallacy that the 
nursing mother cannot properly fulfill hej; duties unless 
she resorts to the aid of alcoholics." 

Dr. W. F. Waugh, of Chicago, editor of the Alkaloidal 
Clinic, says : 

"When I commenced the practice of my profession I 
fully believed that the nursing mother required wine or 
malt liquors to enable her to nurse her babe. Putting this 
idea to the test of practice, I found that the mother had 
a more regular supply of milk of better quality, when she 
used no alcohol, but was fed as a nursing mother should 
be ; w T hile the child refused to thrive on the beer, and 
commenced to pick up when it was discontinued, even if 
this were by weaning. A glass of beer caused the breast 
to fill up at once, and mothers not accustomed to it found 



4 oo THE CYCLOPEDIA OF TEMPERANCE 

it difficult to nurse their child without the stimulus until 
they had discontinued it long enough for this effect to 
subside. Alcohol makes swill milk, not the healthy secre- 
tion that is supplied by good food." 

Dr. W. McAdam Eccles, a very famous physician of 
England, says : 

"The amount of milk is not increased by alcoholic 
beverages, and there is no such thing as 'nourishing beer 
of the greatest value to nursing mothers.' Frequently the 
milk contains a very appreciable amount of the drug 
which the mother has been imbibing, for alcohol can be 
readily traced in the mother's milk within twenty minutes 
of its ingestion into her stomach, and it may be detected 
in it for as long as eight hours after a large dose." 

It is not commonly understood by the layman that the 
ability of a mother to nurse her child is vitally connected 
with its future health and longevity. It is also a peculiar 
fact that when the ability to nurse is lost by a woman 
it is rarely present in her daughter. Once it disappears 
from a family it seems to be gone forever. 

Refs. — See Beer; Brewers; Child Welfare; and Heredity. 

WORLD ADVANCE— See Africa, Australasia, Cen- 
tral America, Europe, European Countries by name, War, 
and South America. 

WYOMING — Has, by unanimous action of the Legisla- 
ture, submitted prohibition to a vote of the people. The 
election will be in 1918 and the law will go into effect 
January 1, 1920, if approved. It is asserted that a prohi- 
bition statute would pass the Wyoming Legislature by a 
good majority. 

Refs. — See Anti-Prohibition; Crime; Insanity; Juvenile Delin- 
quency; Pauperism; Race Suicide; and Savings. 



INDEX 

SUBJECT PACK 

Absinthe 7 

Abstinence i 

Accidents 7 

Adulteration 8 

Advertising of Liquors 9 

Africa 1 6 

Alabama 17 

Alaska 18 

Alcohol 19 

Alcohol, Effects of 19-21 

Alcoholic Beverages 22 

Alcoholism 22 

Ale 2.1 

Amendment, Constitutional 23 

Amendments, Constitutional 23 

American Society for the Study of Inebriety 23 

American Temperance Union 24 

American Temperance Society and Union 24 

Anti-Prohibition 24 

Anti-Saloon League 28 

Appetite ■ _ 29 

Appleton, James 30 

Arizona 30 

Arkansas 30 

Army 31 

Arrests for Drunkenness 32 

Artman, Samuel R 34 

Asia 35 

Athletics 35 

Atlanta, Georgia . 38 

Australasia 38 

Austria-Hungary 38 

Bacchus 39 

Balkan Countries 39 

Bands of Hope. 39 

Bank Deposits 39 

Beer • • • • 40 

Belgium 47 

-Benefits of Prohibition 48 

Bible and Drink 48 

Bible Wines , 53 

Bibliography 53 

Birmingham, Alabama 55 

Blind Pigs 55 

Blue Laws 59 

Blue Ribbon Movement 59 

Board of Temperance, Prohibition, and Public Morals of the 

Methodist Episcopal Church 60 

Bonedry Laws 62 

Books on Drink 63 

Booze 63 

Boycott 64 

Brain 64 

Brandy 66 

Brewers 66 

Brewing 69- 

Bribery 70 

British Society for the Study of Inebriety 70 

Bryan, William Jennings 70 

Bulgaria 70 

Business 70 

Cali fornia ; 70 

Canada 70 

Capital 71 

Capital Punishment 72 

Catch-My-Pal Movement j^ 

Catholic Church \ y^ 

Catholic Temperance Societies 7-1 

Cell Life 74 

Central America 74 

401 



402 INDEX 

SUBJECT PAGE 

Champagne 75 

Charity 75 

Chesterfield, Lord - r 

Child Welfare r 6-8o 

China 81 

Christian Nation? Is This A 81 

Churches 85 

Cider 87 ' 

Cities 87 

Civil Damage Acts go 

Claret 90 

Clark, Billy James 90 

Cocaine 90 

Coffee Houses 90 

Colleges 90 

Colorado 92 

Commercial Temperance League 95 

Committee of Fifty 95 

Communion Wine 95 

Comparisons 95 

Compensation to Liquor Dealers 97 

Confiscation 101 

Congress , 101 

Congressional Temperance Society 1 02 

( onnecticut 102 

Constitutional Amendment 102 

( (institutional Prohibition 103 

Consumption of Liquors 104 

Convicts 108 

Corruption 1 09 

Cost of Living 109 

( • '?t of the Liquor Traffic 1 09 

Counties 113 

Courts 113 

Crime 119 

Crusade 1 24 

1 Daniels, Josephus 1 24 

1 deaths from Drink 124 

Delaware 1 24 

, Delirium Tremens 124 

Democratic Party 124 

Denatured Alcohol 1 24 

Denmark 130 

Denver 130 

Dipsomania 130 

Direct Veto 130 

Diseases Caused 130 

Distillation 131 

Distilled Liquors 131 

District of Columhia 131 

Divorce 134 

Doctors on Drink 136 

Dow, Neal 146 

Drinking Customs, Development of 147 

Drugs 150 

Drunkenness 152 

Early History of Prohibition 152 

Economics 152 

Educational Laws 152, 

Effects of Prohibition 1 52 ; 

Efficiency 152 

England 1 52 

Episcopal Church 152 

Epworth League 15-2 

Ether 154 

Europe 1 54 , 

Excise 154 , 

Fake Business Organizations 1 54 

Farmers 154 

Fathers, The Early 156 

Federal Government 157 

Federal Territory 158 

Fermentation 159 

Fermented Liquors 159 

Finland 1 59 

Fires 159 

Florida 159 

Flying Squadron of America 159 

Food Value 1 60 

France 1 60 



INDEX 403 

" SUBJECT PAGE 

Franklin, Benjamin 1 64 

Fraternities ? 165 

Gambling ^ , 165 

Gambrinus 166 

General Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church (1916K.166 

Georgia x 66 

Germany 167 

Gin Act 170 

Gladstone, William E 170 

Good Templars, International Order of 170 

Gothenburg System 17 1 

Gough, John Bartholomew 172 

Grain 172 

Great Britain 1 73 

Greeley, Horace 178 

Growth of the Trade 1 78 

Hamilton, Alexander 1 78 

Hasheesh 1 79 

Hawaii 1 79 

Health 180 

Health Defenders of the Bodv 185 

Heredity ". 186 

Heroes and Martyrs 191 

High Cost of Living 198 

High License 200 

History of the Temperance Reform 200 

Hobson-Sheppard Bill 207 

Holland 207 

Home Rule 207 

Homicides 211 

Hospitals 212 

Iceland 212 

Idaho 212 

Illicit Distilling 212 

Illinois 213 

Immigration 214 

Indiana 218 

Indians 218 

Industry 219 

Initiative, Referendum, and Recall 231 

Injunction Laws 233 

Insanity 234 

Insurance 236 

Intercollegiate Prohibition Association 236 

Internal Revenue 236 

International Congress on Alcoholism 236 

Interstate Traffic 236 

Intoxicants 236 

Iowa 236 

Ireland 237 

Italy 237 

Jefferson, Thomas 238 

Juvenile Delinquency 238 

Kansas , 239 

Kentucky 242 

Knights of Temperance 242 

Koran 242 

Labor 243 

Law 246 

Law, An Ideal Form of 251 

Law and Order Leagues 251 

Lawlessness 251 

Leaflets 252 

Leaflets, Where Secured 256 

Leucocytes 257 

License 257 

Light Drinks 260 

Limitations 261 

Lincoln, Abraham 262 

Liqueurs 266 

Liquors 266 

Liquor Dealers 266 

Liquor Press 266 

Liquor Traffic 268 

Literature on Drink 268 

Lloyd George 268 

Logic, Liquor 268 

Longevity 268 

Louisiana 268 

Loyal Temperance Legion 269 



404 INDEX 



SUBJECT PAGE 

Maine 269 

Majorities 27c 

Majority Rule 270 

Malt 271 

Malt Liquors 271 

Martyrs 271 

Maryland 271 

Massachusetts 271 

Medical Practice 271 

Medicine 273 

Mental Efficiency 273 

Methodist Episcopal Church 2; 

Methodist Episcopal Church, South 279 

Methodist Protestant Church 279 

Michigan 275 

Minnesota 2; 

Mississippi 28c 

Missouri 28c 

Moderation 28c 

Mohammedans 281 

Montana 281 

Montenegro 28 1 

Moonshine Whisky < 28; 

Moral Suasion 28: 

Mortality From Alcohol 28 | 

Motion Pictures 28. 

Narcotics 28 

Nashville 281 

National Prohibition 28* 

National Temoerance Society and Publication House 28; 

Navy 28* 

Nazarites 29 

Nebraska 29 

Negroes 29 

Nevada 29 

New Hampshire 29. 

New Jersey 29. 

New Mexico 29 

New York 29, 

North Carolina 29 

North Dakota 29 

Norway 30 

Nuisance 30 

Nursing 30 

Nutrition 30 

Objections to Prohibition 30 

Ohio 30 

Oklahoma 30 

Opium 30 

Oregon 30 

Original Packages 31 

Palestine 31 

1 'arentage 31 

Parties 31 

Pauperism 31 

Penalties 31 

Pennsylvania 31 

Personal Liberty 31 

Pharmacopoeia 32 

Physical Efficiency 3-' 

Physical Training 32 

Pledges 32 

Poisons 32 

Political Action 32 

Political Evils 3- 

Polygamy 3- 

Poor Man's Club 32 

Popular Fallacies 3- 

Port 3- 

Portland 3- 

Portugal 3; 

Posters 3: 

Poverty 3. 

Preachers 3- 

Principles of Prohibiton 3. 

Profits of the Liquor Traffic 3. 

Progress 3- 

Progressive Party 3- 

Prohibition, Benefits of 3. 

Prohibition, General Principles of 3. 



INDEX 405 

SUBJECT PAGE 

Prohibition, Local 3^ 

Prohibition Party .^ 329 

Prohibition States 33° 

Prohibition, Theory oi 330 

Property Interests 331 

Prostitution 33~ 

Psychology of Intemperance 333 

Publicity 335 

Public Schools, Bible in 336 

Public Sentiment 337 

Race Suicide 337 

Railroads 338 

Rechabites 338 

Rectification 338 

Republican Party 338 

Revenue 338 

Review of 1916 341 

Rhode Island 341 

Roman Catholic Church 341 

Roosevelt, Theodore 341 

Roumania 341 

Royal Templars of Temperance 341 

Rum 342 

Rush, Benjamin 34-2 

Russia 342 

Saloons 346 

Savings 347 

Schools 347 

Scientific Basis for Temperance 349 

Scientific Temperance Federation 349 

Scientific Temperance Instruction 349 

Scotland 349 

Seattle 349 

Sherry 349 

Size of the Problem 349 

Social Purity 349 

Soft Drinks 349 

Sons of Jonadab 350 

Sons of Temperance 351 

South America 351 

South Carolina 351 

South Dakota 352 

Special Taxpayers 352 

Spirituous Liquors 352 

Spokane 352 

State Prohibition 352 

States Rights 352 

Status of States 352 

Stimulants 352 

Stimulation 352 

Stimulation Impulse 353 

Street Meetings 354 

Strong Drinks 357 

Substitutes 357 

Suicides 358 

Sumptuary Law 358 

Sunday Closing 358 

Sunday Schools 358 

Sweden 361 

Switzerland 361 

Tax 361 

Taxes As Affected By Prohibition. 361 

Temperance 364 

Temperance Commission of the Federal Council of Churches of 

Christ In America 364 

Temperance Society of the Methodist Episcopal Church 364 

Templars of Honor and Temperance 364 

Temptation 364 

Tennessee 364 

Testimony 365 

Texas 369 

Topeka 369 

Total Abstinence 369 

Traveling Men 369 

Treating 369 

Tuberculosis 369 

T T urke y 370 

Unemployment 370 

Un fermented Wines '.'.'.370 

Unions 370 



406 INDEX 

SUBJECT . ( PAGE 

United Kingdom Alliance 375 

United States Government 373 

United States Temperance Union 375 

Unwritten Law 375 

Utah 377 

\ ermont 377 

v ice ..••. 377 

\ mous Liquors 380 

Virginia 380 

War 381 

■Washington 385 

Washington, George 389 

Washingtonian Society 391 

Waste 391 

Webb-Ken yon Law 391 

Wesley, John 392 

West Virginia 392 

Whisky 393 

Whisky Insurrection 393 

White Shield League 393 

White Slavery , 394 

Willard, Frances E 394 

Wilson, Woodrow 394 

Wine 395 

Y\ isconsin 395 

Woman's Christian Temperance Union 393 

World Advance 400 

Women 396 

Wyoming 400 
















































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